Jennings (slave) rental, 140
slave escape quandary, 139–140
popular media, black representation (absence), 32–33
“Portrait of New York Suite” (Ellington), 333
postracialism, proponents (contention), 457
postraciality, advocacy (emergence), 454–455
postracial mantra, 32
postracial policy, perspective, 452
postracial society, debate, 448–455
postracial thesis (Bai), 450–451
Powell, Adam Clayton, 336
Powell, Colin L., 319, 326–327, 449, 478
Cheney conflicts, 404
presidential possibility, 401, 403–404
Republican Party problems, 404
power
crisis (1960s), 279
distribution, 56
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (1862)
Lincoln issuance, 195–196
presidential order, 196
shortcomings, 196
pre-Plessy presidents, 235–243
presidency, race (relationship), 22–24
presidential election (1876), crisis, 28–29
presidential homes (New York/Philadelphia), usage, 15
Presidential Mansion, 86
presidential power, Senate check, 477–478
Presidential Reconstruction, 216
President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act (1992), 281, 291
Price, Leontyne (performances), 265–266
Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), 415
“Princeton-Educated Blacks and the Black Community” (Obama thesis), 423
Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007 (Bureau of Justice Statistics), 322
privileged house slave, consequences, 43–44
Pro-abolition Quakers, Washington meeting, 96
progressive black social movement, necessity, 478–479
Property rights, Founding Fathers priority, 74–75
proportional delegate distribution, Democratic Party initiation, 435
pro-slavery forces, crushing, 26–27
public education, black history (absence), 32–33
public housing, Washington movement, 89–91
Public Law 108-72 (Bush), 346
public school pupils, teaching, 21
Purcell, Pierce, 108
Quakers
just war rejection, 92
slavery rejection, 91–93
Queen’s Head, revolt, 49
Queen Victoria, Williams performance, 263
Quinnell, Gayle, 446
race
baiting, Lincoln response, 182–183
cessation, claims, 449
issues, problems, 51
neutrality/consciousness, Obama dilemma, 455
presidency, relationship, 22–24
relations, advancement (opportunity), 23
riots, intervention (McKinley failure), 247–248
race-conscious programs (cessation attempts), conservatives (impact), 451
Race Initiative (Clinton), 31, 325
race-neutral strategies, 458
racial apartheid, 16
racial barriers, pushing, 298–299
racial control structure, Southern legislator protection, 255
racial controversy, issues (manifestation), 34
racial disparities, continuation, 449–451
racial divisions, surmounting (Obama), 442
racial equality (Roosevelt), 271
racial exclusion, objective, 70
racial hostage, 456
racial incidents, significance, 32–33
racialized customs/policies/laws, impact, 51
racial justice
organization, increase, 232–233
U.S. Constitution, relationship, 66–75
racial power structure, perpetuation, 232
racial profiling, 463–464
promotion, 21
racism
backlash, 129
continuation, 244–258
erasure, U.S. Constitution avoidance, 68–69
impact, 24–25
issue, cessation (claims), 449
overtness, unacceptability, 452–453
racists, viciousness, 19
Radical Reconstruction (1867-1877), 216
Rainbow Alliance, 393–394
Rainbow Coalition, 369
demobilization (See National Rainbow Coalition)
Rainey, Joseph Hayne, 243
Randolph, A. Philip, 287, 300
Eisenhower meeting, 275–276
youth march organization, 277
Reagan, Ronald
anti-black actions, 317–332
black cabinet appointments, scarcity, 319
Bumbry performance, 266
conservative black activists, usage, 318
constructive engagement policy, 317–318
defeat, 368
election, 393
jazz performances, 342–343
NEA cuts, 343
popularity, 370
USDA Office of Civil Rights elimination, 469
Reagan, Ronald (racial issues), 31
Reconstruction, 169, 458
efforts, 24
experiment, launching, 28
rise/fall, 215–218
Red Shirts, brutality, 233–234
Red Summer (1919), 252, 351
Reed, Philip, 128–129
Reform Party, Buchanan nomination, 395
reforms, enforcement (passivity/timidity), 300
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, decision (1977-1978), 315–316
Reid, Harry (mosque opinion), 460
Reid, W.L., 359
Remains of the Day, The, 268
Republican Congress (1995-2007), hyper-reactionary characteristic, 455–456
Republican Party
black candidates, 365
Du Bois criticism, 231–232
Republican Women’s Conference, segregationist policy (Morrow criticism), 277
Residence Act (1790), 87
reverse racism, Obama sanction (charges), 467
Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), 279, 389
revolutionary leaders, independence declaration, 80
revolutionary movement, blacks (involvement), 48–49
Revolutionary War
debts, assumption, 88
Jefferson, impact, 59
veterans, armed uprising, 67
Rhode Island, slavery (importance), 55
Rice, Condoleezza, 449, 478
domestic/race opinions, 328
photograph, 326
political authority/power, 320
position, strengthening, 327
Richard (Jefferson slave), 48, 59
Richmond (Hercules’ son), 90
Roach, Max, 304, 338, 342, 384
Robert Morris House, 86
Roberts, Richard (conflict of interest), 294–295
Robertson, Carol (murder), 287
Robertson, Dale, 453
Robeson, Paul, 268
delegation, 257
Robinson, Deborah A. Robinson, 296
Robinson, Jackie, 276–277, 280, 286
Robinson, Jim, 422
Robinson III, Fraser, 422–424
Rochester Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Society, Douglass speech, 201–203
Rock, Chris, 407
Rodney, Red, 344
Rogers, Maggie, 270
Rollins, Sonny, 342
Rolph, James (lynching celebration), 254
Roosevelt, Alice, 230
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 253, 256
black opera performer support, 263–264
racial equality, 271
White House staff interaction, 268
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
blacks, invitation, 230
black vote, 257
crises, 23
emergencies, 29
Great Depression jobs creation, 255
historic policies, 22
&nbs
p; lynching reaction, 253–254
Obama admiration, 16
White House
Campbell rule, 83
interracial socializing, 253
Roosevelt, Theodore
lynching blame, 250
Roosevelt, Theodores, 17–18
attacks, viciousness, 228–229
racial equality, perception, 226
rights/racism, middle ground, 226–227
Washington dinner, 219
damage control, 229–230
Washington visit, problems, 225–227
white superiority belief, 227
writings/speeches, anti-black tone, 226
Rove, Karl, 330
Rowan, Carl (Nixon enemy), 310
Ruffin, Faith, 99
Ruiz, José, 153
Rumsfeld, Donald, 329
Rush, Bobby (Obama challenge), 420
Rusin, Bayard (Nixon enemy), 310
Rustin, Bayard, 385–386
Sadat, Anwar, 265–266
Salahi, Tareq/Michaele, 297
Salinger, Pierre, 286
Sanford, Irene, 162
Santayana, George, 19
Sargent, Francis W., 320
Sayres, Edward
larceny charge, 139
Pearl captain, 138
prison term, 140–141
school desegregation, Nixon delays, 309
Schwerner, Michael, 393
Scott, Dred, 162
decision, 194
overthrowing, 196
defense, 172
Scott, Harriet (defense), 172
Scott, Hazel, 336
Seale, Bobby, 388, 390
Seale, William, 143–144
secession, Corner Store call, 161–162
Second Continental Congress, 57–59
“Second Reconstruction” (Woodward), 299–300
Second Republic, declaration, 137
Secret Service
Bolden accusations, 280–281
Department of Homeland Security control, 282
discrimination, 291–293
emails, inappropriateness, 295–296
files, destruction, 291–292
justice, obstruction, 292–294
Lincoln authorization, 281–282
Office of Professional Responsibility, formal investigation delay, 296
racial actions, 295–296
security breakdown, 297
Seddon, James A., 205
segregation, White House acknowledgment, 283
segregationist policy (Pennsylvania Abolition Society), 94
Seigenthaler, John (attack), 283
Senate Bill (SB 1070), Arizona passage, 21
Sengbe Pieh (Cinque), 153
Separate but equal premise, 242
separate by equal black codes, enforcement, 17
Separation, Lincoln desirability, 186
Separation of powers principle, Buchanan violation, 162–163
September 11 attacks, 282
alternative commission, McKinley advocacy, 399
Bush rating, 430
Bush White House response, 23–24
Serrette, Dennis, 381, 393–394
Shabazz, King Samir, 461
Shabazz, Malik Zulu, 462
Shakespeare, William, 357
Shanley, Bernard, 273
sharecropping
impact, 236
system, Du Bois examination, 237
Sharp, Granville, 53
Sharpton, Al, 374–377
debates, 375
Shays’ Rebelion (1786), 67, 69
Shearing, George, 343
Sherman, William Tecumseh (Special Order 15), 215, 470
Johnson, impact, 217
Sherrod, Charles, 472
Sherrod, Shirley
attack, NAACP caution, 472
discrimination charge/aftermath/irony, 465–475
FSC/BFAA support, 472–473
FSC employment, 471
mother, civil rights leader, 471–472
NAACP reconciliation, 474
prejudicial feelings, overcoming, 468
resignation, pressure, 467–468
USDA discrimination victim, 469
Shields, Christianne/Henry, 415
Shields, Dolphus, 416–418
Shields, Marian Lois, 422–423
Shields, Purnell/Rebecca, 418–419
Shields, Robert, 418
Shorter, Wayne, 344, 346
Shubert, William, 158
Sikes, Richard T., 289–290
Simmons, Michael, 306
Simms, Camilla, 293
Singh, Manmohan, 297
sit-ins (1960), impact, 282–283
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Ku Klux Klan bomb (1963), 287
Skief, John, 100
Skinner, Kiron K., 329
slave catcher abductions, 104–105
slaveholders, U.S. Constitution concession, 40
Slave Nation (Blumrosen/Blumrosen), 52
slave-owning class
entrenchment/obduracy, 75
interests, safety, 57–58
slave pen, photograph, 106
slavery
axis, 74
British rejection, 52
cessation, failure, 50–56
compromise, 55–56
Congressional abolition, 177
Constitution protection, 69
Declaration of Independence perspective, 63
defense, 152–153
evil, Washington opposition, 38
expansion, debate, 145
federal government prohibition, petitioning, 96
Jackson defense, 149
Jefferson, relationship (complication), 58–59
Lincoln White House resolution, 27–28
Mansfield opinion, 54
onset, 62–63
perpetuation, 55
preservation, 35
Quaker rejection, 91–93
racism, Drayton criticism, 140–141
rebellion, continuation, 62–63
repugnance, expressions, 51
role, expansion, 137
Taylor defense, 149
Virginia Declaration of Rights declaration, 57
Slavery By Another Name (Blackmon), 236–237
Slavery Commemoration, creation, 101
slavery institution
Benezet criticism, 92–93
maintenance, 52
pervasiveness, 105–106
sheltering, 65
slaves
children, status (maternal impact), 37
emancipation, Jefferson advocacy, 58–59
freedom, King’s Bench Court (impact), 53–54
guilt, relief, 61
insurrection (1526), 62–63
owners, interference (avoidance), 114–115
rebellions, increase, 145
revolts, plots (organization), 62
self-freedom, phenomenon, 65
status, hierarchy, 77–78
territory, capital (embedding), 89
slave states
free states, balance, 146
status (1812), 145–146
slave trade
Congressional prohibition, 72
Constitution ban, impact, 73–74
criticism, 61
Smiley, Tavis, 376
march, 376
Smith, Tommie, 304
smokehouse, 9–987
Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak, 128
Snow, R. Beverly (free black restaurant owner), 125–126
United States exit, 126–127
Snow Riot, 126–127
social equality, advancement (opportunity), 23
Socialist Workers Party, candidates, 381
social justice, broad-based national movement, 479–480
Social Security, African American exclusion, 255–256
social transformation, occurrence, 23
Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, formation, 93
&nbs
p; Soetoro-Ng, Maya, 439
soft power (Nye), 336
Somerset, James, 52–53
Somerset (1772) decision, 52–55, 64, 65
Sotomayor, Sonia
Gingrich/Limbaugh racist remarks, 461
Supreme Court nomination resistance, 461
Souljah, Sistah, 373–374
Soul on Ice (Cleaver), 387
Souls of Black Folks (Du Bois), 225
South (Southern states)
agricultural-based aristocracy, 27–28
allies, appeasement, 89
aristocracy, economic power, 147
Electoral College votes, number (accumulation), 71
government location perspective, 87–88
memory, shortness, 228
pro-slavery culture, 96
racial voting patterns, 436
racist domination, retrenchment, 238
slave population, inclusion, 69–70
three-fifths clause, impact, 72
white voter generation gap, 437
Southall, Geneva Handy, 161, 165
South Carolina
profit, slavery (impact), 55
rejected Jefferson Declaration clause, 61
Southeastern Legal Foundation, 452
Southern, Elsie, 262
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 384
Chicago office, Jackson leadership, 421
Nixon enemy, 310
Operation Breadbasket, 420–421
Southern Cross, brutality, 233–234
Southern strategy (Nixon), 311–312
conservative movement cultivation, 477
South-North migration, 256, 422
Sowell, Thomas, 318
Spagnoli, Joseph (Bolden story recanting), 289–290
Spain, Van Buren White House support, 154
Special Order 15 (Sherman), 215
Speed, Joshua, 181
Spellman, A.B., 338
Spock, Benjamin, 401
Spooner, Roger/Eloise, 468
St. Charles Hotel, enslaved people (presence), 105
St. Luke’s Protestant Episcopal Church, Williams performance, 262
“Staccato Polka” (Mulder), 262
Stalin, Joseph, 269
Stamp Act (1765) riots, Allicocke (role), 49
Stanton, Edwin (Tenure of Office Act violation), 217–218
“Star-Spangled Banner” (Key), 126
state-allowed lynchings, disappearance, 258
State House Bell, 98
state-sponsored apartheid, Constitutional sanction, 242
states’ rights
Calhoun advocacy, 413–414
Garfield defense, 240
Reagan belief, 393
Statistical Association of the Colored People of Philadelphia, 190
Steele, Michael (postraciality advocacy), 454
Steele, Shelby, 32, 318, 463
Stevens, James (fictional butler), 268
Stevens, Thaddeus, 28
impact, absence, 237
Stewart, Charles, 52–53
Stewart, Mary Ellen, 137
Stewart, Philip B., 225–226
Stewart, Will (murder), 245–246
Stokes, Melvyn, 252
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 140
The Black History of the White House Page 57