The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400-1000
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Great fence of
Thrakesion, theme of Anatolia
Thrasamund, king of the Vandals
Thuringia, Thuringians
Tiber, river, Italy
Tiberias, Israel
Tiberius II, emperor
Tiel, Netherlands
Tigris, river
Tilleda, Germany
Tinnis, Egypt
Toledo, Spain
third church council of (589)
fourth church council of (633)
sixth church council of (638)
twelfth church council of (681)
thirteenth church council of, (683)
Tomislav, king of the Croatians
Torcilingi
Totila, Ostrogothic king
Toto of Campione
Toul, France
Toulouse, France
Tournai, Belgium
Tours, France
Trabzon, Turkey
Tréal, France
Trent, river, England
Treviso, Italy
Trier, Germany
Trinity; see also God
Trondheim, Norway
Troy, Turkey
Tudela, Spain
Tujibi family
Tulunid family
Tunis, Tunisia
Tunisia
Turgéis, Viking leader
Turin, Italy
Turkey
Turkic, language
Turkmenistan
Turks
Gök Turks
Seljuk Turks
Tuscany, Italy
Tusey, France
Tyrone, Northern Ireland
Tyrrhenian sea
Ua hImair family
‘Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, Fatimid caliph
Uí Briúin Bréifne, Ireland
Uí Dúnlainge, Ireland
Uí Néill dynasty
Ukraine
Ulaid, Irelend
Ulfilas
Ullmann, Walter
Ulster, Ireland
‘Umar I, caliph
‘Umar II, caliph
‘Umar ibn Hafsun
Umayyads, Umayyad caliphate
United States of America
Uota, empress
Uppsala, Sweden
Uralic, language
Ursio
Ushrusana, Tajikistan
Utamish, Turkish general
‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, caliph
Uxelles, France
Uzbekistan
Uzès, France
Václav, ruler of the Bohemians
Valencia, Spain
Valens, emperor
Valentinian I, emperor
Valentinian III, emperor
Valerius of the Bierzo
Valle Trita, Italy
Vandals
Vascones, see Basques
Vatican, Rome
Vegetius
Venantius Fortunatus, poet
Venedotia, see Gwynedd
Venice, Italy
Verdun, France
Verina, empress
Verona, Italy
Vestfold, Norway
Via Labicana, Rome
Vicenza, Italy
Vico Teatino, Italy
Victor of Vita, historian
Victorius, general
Vienne, France
Vikings
Vincentius, general
Virgil
Visigoths
Vladimir, prince of the Rus
Volga, river, Russia,
Vorbasse, Denmark
Vortigern, British king
Vortipor, ruler of Dyfed
Vosges, France
Vouillé, France
Vulfolaic, stylite
Wagri, Slav tribe
Wala, brother of Adelard of Corbie
Walahfrid Strabo, poet
Walbeck, Germany
Waldrada, wife of Lothar
Wales, Welsh
al-Walid I, caliph
al-Walid II, caliph
Wallace-Hadrill, Michael
Walpert, duke of Lucca
Walprand, bishop of Lucca
Wamba, Visigothic king
Wandalbert of Prüm
Wansbrough, John
Ward-Perkins, Bryan
Warnachar, Burgundian maior
Warwickshire, England
Waterford, Ireland
Wealhtheow, Danish queen
Wearmouth, England
Welf family
Wellhausen, Julius
Welsh, language
Wenceslas, see Václav
Wends, Sclavenian tribes
Werla, Germany
Werner, marquis of the Northern March
Wessex, West Saxons, England
Whitby, England
Wichmann Billung, Saxon aristocrat
Widonid family
Widukind of Corvey, historian
Wiggo, demon
Wiglaf, king of Mercia
Wilfrid, bishop of Ripon and York
William I the Conqueror, king of England
William I the Pious, duke of Aquitaine
William II, duke of Aquitaine
William IV, duke of Aquitaine
William V, duke of Aquitaine
William of Gellone
William, son of Bernard of Septimania and Dhuoda
Willibad, patricius
Willibald
Willibrord
Willigis, archbishop of Mainz
Wiltshire, England
Winchester, England
Winnoch, hermit
Wissembourg, France
Wittiza, Visigothic king
Woëvre, France
Wolfram, Herwig
Worcester, England
Worcestershire, England
Wulfgar, Danish court-officer
Wulfhere, king of Mercia
Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury
Wulfstan, archbishop of York
Wynflæd, Anglo-Saxon aristocrat
Yahya ibn Khalid ibn Barmak, vizir
Yamanis, Arab tribe
Yarmuk, river, Jordan
Yazdagird III, shah of Persia
Yazid I, caliph
Yazid II, caliph
Yazid III, caliph
Yeavering, England
Yemen
York, England
Yorkshire, England
Yusuf al-Fihri, governor of al-Andalus
Zacharias, pope
Zamora, Spain
Zanj, African slaves
Zanzibar, Tanzania
Zaragoza, Spain
Zeno, emperor
Ziryab, poet
Ziyad, governor of Iraq and Iran
Zoe Karbonopsina, empress
Zoroastrians
Zosimus, pope
Zotikos, praetorian prefect
Zubayda, wife of al-Rashid
Zwentibald, ruler of the Moravians
1. Hagia Sophia, built by the emperor Justinian as the Great Church of Constantinople in 532-7. The minarets are from the Ottoman period.
2. The interior space of Hagia Sophia. This was the first major church to have a dome on this scale, and was followed by many churches and mosques thereafter. The capitals were specially cut for the church.
3. The Great Mosque at Damascus, built in 705-16. This aerial photograph shows the scale of its great courtyard, inside the walls of a former temple of Jupiter.
4. A section of the courtyard mosaics of the Damascus mosque, showing the typical unpeopled buildings of this mosaic cycle, characteristic of Islamic public art from the start.
5. Plans of the two main periods of the Northumbrian royal palace of Yeavering in the Cheviots. The first period (c. 600) already has a version of a Roman theatre, in wood, as an assembly place; a few years later, the second period sees it linked to a set of royal reception halls, which were doubtless lavish.
6. The empress Ariadne (d. 515), who chose her emperor-husbands, is here depicted with the orb and sceptre of rulership; late Roman tradition
did not see female political power as abnormal.
7. The nave of S. Prassede, one of the major prestige churches of the ninth-century papacy, built in 817-24 by Pope Paschal I.
8. The mosaic apse of S. Prassede, with Christ in the River Jordan surrounded by saints, a traditional image for Roman church apses. Paschal is on the far left, with a square halo to indicate that he is alive.
9. The mosaic apse of St-Germigny-des-Prés near Orléans in France, built by Bishop Theodulf of Orléans around 805. It depicts the Ark of the Covenant held up by angels, and shows an iconoclast rejection of human representation.
10. A drawing of the still-standing remains of Charlemagne’s palace of Ingelheim, near Mainz in Germany. The ‘aula’ on the left is a ceremonial hall. The palace had a chapel, but it has not been found; the chapel in blue is tenth-century.
11. Charlemagne’s monumental palace chapel at Aachen, built in the years around 800. The domed central section is the original building.
12. Serjilla, a fifth- and sixth-century village in Syria, one of the best-preserved villages surviving from the Roman world. This is the bath-house (left) and the ‘andron’ or community meeting-centre.
13. Serjilla’s best-preserved private house, probably of a peasant family made rich by the olive-oil boom of the later Roman empire in the East.
14. A reconstruction of a tenth-century Danish long-house; this one, excavated at Trelleborg, was part of a royal army camp, and is unusually large, but is characteristic of how Scandinavian dwelling houses could look.
15. Montarrenti, near Siena in Italy, in the ninth century. This imaginative reconstruction follows the findings of the excavation there. The walled upper section is probably an estate-centre.
16. The crypt at Jouarre near Paris; the sarcophagi are for a Frankish aristocratic family of the seventh century. The crypt was rebuilt later, but the capitals are seventh-century too.
17. Offa’s dyke, a late eighth-century defensive earthwork separating central England from Wales, built under the orders of King Offa of Mercia.
18. The city walls of Barcelona; the large stones in the centre are a Roman section of the walls, surviving in the later medieval walling.
19. The ninth-century house recently excavated in the Forum of Nerva in the forum area of Rome (the classical forum is behind). Note the colonnaded courtyard at the right, and a window-sill, indicating a second storey, above the colonnade arch to the left.
20. The seventh-century walls of the citadel of Ankara, Turkey. The line of circles to the right of the gate are reused classical columns, for decorative effect.
21. A street in the city of Scythopolis (Bet Shean, Israel), showing the columns of the colonnade which collapsed on the street in the earthquake of 749.
22. The Byzantine emperor Basil II (d. 1025) in a contemporary manuscript. Basil, under God and crowned by archangels, dominates his subjects, prostrate before him.
23. The Frankish emperor Louis the Pious (d. 840) in a contemporary manuscript. He wears a Roman military costume, and a dedicatory poem by Hraban Maur is written across the image. Several contemporary copies survive.
24. Brixworth church (Northamptonshire), the largest surviving Anglo-Saxon church, dated to the early ninth century. The spire is later.
25. The Jelling runestone, set up by King Harald Bluetooth of Denmark for his father Gorm in the mid-tenth century. Harald was Christian, but the imagery of the stone is not.
26. St. Sophia in Kiev, built by Byzantine craftsmen for the newly Christian princes of Kiev in the early eleventh century. It is the best-preserved Byzantine church surviving for the period, although situated in Ukraine.
27. The castle of Canossa in the Emilian Appennines, Italy. It was a major centre of the Canossa family, one of Italy’s leading aristocratic families around and after 1000.
28. The palace of Ramiro I of Asturias (d. 850), at Oviedo in northern Spain. Soon a church, it seems to have been built as a secular hall, probably separate from the palace proper.
29. A peasant ploughing and a man (doubtless a lord) being served food at a table, in the early ninth-century Utrecht Psalter. The picture illustrates Psalm 103, which celebrates the world in its right order.