Treaty of Lapwai Valley (1863), 227
Treaty of the Little Arkansas (1865), 183, 184, 186, 209, 238
Treaty of Lochaber (1770), 81, 90
Treaty of Logstown (1752), 27, 34, 41, 69
Treaty of Medicine Creek (1854), 177
Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867)
additional compensation, 238
analysis of, 213
G. Bent and, 190
buffalo hunting and, 221–22
commemorations, 225
commissioners and, 185–86, 189, 191, 192–93, 193–94, 196
commissioner’s report, 213–16
Dog Soldiers and, 211
end of treaties and, 228
formal negotiations, 197–202, 205–12
gifts, 205–6
Grant and, 219
Harney and, 162
history of America and, 8–9, 10
images, 198, 199, 224
Indian background, 196
Indian negotiators, 189–92, 193, 194–95, 196–97
Indian understanding of, 204–5
Indian women and, 18, 197
Jerome Commission and, 235, 237
news coverage, 189, 194, 196, 204–5, 213
prenegotiation history, 182–85, 189, 192–93
prisoners and, 224–25
reservations and, 10, 163, 201, 203–4, 216, 235
Satank’s speech, 206–9
site and date of, 189
Stone Calf on, 231
terms of, 202–4, 211–12
text of, 264–83
US Congress and, 214
US military and, 192–93, 213–14, 324n29
US Peace Commission and, 182–97
US Supreme Court and, 237
violations of, 214–16
violent responses, 216–24, 324n29
Treaty of Mendota (1851), 174
treaty, Montreal, Great Peace of (1701), 1–2, 8, 15, 49
Treaty of Mount Dexter (1805), 115
treaty with the Navajos (1868), 239
Treaty of New Echota (Ridge’s Treaty) (1835). see also Red Clay proclamation (1836); removal; Treaty Party (Cherokee)
Cherokees and, 9, 121–35
civil wars and, 153–63
corruption and fraud and, 148, 151
costs of, 152, 153–54
formal negotiations, 143–45
history of America and, 8–9, 10
income from, 160
prenegotiation history, 121–40
renegotiation of, 145–53, 157, 159
Ridge versus Ross and, 135–38, 140–42, 145–46
Schermerhorn and, 138–40, 141–42, 144, 147, 152, 248, 249
text of, 248–64
violations of, 153–54
Treaty of New York (1790), 107
treaty with Nez Perces (1868), 227
Treaty of Niagara (1764), 10–11, 55
treaty with Osages (1808), 169
Treaty of Paris (1763), 53, 54
Treaty of Paris (1783), 94–95, 97, 100, 105
Treaty of Portage des Sioux (1815), 170
Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1825), 170
Treaty, Ridge’s. see Treaty of New Echota (1835)
treaty, Santa Fe (1785), 167
Treaty of Shackamaxon (1683), 38
treaty, South Carolina (1721), 121
Treaty of St. Louis (1804), 115
Treaty of Sycamore Shoals (Henderson treaty) (1775), 91, 104
treaty, Texas (1785), 167
Treaty of Traverse des Sioux (1851), 174
Treaty of Walla Walla (1855), 177–79, 178
treaties, Washington Territory (1854–1856), 177
treaty, Yakama (1855), 177–79
treaty cloth, 10
treaty federalism, 242
treaty locations, 15
Treaty Party (Cherokee). see also Boudinot, Elias; The Ridge; Ridge, John
Cherokee civil wars and, 158
Lumpkin on, 155
members of, 136
New Echota Treaty and, 144–45, 149
Old Settlers and, 156
removal of, 150, 158
J. Ross on, 138
on J. Ross Party, 147
Ross-Watie conflict and, 153–54, 159–60
US government and, 157
Trent, William, 54, 58, 61, 66, 68, 82
“tribe” (“nation”), xii
Trott, James, 144
trust by Indians, 119–20
Truteau, Jean Baptiste, 167
Tsosie, Rebecca, 242
Turle’s Heart (Delaware), 68
Tuscarora Indian Nation, Federal Power Commission v. (1960), 239
Tuscaroras, 24, 77, 101, 111, 239, 248. see also Iroquois (Iroquois League) (Six Nations)
Tyearuruante, 73
Tyler, John, 157
Tyorhansera. see Abraham
Umatillas, 177
Union Pacific Railroad, 186
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 243
United States government, 96–97, 98–100, 103–4. see also entries beginning US…
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, 243
Upper Creeks, 48
US, Winters v. (1908), 238
US authority, 2, 5, 107, 236. see also legality
US Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian Office), 173
US citizenship, 114, 124, 134, 138, 182, 233, 237, 244
US Civil War, 5, 161–63, 180
US commissioners. see also individual commissioners; specific treaties
coercion and, 115
Fort Finney conference and, 102–3
Hopewell Treaty and, 104
US Constitution and, 106
wampum and, 103
after War of 1812, 170
women and, 120
US Congress. see also US House of Representatives; US Senate; specific legislation
1832 authorization, 173
annuities and, 106
authority of, 237–38
Black Hills and, 241
Cherokee removal and, 120, 131
end of treaty system and, 231–32
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 100
Indian wars and, 105, 185
Jerome Commission and, 237
Lakotas and, 234
land transfers and, 241
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 202, 214
New Echota Treaty and, 145, 147
private land and, 98
rights of Indians and, 333n34
treaty making and, 5, 8
treaty violations and, 132
US Constitution and, 106, 242
US Constitution, 106, 107, 132, 134, 156, 230, 231, 241, 242
US Corps of Discovery, 164
US courts, 131, 133, 177, 212, 238, 240–41. see also legality; US Supreme Court
US Department of the Interior, 173, 231
US expansion. see also removal; settlers, American
boundaries and, 95, 174
British and, 55–57
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 84
Harrison and, 115–16
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 213
Northwest Ordinance and, 105
reservations and, 9–10
Supreme Court and, 5, 238
treaties and, 3, 113–14
US authority and, 107
US Indian Peace Commission and, 185–86
western lands and, 172–73, 180–81
US government. see also other entries beginning US …; Revolutionary War; sovereignty; specific branches; specific treaties
boundaries and, 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 107, 109, 174
Cherokee civil wars and, 158–59
Cherokees and, 122, 146–47, 148
Forbes and Company and, 115
Fort Laramie Treaty (1868) and, 233
Georgia and, 142
New Echota Treaty and, 153
number of treaties made, 173
J. Ross and, 149–50, 156–57
; states and, 133, 137
title to land and, 4
US House of Representatives, 159, 230–31
US Indian Peace Commission, 182, 185–89, 187, 226, 229–30. see also Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867); individual commissioners
US military. see also individual leaders; specific actions
Augur and, 187
Black Hills and, 233–34
blame by, 229
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 100
Kiowas and, 221
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 192–93, 324n29
New Echota Treaty and, 148, 155
Nez Perces and, 228
Plains Indians and, 177, 222
Red Cloud War and, 185
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186
US presidents, 106–7, 121, 132, 169, 185. see also individual presidents
US secretaries of war, 106. see also individual secretaries
US Senate
Buffalo Creek Treaty and, 119, 120
California treaties and, 174
Cherokee civil wars and, 159–60
Cherokees and, 138, 163
Indian Removal Act and, 132
Indian Springs Treaty and, 118
last treaty ratified, 227
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 184
New Echota Treaty and, 121, 147
Potawatomis and, 139–40
ratification and, 238
rule of law and, 242
US House and, 230
US sovereignty. see sovereignty
US statutes, 231–32
US Supreme Court, 5, 109, 120, 133–34, 233, 237–39, 239–40, 241, 333n34. see also legality; specific cases
US v. Kagama (1886, 1903), 237–38
US v. Winans (1905), 238
US War Department, 231
Utah, 172
Utes, 5, 166, 167, 218. see also Plains Indians
Van Buren, Martin, 120, 149–50, 151, 152
Vandalia proposal, 82–83
Vann, David (Cherokee), 138, 157
Vann, James (Cherokee), 123
Vaudreuil, Marquis de, 20
Vélez, Tomás, 20
victims, 243–44
Vimont, Barthélemy, 23
violence and retaliation. see also Indian wars; resistance; US military; wars; specific battles; specific massacres
Cherokee civil wars, 153–63
Dodge on, 230
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 91
by Harney, 176
Kansas and, 217
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 216–24, 324n29
by Oglalas, 226
on Osages, 216
Pennsylvania and, 55
Plains Indians and, 172, 183, 184–85, 216–17, 218–19, 220, 221, 222
Ross and, 159
of Satanta, 196, 209, 220, 221
settlers, American, and, 87
Sheridan and, 219
Virginia. see also Treaty of Lancaster (1744); individual Virginians
Cherokees and, 67, 122
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 49, 70, 83–84, 90, 246
Hard Labor Treaty and, 81
interpreters and, 41
Iroquois and, 23, 44
Kentucky and, 89, 98
Ohio River Valley and, 44, 98
Powhatan chiefdom and, 13
Shawnees and, 89–90, 92
smoking and, 34
speculators, 56
wampum and, 20, 27, 31
western lands and, 94
writing and, 35
Voice of the Sunrise (Hears the Sunrise) (Tananaica) (Yamparika Comanche), 222
Wabash nations, 60
wagon trains, 174
Wahpekutes, 174
Wahpetons, 174
Walker, Thomas, 66–67, 81, 90, 94, 248
“Walking Purchase” (1737), 39, 62
Walking Woman (Margaret Fitzpatrick) (Wilmarth) (Wilmott) (Adams) (Arapaho), 184, 197, 198, 210
Wallawallas, 177
Wallowa Valley, 228
Walpole, Richard, 82
Walpole, Thomas, 82
Walpole Associates, 82
Wampanoag tribe, 13–14
wampum belts. see also (Gus-Wen-Tah) (Kaswentha)
Albany conference and, 34
as atonement, 47
Auglaize River conference and, 108
colonial era and, 14, 25–32
Conoghquieson and, 89
Duane on, 99
Fort Finney conference and, 102, 106
Fort Pitt Treaty and, 97
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 62–63, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76
Greenville Treaty and, 112
image source, 292n70
Indian wars and, 90
meanings of, 3, 30, 293n90
Montour and, 69
preservation of, 37
Revolutionary War and, 96
rituals and, 16
Shawnees and, 86, 88, 103
Teedyuscung and, 39
treaties and, 10
US commissioners and, 98, 100, 106
Virginia colony and, 20
wars and, 91, 103
Washington and, 42
Wayne and, 111–12
women and, 18
written treaties versus, 35, 36
wampumpeag, 26
Ward, Edward, 58
War of 1812, 113, 117
war of 1846–1848 (Mexican War), 172
Warraghiyagey. see Johnson, William (Sir William)
Warren Trading Post Co. v. Arizona Tax Commission (1965), 239–40
Warren Wagon Train Massacre (1871), 220–21
warriors, Indian, 107, 109, 171, 183. see also see also individual warriors
wars, 1, 2, 13, 22, 31, 170. see also Indian wars; violence and retaliation; specific wars
Washburn, Cephas, 147
Washington, George (“Great Councillor of the Thirteen Fires”) (“town destroyer”)
Cherokees and, 108
on Greenville Treaty, 113
Iroquois and, 100
land bounties and, 67
medals and, 112
Monongahela battle, 57
Montour and, 69
Ohio country and, 42
Pickering and, 111
Quakers and, 110
Senecas and, 100–101
as speculator, 83, 84, 89
on US authority, 107
Washington DC, delegations to, 169, 175, 176, 221, 227, 231, 236–37, 239
Washington state/territory, 177, 240
Watie, Buck (Galagina) (Cherokee). see Boudinot, Elias
Watie, Charlotte Jacqueline, 157, 163
Watie, Comiskey (Cumiskey), 157, 162
Watie, Ninnie Josephine, 157, 160, 163
Watie, Saladin Ridge, 157, 161, 162, 163
Watie, Sarah Caroline (Bell), 157, 162, 163
Watie, Solon Watica, 157
Watie, Stand (Dagdoga) (He Stands)
businesses of, 153–54, 160
Cherokee civil wars and, 158, 159–60
Cherokee Phoenix and, 142
Christian name of, 125
death of, 163
death penalty and, 154
family of, 147, 157, 158
Foreman and, 157
image, 146
Jackson and, 123
New Echota Treaty and, 145, 154
Paschal and, 318n151
removal of, 150–51
John Ross and, 154, 159, 162, 163
A. Smith and, 157
taxes and, 233
US Civil War and, 161
US government and, 163
Watie, Thomas, 158
Watie, Watica, 163
Watie party, 162
Watson, Blake, 85
Wayne, Anthony, 110, 111–13, 309n51
Weas, 105
Webster, Daniel, 132
Weisenberg, Catherine, 50, 57
Weiser, Conrad, 29, 40, 41, 45
Wells, William, 113
Welsh, 29
werowance, 13
West, Benjamin, 38
West, Elliott, 180
West, Ellis, 158
West, George and Jacob, 157
western frontier
British and, 55–57, 86
English and, 72
Indian unrest and, 85
Indian wars and, 90
Jefferson and, 114
post 1834, 172–73
US authority and, 107
western lands
US expansion and, 172–73, 180–81
western lands and Indians. see also Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether; Pacific Northwest; Plains Indians; Southwest, Old; specific states and tribes
Canada and, 83
Clark and, 169
as commodities, 97
Croghan and, 88
Delaware State and, 94
New Echota Treaty and, 121
opportunism and, 84
post-Revolutionary War, 97–98
southeastern ceded for, 117–18
Tahlequah conference and, 156
Wayne and, 111–12
West Virginia, 76, 81, 122
Wharton, Samuel
British and, 58–59, 82
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 60–61, 66, 79, 84–85
B. Franklin and, 60–61, 83
on gifts, 77
image, 59
Johnson and, 66, 71
Onondagas and, 299n44
Revolutionary War and, 83, 94, 96
Wheelock, Eleazar, 51–52, 74
Whipple, Henry B., 230
Whitaker, A. A., 196
White Bear (Kiowa). see Satanta
White Eyes (Delaware), 91, 96, 97
White Horse (Cimarron Cheyenne), 205, 211, 223
Wichita agency, 183
Wichitas, 167, 219, 232, 235. see also Plains Indians
Wickett, Susanna (Sehoya) (Ridge) (Cherokee), 125
Wilkinson, Charles, 239, 241–42
Williams, Eunice, 26
Williams, Joseph L., 152
Williams, Jr., Robert A., 243
Williams, Roger, 4
Williams v. Lee (1959), 239
Wills, George, 206
Wilmarth, Margaret (Adams) (Fitzpatrick) (Wilmott) (Walking Woman) (Arapaho), 184, 197, 198, 210
Winans, US v. (1905), 238
Winnebagos, 170
Winters v. US (1908), 238
Winyan Wicakte (Woman Killer). see Harney, William S.
Wirt, William, 133–34
Wisconsin, 105, 119, 153
Wolcott, Oliver, 100
Wolf Slave (Arapaho), 191
Woman Killer (Winyan Wicakte). see Harney, William S.
Woman’s Heart (Mayetin) (Kiowa), 221, 223, 224
women, Indian. see also intermarriages; individual women
Brulé, 167
Caddo, 165
Canandaigua Treaty and, 110
Cherokee, 125
Cheyenne, 209, 223
clothes and, 202
Comanche, 167
Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty and, 120
delegations to Washington and, 176
diplomatic roles of, 18–19
Fort Finney conference and, 102, 103
as interpreters, 40
Iroquois, 101–2, 110
Johnson on, 51
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