Street, John, 99
structural inequalities, 457
Stuart, David, 112
Stuart, Gilber, 134
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 392
evolution, 304–305
Sherrod, Charles (founder/leader), 472
Vietnam War opposition, 306
Sturgis, Frank (Watergate burglar), 313
such Persons, term, 73
Sukey (slave), 134
summary execution, 205
Sumner, Charles (impact, absence), 237
Surnow, Joel, 409–410
Susé, John, 134
symbolism, power, 271–278
Taft, William Howard
Douglass performance, 262
lynching condemnation, 250
lynching inaction, 249
Tallmadge, James (antislavery proposal), 147
Taney, Roger B. (ACS member), 148
Taubman, Philip, 327
Taylor, Billy, 342, 344
Taylor, Cecil, 342
Taylor, Zachary, 102
black enslavement, 145
Indian fighter reputation, 149
slavery defense, 149
team of rivals (Goodwin), 216
tea party
anger, 479–480
NAACP, argument, 466–467
Obama references, 453
Tea Party Express, 466–467
Tenure of Office Act (1866), 217–218
Territorial Emancipation Act (1862), 194
Terry, Clark, 342, 344, 346
Terzi, Zehdi (Young meeting), 315
Thelonius Monk Institute of Jazz, anniversary celebration, 345
third parties, involvement, 381–382
Thirteenth Amendment, passage (1865), 215–216
Thomas. See Wiggins
Thomas, Clarence, 258, 330–331, 449, 478
sexual harassment charges, 321
Supreme Court appointment, 318–320
Thomas, Edward M., 185, 189–190
Thomas, Norman, 402
Thornton, Anna Maria, 125
letter, 126
Thornton, William, 114–115
three-fifths clause
distortions, 70–71
South benefit, 72
Three-Strikes-and-You’re-Out law, 322
Tilden, Samuel (election), 237
Till, Emmett (murder), 274
“Time to Break Silence” (King Jr.), 306
Todd, Chuck, 433
Tolbert, Robert “Red” (McKinley meeting), 247–248
Tom (White House black carpenter), 104, 108
Tontine Coffee House (Snow), 127
Tony (White House construction slave), 117
Tora Bora, battle (2001), 430
Torres, Crystal, 345
torture, prohibition, 456
To Secure These Rights (Truma report), 258
Trinity United Church of Christ, 444
Trotter, William Monroe
criticism, 224–225
Washington opponent, 229
Truman, Harry
civil rights program, mirage, 334
election/black support, 257
Trumbull, John, 79
Truth, Sojourner, 173, 199
“For Aunty Sojourner Truth,” 210–211
leadership expansion, 242
Lincoln admiration, 210–211
Lincoln meeting, 198
Lincoln photograph, 211
name, adoption, 209
White House openness, 227–228
Tubman, Harriet, 205
black liberation, 212–213
photograph, 213
Tupahache, Asiba, 398
Turf Protection Law (1876), 17
Turner, Henry McNeal, 188, 229
African Methodist Episcopal Church activity, 189
Tuskegee Institute, Roosevelt (trustee status), 230
24, 409–411
Tyler, John (black enslavement), 145
Tyson, Michael, 393
Uncle Harkless, 78–79
Uncle Toms, accusations, 338
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 140
Underground Railroad, 139, 212–213
activity, 158
United Citizen Party, 395
United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), 377
United Nations World Conference Against Racism Conference, 460
Powell attendance, desire, 327
United Slaves (US), 389
black demands, 280
United States
business, change, 29–30
capitalism, transition, 146–147
nation founding, African Americans (role), 48–49
Post Office, Translation Bureau, 361
postracial society, debate, 448–455
power, distribution, 56
race relations, criticism, 246
racism charges, 336–337
rights, nonrecognition, 51
slave system, horrors/atrocities, 63
society, blacks (subordination), 28–29
United States Department of Agricultural (USDA)
discrimination lawsuit (Pigford v. Glickman), 471
facts, review (failure), 473
Lincoln creation, 470
Office of Civil Rights, Reagan elimination, 469
racial discrimination record, 469
racism intolerance, Vilsack lie, 473
Sherrod controversy, 467–468
United States history
Buchanan perspective, 47–48
interpretations, diversity, 20
racial apartheid, 16
social reform, opportunity, 22–23
teaching, filters (usage), 19
Universal Negro Improvement Association/African Communities League (UNIA), 349–350, 352, 356
movement, objectives, 354–355
Washington opinion, 353–354
Uprisings, number (increase), 67
urban rebellions (1967/1968), 308
U.S. Capitol (making), enslavement/freedom (impact), 127–129
U.S. Census (1800), 39
U.S. Constitution
amendments, Cleaver recommendation, 392–393
Article 1, Section 2, 68–70
statement, 70
Article 1, Section 3, 70
Article 1, Section 8, 69
empowerment, 86
Article 1, Section 9, 68, 69
statement, 71
Article 4, Section 2, 39–40, 64, 68–69
statement, 74
support, 74–75
Article 4, Section 4, 69
First Amendment, logic (problem), 152
language, parsing, 72–73
racial justice, relationship, 66–75
racism avoidance, 68–69
slaveholder concession, 40
slavery allowance, 91
tone/content/purpose, struggle, 55–56
writing/signing, black presence, 48
U.S. House of Representatives, gag rule passage, 151–152
U.S. National Guard, creation, 126
U.S. presidents
black cooks, relationship, 83–85
enslaved black people, usage, 145
home, black slave labor tradition (establishment), 89–90
Southern intransigence, impact, 151
White House, residence (establishment), 86–89
USA Patriot Act, civil liberties curtailment, 24
Van Buren, Martin
Amistad slave detention plans, secrecy, 154
Van Buren, Martin (black enslavement), 145
Vardman, James K., 228–229
Vaughan, Sarah, 339
Victor Talking Machine Company, 262
Vietnam War
antiwar movement/protests, growth, 306, 382
black activist opposition, 305–306
demonstrations, escalation, 304–305
Nixon escalation, 310
SNCC opposition, 306
Vilsack, Tom, 467–468, 472
apologies, 473–474
Virginia
Declaration of Rights, 58
Declaration of Independence, contrast, 60
enslaved numbers, 111
profit, slavery (impact), 55
Virginia Convention, 57–58
Voice of America, propaganda, 335
Von Eschen, Penny, 337
Vorenberg, Michael, 184
Voting Rights Act (1965), 280, 307, 317
battle, 427
cessation, Pacific Legal Foundation/Southeastern Legal Foundation desire, 452
passage, 363
requirement, elimination (atttempt), 451–452
states coverage, 436
weakening, Republican Party (impact), 312
Wagner, Wieland, 266
Wagner-Van Nuys Bill (1938), support (absence), 249
Waldron, Lamar, 281, 291
Walker’s Appeal, publication, 198–199
Wall, Jim Vander, 310
Wallace, Irving, 407
Walters, Maxine, 369
Walters, Ron, 376
Warren Commission
Bolden testimony denial, 288–289
documents declassification, 281
Warrington, Karen, 100
Washington, Booker T., 352
Cotton States and International Exposition speech, 223–224
Du Bois/Trotter criticism, 224–225
photograph, 225
power, rise, 241
Roosevelt invitation, 219, 222
Wells battle, 245
White House visit, problems, 225–227
Washington, D.C.
race riot (1835), 125–126
slave escape (1848), 136–140
slavery, legality, 146
Underground Railroad, 139
Washington, George, 25
black slave purchase, possibility, 85
Custis marriage, 36
death, slave freedom, 43
enslaved, 80
honor, movement, 97–102
museum display, 98
Hercules (chef ), 77, 84
escape, impact, 82–83
Hoban employment, 107–108
inaction, 43–44
Oney recourse, 45
painting, 133
pro-abolition Quakers, meeting, 96
public housing, 89–91
secret will, 79
shame, 96–97
slave fear, 81
slave labor force, inclusion, 90
slave lawsuit, 93
slave ownership, 35, 38–39
slave rotations, 41–42
slavery
mixed views, 42
repugnance, 51
slaves, number, 36–37
will, designation, 46
Washington, Harold, 421
Washington, Henry “Harry,” 80
Washington, Martha, 38–39
inaction, 43–44
slave freedom, 43, 47, 79
Washington, William Augustine, 108
Washington Mansion, 86
Washington Mirror, 126
Washington Post, 126–127
Watergate break-in, 313
Wears, Isaiah C., 190–191
Weaver, Robert (HUD appointment), 307
Webb, Gary, 324
Webb, Pollard, 135–136
Webster, Daniel, 136
ACS member, 148
welfare queen, Reagan stereotype, 324–325
Wells, Ida B., 245–246
McKinley meeting, 246
Welsh, Mollie, 119–120
Wesley, Charles, 184
Wesley, Cynthia (murder), 287
West, Cornel, 376
West expansion, Taylor support, 150
“What Obama Isn’t: Black Life Me” (Crouch), 441
Wheatley, Phillis, 103, 121
illustration, 122
When Affirmative Action Was White (Katznelson), 255
Whig Party, defections, 182
Whipple, John (New Hampshire Collector of Customs), 44
Whipple, William, 44
White, Donald, 296
White, George Henry, 221, 243
White Citizens Councils, 427
white hands advertisements, conservative movement cultivation, 477
White House
Adams, entry/first resident, 129
alternative/inclusive history, 21–22
appearance, photograph, 206
approach, 75–76
black accommodation, 24
black carpenters, employment ban, 108–109
black challenges, 24–31, 349
black entertainers (pre-1960s), 259–266
black entertainment, 155–167
black history, 47
heroism, 16
institution, 23
black labor, employment categories, 115–116
black man rule, discussion, 458–459
black marginalization/disempowerment, 17–18
black staff, 267–271
butlers, 267–271
capture/burning, 133–134
Civil War, 169
completion, 129
conservative racial politics, oppositional voice, 242–243
construction, 36–37
enslaved black men, usage, 115
control, Electoral College decision (impact), 71
crisis (1960s-1970s), aversion, 298–317
damage, illustration, 143
democratic aspiration repository, 21–22
Ellington
performance, 340–342
relationship, 333–334
gospel/spiritual group performance preference, 259–260
illusions, destruction, 131
interracial socializing, Roosevelt (impact), 253
jazz performance, appearance, 338–339
jazz presence, 332–334
kitchen, black woman (photograph), 234
location
description, 104
stipulation, 87
maids, 267–271
Obama milestone, 413
official naming, 231
opening (Monroe), 142–143
Peter (black carpenter), 103–109
photograph (1858), 18
physical reconstruction, symbolism, 145–155
political/cultural challenges, 362–364
power, crisis (1960s), 279
presidential residence, establishment, 86–88
project implementation, Jefferson responsibility, 109
race, 428–429, 442–448
racial politics, complication, 232–233
racism, 142–144, 428–429
readiness, 91
Roosevelt designation, 17–18
saga, impact, 47
segregation, existence, 268–269
slave labor usage, 116–117
slavery, foundation/impact, 103
stones, usage, 118–119
symbol, 18
symbolism, redefining, 458–459
trees, clearing, 115
Tubman impact, 212–213
Wiggins summons, 155
White House Festival of the Arts (1965), Ellington participation, 334
White House Office of Public Engagement, 467
White House staff
black workers, presence, 234–235, 267–271
diversity, 300
evacuation, 134
White League, brutality, 233–234
White Panthers, 304
white racial hegemony, exercise, 24–25
whites
domination
presidential challenges, absence, 238–239
domination, Johnson advancement, 233–234
power, reinstatement, 244–245
racial prejudices, concession, 205–206
racism, pandering, 160–161
superiority, Roosevelt belief, 227
terror, menace, 254
whites-only private schools, tax exemption (Nixon support), 309
whites-only si
gns, removal, 480–481
white Washington, D.C., black Washington D.C. secession, 138
Wiggins, Domingo, 159
Wiggins, Thomas “Blind Tom” Greene Bethune, 259
parents, media impact, 161–162
prodigy, 159–161
skills, 161
war effort fundraisers, 164–165
Washington, D.C., arrival, 163
White House
performance, 165–166
summons, 155
Wilberforce University, Keckly teaching position, 179–180
Wilder, Doug, 371–374
Wilkerson, Joyce, 100
Wilkins, Roger, 111
Wilkins, Roy, 385–386
Willard Hotel, 174
Williams, Armstrong, 318
Williams, Elisha, 118
slave hiring, 116–117
Williams, Juan, 318, 373
Williams, Marie Selike
First Family connection, 262–263
Queen Victoria performance, 263
White House performance, 262
Williams, Mark, 466
Williams, Mary Lou, 342, 384
Williams, Peter, 95
Williams, Walter, 318
Williamson, Collen, 109
Wills, Frank, 313
Wills, Gary, 61, 88
Wilson, Joe (racist actions), 453–454
Wilson, Margaret Bush, 321
Wilson, Woodrow (lynching condemnation), 250
Wingfield, Adia, 444
Winston, Michael R., 139
Winter, Paul, 339
Wise, Henry, 152
Wolcott Jr., Oliver, 44
women
electoral/political voice, absence, 70–71
liberation, black liberation (Truth linkage), 209–210
Women’s Convention (1851), 209
Woodside, D.B., 409–411
Woodson, Robert, 318
Woodward, Bob, 313
Woodward, C. Vann, 299
Workers World Party, candidates, 381
working people (political inclusion), South (obstacle), 255–256
World Community of Al-Islan in the West, 419
World Peace Festival, Jubilee Singer performance (1872), 260
World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago), African American exclusion, 246
Wright, Jeremiah, 444–445, 449, 463
Obama criticism, 445
Wright, Zephyr (White House chef ), 83
Write Me In (Cleaver), 392
Yale University, Washington/Roosevelt dinner, 229
Yamasee Indians, aid, 62
Yarborough, Davey, 346
Yellow House, 105
yellow-skinned servants, Washington preference, 81
“You and I Can’t Yield--Not Now, Not Ever” (Sherrod), 474
Young, Andrew, 314–315
Young, Nimrod (free/enslaved black), 119
Zinn, Howard, 149
Zukerman, Pinchas, 265
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Clarence Lusane is an Associate Professor of Political Science in the School of International Service at American University, where he teaches and researches on international human rights, comparative race relations, social movements, and electoral politics.
The Black History of the White House Page 58