Stand Watie and, 154, 159, 162, 163
wives, 152, 159, 162
Ross, Mary, 162
Round Face (Seneca), 90
Rowlands, John. see Stanley, Henry Morton
Rushforth, Brett, 47
Russia, 5
sachems, 17
Sac Indians (Sauks), 115, 170, 235
Sacred Arrows ceremony, 193, 211
Sadosky, Leonard, 117
Sakakawea (Charbonneau) (Shoshoni), 169
Salish (Flatheads), 169, 171, 179
Sanborn, John B., 184, 186, 194, 226
Sand Creek massacre (1864), 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 193, 195, 196, 197, 229
Santa Fe talks (1762), 166
Saorghweyoghsta (Doer of Justice) (William Franklin), 70, 71
sashes, 191, 197, 198, 207
Sassaba (Ojibwe), 119–20
Satank (Sitting Bear) (Kiowa)
description of, 197–98
horses and, 171
image, 207
medals and, 212
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 10, 183, 205
son of, 220, 236
speech by, 206–9
Warren Wagon Train Massacre and, 220–21
Satanta (White Bear) (Kiowa)
Custer and, 218–19
death of, 223
description of, 191–92
image, 191
medals and, 212
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 10, 183, 194, 197, 199–200, 201, 204, 205
violence of, 196, 209, 220, 221
Sattelihu (Andrew Montour, Eghnisera), 69
Sauganash (Billy Caldwell) (Potawatomi), 139–40
Sauguaarum, Loron (Penobscot), 37–38
Sauks (Sacs), 115, 170, 235
Sault Ste. Marie, 3–4
Savery, William, 110
Sayenqueragtha (Old Smoke) (Seneca), 68, 89, 92, 93
Scarouady (Oneida), 20, 57
Schermerhorn, John F. (Devil’s Horn)
Buffalo Creek Treaty and, 153
on Cherokee civil wars, 155
on New Echota Treaty, 145
New Echota Treaty and, 138–40, 141–42, 143, 144, 145, 147, 152, 248
Stockbridge Indians and, 153
schools. see also education
ABCFM and, 125, 127
Bull Bear and, 219
Carlisle (PA), 223, 224
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 226
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 200, 201, 203, 204, 211
Navajos and, 227
Schuyler, Philip, 96, 100, 111
Scioto River, 86
Scotsmen, 41, 129. see also individual Scotsmen
Scott, Winfield, 151
scribes, 37
seals, 35, 46, 48
secretaries, 37
secret articles, 107–8. see also private meetings and agreements
Sehoya (Susanna Wickett) (Ridge) (Cherokee), 125
Seminoles, 125, 139, 187
Senecas. see also Iroquois (Iroquois League) (Six Nations); Treaty of Buffalo Creek (1838); individual Senecas
Auglaize River conference and, 108
Big Tree Treaty and, 113
British and, 54
Canandaigua Treaty and, 111
Croghan and, 61, 64–65
Fort Stanwix attacks, 93
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 66, 68
Iroquois League and, 1, 24
Kinzua Dam and, 11
Montour and, 69, 88
New York State and, 101
19th century treaties, 119
Schermerhorn and, 139, 140
Sentinel Horses (Katsienkos) (Koietsenkos) (Qóichégàus) (Real/Principal Dogs) (Kiowas), 191, 197, 207
Sequarusera (Tuscarora), 77, 248
Sequoyah (George Gist), 128
settlers, American. see also US expansion
Abraham on, 89
British and, 92
buffalos and, 221–22
Cherokees and, 91
Conoghquieson on, 88–89
Creeks and, 116–17
disease and, 174
Fort Stanwix cessions and, 90–91
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 89
Iroquois and, 119
Jerome Commission and, 237
W. Johnson on, 88, 89
Kansas and, 211
legal invasion and, 86
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 184
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 200, 204
Ohio River Valley and, 85, 87
Pacific Northwest and, 177
railroads and, 180
reservations and, 230
Rio Grande, attacks south of, and, 172
Sandusky conference and, 109
treaties and, 104
US authority and, 107
US v. Kagama and, 238
Seven Years’ War, 44, 54
Shannon, Timothy, 51, 77, 84
Shawnees and Shawnee Confederacy. see also individual Shawnees; specific subtribes
British and, 65–66, 88, 91
Cherokees and, 92
Croghan and, 61, 64–65
Fort Finney conference and, 102–3
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 65–66, 68, 75, 77, 86, 91–92
Iroquois and, 54
Jefferson and, 113–14
W. Johnson and, 76
Johnson Hall conference and, 60
Mahicans and, 25
Morgan and, 96
Ohio River boundary and, 108
Oklahoma and, 235
Schermerhorn and, 139–40
settlers and, 87
Tahlequah conference and, 156
treaty and, 47
Virginia and, 89–90, 92
wampum and, 31
Sheheke (Mandan), 169
Shelburne, Earl of, 61, 62, 63
Sheridan, Philip, 217–18, 220
Sherman, William Tecumseh
image, 187
Kiowas and, 220, 221
McCusker and, 196
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 186–87, 212, 213
Navajos and, 227
reservations and, 214, 217
starvation tactic of, 214
US Commission and, 229
violence of, 213
Shickellamy, John (Tachendorus) (Oneida), 42
Shirley, William, 26–27
Shoshonis, 174, 175, 227. see also Plains Indians
signatures, 2–3, 46, 106–7, 171, 211, 236
signing of treaties, Indian understanding of, 17
sign language, 196
Silver Brooch (Toshaway) (Peneteka Comanche) (Honey Eater), 183, 200, 204, 214–15
Silver Horn (Kiowa), 205
singing, 31, 102, 175, 177
Sioux. see also Plains Indians; individual Sioux; specific subtribes
Black Hills and, 234, 240–41
Custer and, 233
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175, 176–77
Lewis and Clark and, 167
Prairie du Chien Treaty and, 170
reservations, 226, 234–35
Traverse des Sioux Treaty/ Mendota Treaty and, 174
treaties with, 226
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186
US sovereignty and, 170
Sioux Act of 1888, 234–35
Sissetons, 174
Sitting Bear (Kiowa). see Satank
Sitting Bull (Sioux), 233
Six Nations. see Five Nations; Iroquois; specific tribes
Skenanadon (Oneida), 93
Skiagusta (Cherokee), 35
slavery, 147, 163, 166, 176
slaves, 47, 48, 52, 117, 122, 123, 128, 180, 297n174
Smallwood, Thomas, 58
Smith, Archilla (Cherokee), 144, 157
Smith, Frederick, 68, 248
Smith, Jack, 177, 197
Smith, John (colonist), 13
Smith, John Simpson, 175, 176–77, 184, 196, 197, 211, 231, 232
Smith, Nathaniel, 148, 150
smoking. see pipes and smoking
Snake Woman (Blackfoot), 197
&nbs
p; “sold,” 44
Soule, W. S., 203, 207
souls, 35
South Carolina, 35, 48, 92, 103, 108, 121, 122
South Dakota, 226, 233
Southern Plains, 215
Southwest, Old, 117
sovereignty. see also authority
cessions versus, 170
Cherokees and, 122, 128–29, 130–31, 132, 134, 155
Covenant Chain and, 24
Indian understanding of, 17
Iroquois and, 11, 49
Jackson on, 133
Massasoit and, 14
modern Indian, 239, 241, 242
removal and, 138
rights of discovery and, 4
John Ross on, 155, 158, 159, 162
treaties and, 5, 6, 230, 231, 239, 243, 333n37
US Constitution and, 134
Spain and Spaniards. see also Paris, Peace of (1763, 1783)
Comanches and, 166–67
Florida and, 98, 125
Louisiana and, 34
Plains Indians and, 165–66
Texas and, 165, 167
treaties and, 4, 5, 98
speculators. see also opportunism; individual speculators; specific companies
Britain and, 56, 82–83
Chicago Treaty (1833) and, 118
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 66, 67, 68, 75–76, 77, 80, 82–83, 89
Indian, 113
treaties (1783–1786) and, 98
US authority and, 2, 5, 107
Spokanes, 180
Spotted Tail (Brulé Sioux), 226
Spotted Wolf (Arapaho), 216
Springer, William, 237
squatters, 56
Staked Plains, 200
Stambaugh, Samuel C., 125, 135, 158
Stamp Act, 63
“standing ears of corn” (Canaghquieson) (Kanaghwaes) (Kanaghqweasea) (Kanongyweniyah) (Oneida). see Conoghquieson
Stanley, Henry Morton (John Rowlands)
on Augur, 187
on Cheyennes, 211
on Fishermore, 194
J. Henderson’s speech, 201
on Little Raven, 198
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 10, 192–93, 194, 200, 205
on peace, 212
on Peace Commissioners, 186
on reporters, 189
Satank and, 206
on Satank’s speech, 209
on Terry, 188
Stapler, Mary (Ross), 159
Star, Ellis, 158
Star, Thomas, 158
Star, Washington, 158
Starr, Ellis, 158
Starr, James, 137, 157, 158
starvation, 3, 142, 214–15, 217, 222, 224, 229
State Journal (newspaper), 188–89
Staten Island, 26
states, 5, 98, 122, 133, 137. see also specific states
St. Clair, Arthur, 105–6, 108, 113
Stevens, Isaac, 177–80, 227, 240
St. Germain, Jill, 185, 186, 330n3
St. Lawrence Valley, 32
Stockbridge Indians, 47, 111, 153
Stone Calf (Cheyenne), 231
Stone Forehead (Keeper of the Sacred Arrows) (Medicine Arrow) (Cheyenne), 211, 216
stories, 23, 27
Stuart, John, 51, 56, 72, 81, 82, 88
Stubbs, Mahlon, 232
Stumbling Bear (Kiowa), 191, 205, 218, 221, 236
St. Vrain, Cerain, 184
Sullivan, John, 93
surveyors, 81
Susquehanna Company, 61–62
Susquehanna River and Valley, 46, 61
Tachendorus (John Shickellamy) (Oneida), 42
Tagawaron (Oneida), 68, 73
Taiaiake Alfred, xii
taimes, 218
Tall Bear (Cheyenne Dog Soldier), 184
Tall Bull (Cheyenne Dog Soldier), 195, 212, 219
Tanagharison (Seneca), 69
Tananaica (Hears the Sunrise) (Voice of the Sunrise) (Yamparika Comanche), 222
Tappan, Samuel F., 186, 187, 194, 226, 227, 229
Tatum, Lawrie, 219, 221
taxes, 233, 239–40
Taylor, Alan, 57
Taylor, James E., 189
Taylor, Nathaniel G., 181, 186, 187, 194, 198, 212, 216, 227, 229
Tayorheasere. see Abraham
Tecumseh (Shawnee), 116
Teedyuscung (Delaware)
calumet and, 33
captives and, 47
death of, 62
drinking and, 39, 46
political savvy of, 43
protests by, 61
on wampum, 25
writing and, 38, 39–40
Tegaia (Cayuga), 77, 248
Teganissorens (Onondaga), 1
Teirhenshsere. see Abraham
Tejanos, 216
Ten Bears (Paruasemena) (Yamparika Comanche)
death of, 221
delegation to Washington and, 176, 194
image, 195
on Leavenworth, 201
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 183
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 194, 198, 200, 204–5
Teneangopte (Tonaenko) (Kiowa). see Kicking Bird
Tennessee, 30, 90, 92, 98, 121, 122, 142, 143, 256. see also Treaty of Sycamore Shoals
Tennessee River, 63, 72, 77, 80
Terry, Alfred H., 186–87, 187, 188, 194, 226, 227, 229–30
Texas
cattlemen and, 180
Cherokees and, 138, 156
Comanches and, 200, 201, 206, 216
France and, 165
Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty and, 172
Indian attacks on, 172
Kiowas and, 216, 218, 221
map, 215
Plains Indians and, 166, 216
reservations, 183, 184
Spain and, 165, 167
treaties and, 5
women and, 18
Teyarhasere. see Abraham
Teyohaquende (Diaquanda) (Onondaga), 68, 71, 89
Thacher, James, 15
theater, 63
Thomson, Charles, 37, 39
Tigoransera. see Abraham
Tilghman, James, 67, 248
Tilghman, Tench, 23–24, 36, 51
titles, 25
tobacco, 20, 45, 166, 167, 168, 178. see also pipes (calumets) and smoking
Tonaenko (Teneangopte) (Kiowa). see Kicking Bird
Tonawanda Senecas, 120
Tonkawas, 235
Toshaway (Silver Brooch) (Peneteka Comanche) (Honey Eater), 183, 200, 204, 214–15
Touching the Sky (Maman-ti) (Dohate) (Owl Prophet) (Kiowa), 223, 224
“town destroyer.” see Washington, George
trade and traders. see also speculators; individual traders
Choctaws and, 117
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 75–76
intertribal alliances and, 165
Irish, 9
Jefferson and, 114–15
W. Johnson and, 52–53, 82
networks, 167
peace and, 12
Plains Indians and, 167, 170
sales of land and, 114
survival and, 13
Trade and Intercourse Act and, 107
treaties and, 3, 119
The Trail of Broken Treaties (march on Washington), 239
Trail of Tears, 9, 121, 153, 154
translators. see interpreters and go-betweens
Transylvania Land Company, 91
treaties. see also conferences; specific treaties
attacks on, 230
death and rebirth of, 226–44
empire and, 2
end of, 8, 186, 228–29, 230, 231–33
Indian-US relations and, 243–44
Indian views of, 228, 242–43
as literature, 8
Lumpkin on, 149
modern interpretations, 10–11, 239, 241–42
motives for, 7–8
number of, 5
power and, 228–29
pre-Revolutionary War, 100
rejection of, 48
r
emoval and, 132
reprints of, 6
rights of Indians and, 238–39, 243
sale of lands and, 4–5, 98
sovereignty and, 230, 243
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, 243
US expansion and, 10
treaty at Albany (Albany Congress) (1754), 24, 31, 44–45, 65, 67
Treaty of Big Tree (1797), 113
Treaty, Blackfeet (Lame Bull’s Treaty) (Treaty of Fort Benton) (1855), 179–80
Treaty of Buffalo Creek (1838), 119, 120, 153
Treaty of Canandaigua (1794), 5–6, 10–11, 110–11
Treaty of Casco Bay (1727), 37–38
Treaty of Charlestown (1756), 48
treaties with Cherokees (1817, 1819, 1866), 125, 163
Treaty of Chicago (1833), 118–19, 139–40
treaty, Comanche-Ute (1786), 5, 167
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830), 118, 120
Treaty of Doak’s Stand (1820), 118
Treaty of Easton (1758), 37; (1756), 47
Treaty of Fort Atkinson (1853), 174, 176
Treaty of Fort Benton (Blackfeet Treaty) (Lame Bull’s Treaty) (1855), 179–80
Treaty of Fort Bridger (1868), 227
Treaties of Fort Harmar (1788–89), 105–6
Treaty of Fort Herkimer (1785), 101
Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814), 117, 118
Treaty of Fort Laramie (Horse Creek encampment) (1851), 174–76
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), 226–27, 228, 233, 234, 239, 241, 330n3
Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1786), 102
Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778), 8, 94, 96–97
Treaty of Fort Smith (1865), 162
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768). see also Johnson, William (Sir William) (Warraghiyagey)
boundaries and, 8, 9, 49–65, 71–77, 78, 80–82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 95, 245, 247, 251
cession struggles, 80–95
Conoghquieson and, 54
formal negotiations, 70–77, 100
gifts, 21
Greenville Treaty and, 113
history of America and, 8–9, 10
Iroquois and, 45, 50
prenegotiation history, 49, 53–69
private agreements, 69, 75–76
representation and, 48
Tecumseh’s death and, 116
terms of, 77–80, 100
text of, 245–48
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784), 100–101, 111
Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809), 116
Treaty of Fort Wise (1861), 176
Treaty of Greenville (1795), 8, 111–13, 112, 164, 309n51
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 172
Treaty of Hard Labor (1768), 67, 81
Treaty of Hartford (1638), 14
Treaty of Hell Gate (1855), 179
treaty, Henderson (Treaty of Sycamore Shoals) (1775), 91, 104
treaty, Henry Bouquet’s (1764), 47
Treaty of Holston (1791), 108
Treaty of Hopewell (1785–1786), 103–5
Treaty of Indian Springs (1825), 118, 125
treaty, Kiowa-Comanche (1867), 189, 205. see also Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867)
Treaty, Lame Bull’s (Blackfeet Treaty) (Treaty of Fort Benton) (1855), 179–80
Treaty of Lancaster (1744), 8, 23, 35, 41, 43–44, 45–46, 50, 81
Pen and Ink Witchcraft Page 58