After the Reich
Page 81
The outstanding book on Soviet policy is Vojtech Mastny’s The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity (New York and Oxford 1996), and more recently I have found Geoffrey Roberts’s Stalin Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953 (New Haven and London 2006) extremely useful. Something can be gleaned from Georgi Zhukov’s Reminiscences (Moscow 1985). For the roles of other Cold Warriors, see Curtis F. Morgan Jnr’s James F. Byrnes, Lucius Clay and American Policy in Germany 1945-1947 (Lewiston, Queenston and Lampeter 2002) or Byrnes’s own account in Speaking Frankly (London 1947). For Clay’s role in Germany there is Jean Edward Smith’s The Papers of Lucius D. Clay (Bloomington and London 1974). Truman covers his back in his two-volume Year of Decisions and Years of Trial and Hope (London 1955). They are very useful for Potsdam. George Kennan’s Memoirs (London 1968) provide the dissenting view. Ernest Bevin’s time as foreign secretary is amply covered by Alan Bullock (London 1983) and in less detail by Peter Weiler (Manchester and New York 1993). Charles Williams provides a useful, recent account of the rise of Adenauer (London 2000).
More detailed references and non-English sources will be found in the notes.
Index
Aachen
Abramski, Stanisław, Bishop of Katowice
Abzug, Robert H.: Inside the Vicious Heart
Acher, Achille von
Ackermann, Anton
Adelheide camp
Adenauer, Konrad: forced retirement; resumes mayoralty of Cologne; dealings with British; and formation of German Federal Republic; suppresses political rivals; antipathy to Schumacher; on return of German POWs; visits Russia; protests at dismantling of German industries; attends United Europe Congress (May 1948); relations with French; and Ruhr authority; and German reunification; made Chancellor; favours European union
Adler, Guido
Adler, Viktor
Agee, James
Ahrenshoop (seaside resort)
Albrecht, Professor (of Prague)
Alexander, Field Marshal Haroldt Earl
Alexander, Peter A.
Allied Control Council: established; and Potsdam Agreement; meets in Berlin; constitution; French obstruct
Allied High Commission: formed from Military Government
Althof’s travelling circus
Altmann, Karl
Alvensleben, Bodo von
Alvensleben, Captain von
Amelunxen, Rudolf
American Forces Network
American Military Government (AMG)
American zone (Germany): material plenty in; refugees in; cooperation with British and French zones; HQ at Frankfurt-am-Main; civil administration; US separation from Germans in; extent; anti-frat order relaxed; theft and plunder in; rapes in; German marriages to US servicemen; ‘occupation children’ born in; political life in; denazification; culture in; industrial dismantling prevented; Jewish DP camps in; internment of Nazis in; food donations in; rations and shortages in; and war crimes trials; see also United States of America
Amery, John
Andernach camp
Andersch, Alfred
Andrus, Colonel Burton C.
Annan, Noël, Baron
Antipenko (Zhukov’s adjutant)
Ardennes: US campaign in (1944-5)
Arendsee, Marthe
Arendt, Hannah: Organised Guilt and Universal Responsibility
Arnim, General Hans-Jürgen von
Arnold, Karl art: plundered and destroyed
artists: colony at Ahrenshoop
Astafiev, Major
Atlantic Charter (1941)
Atlantic Pact (1949)
Atrocities Committee Austria
Attlee, Clement (later 1st Earl): plans occupation; dislikes Germans; succeeds Churchill as Prime Minister; at Potsdam Conference; favours withdrawing from Germany
Auden, W. H.
Auerbach camp
Aufbau (periodical)
Aufbau Verlag
Augsburg
Augstein, Rudolf
August William, Prince of Prussia (‘Auwi’)
Auschwitz: liberated; reused by Poles
Aussig (Ustí nad Labem), Czechoslovakia
Aust, Adolf
Austin, Sergeant-Major
Austria: Allies’ view and policy on post-war settlement; elite purged by Nazis; German annexation (Anschluss, 1938); Jews in; attempts to form fighting units with Allies; doubts on independence from Germany; denies war guilt; Russians capture and occupy; political parties formed; declaration of independence from Germany; forms interim government (1945); Nazis and Nazism in; German-speaking refugees in; territorial demands; divided into occupation zones; industrial plant and property removed and confiscated; communists in; free elections (1945) and Figl government; under Allied administration; food shortage and supply; receives foreign aid; four-power Agreement on (1946); State Treaty (1955); Germans expelled; property claims and restitution; Soviet zone; vineyards; British zone; American zone; borders agreed; Russian DPs in; French zone; Habsburgs banned; refugees and DPs in; denazification; capital punishment in; elections (October 1949); German POWs in; and South Tyrol; peace treaty proposed; Soviet kidnappings in; Soviet obstructionism in; currency; see also Upper Austria; Vienna
Austrian Centre
Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP)
Austrian Socalist Party (SPÖ)
Avenarius, Johannes
Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem
Bacque, James: Other Losses
Bad Kreuznach-Bretzenheim camp
Bad Nenndorf
Bad Oeynhausen
Baden
Baden-Baden
Bader, Untersturmführer
Badoglio, Marshal Pietro
Baeck, Leo
Bähr, Erna (‘Bärchen’)
Balfour, Michael
Baltic States: German-speaking population
Barkow
Barnetson, Major William
Barraclough, Brigadier John
Baruch, Bernard
BASF, Ludwigshafen
Bauer, Christoph
Bauer, Otto
Baum, Otto
Baur, Hans
Bavaria
Baxa, Captain
Bayreuth
Bayrische Volkspartei (BVP)
Becher, Johannes R.; Manifest des Kulturbundes zur demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands
Becher, Lily
Beck, Colonel-General Ludwig
Becker, Frau (of Brandenburg)
Becker, Hans von
Beckmann, Christel
Bédarida, Renée
Beethoven, Ludwig van
Beheim-Schwarzbach, Martin
Behr, Fritz
Bekessy, Imre
Belgium: POW camps in; post-war trials
Belokopitov, Andrei
Belsen see Bergen-Belsen
Ben-Gurion, David
Beneš, Edvard
Benn, Gottfried
Berchtesgaden
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp: Jewish prisoners in; British enter; as Jewish DP camp; newsreel photographs from; Germans forced to visit; food rations; Gollancz visits; SS prisoners in; culprits tried and punished
Berger, Gottlob
Bergius, Friedrich
Berlin: French granted sector; Soviet conquest and occupation of; ceasefire signed (2 May 1945); rape in; illegitimate children; Western Allies arrive in; surrender document signed in; communist-nominated administration; local elections (September 1945); rubble cleared and city reorganised; food shortages and subsistence; isolation; disease; Allied Control Council established in; US-RUSSIAN conflicts in; partition into zones; burial of dead in; houses requisitioned by Allies; mortality rate under occupation; music and concerts; conditions (1945-6); German refugees in; Kommandatura in; Russian dominance in; deputy military governors (DMGs); Soviet administrative structure; arts and culture in; homes restored; monuments destroyed; industries removed by Russians to east; British in; Soviet blockade and Allied airlift (1947-8); denazification in; deaths from TB; black market in; cr
ime in; art treasures plundered; Truman visits; severe winters; elections (May 1946); (October 1946); and Allied disagreements; Reuter’s mayoralty; Western zone prosperity; Allied military strength in; police; Russians cut off milk supply; Soviet military strength in; currency circulation; Soviet-inspired violence in; Western demonstrations for democratic freedom; divided; tuberculosis; housing; road traffic resumes
Berlin, Irving
Berlin Free University
Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
Berling, General Zygmunt
Bernadotte, Count Folke
Berry, Sir Vaughan
Bersarin, Colonel-General Nicholas E.
Bersin, Sergeant
Besser, Walter
Béthouart, Lieutenant-General Emile-Marie: on destruction in Vienna; status in Vienna; meets Clark; Koniev meets; acquires Palais Lobkowitz in Vienna; visits Mauthausen; on Archduke Otto; on punishment of Nazis; on hardships in Vienna; and Koenig
Bevin, Ernest: declines to defend Austria; as Foreign Secretary; and Pakenham; on French communists; and Ruhr; at Potsdam; hostility to Soviet Russia; on maintenance of Hess; favours divided Germany; favours remaining in Germany; and cession of South Tyrol to Austria; and Molotov’s wish for unified Germany; invites US to station B-29 bombers in Britain; refuses communication with Russians during Berlin blockade
Biberteich camp, Czechoslovakia
Bidault, Georges
Biddle, Francis
Biel, Heinz
Bielenberg, Christabel
Bierut, Bołesław
Big Lift, The (film)
Bildt, Paul
Bimko, Dr Hadassah
Birley, Sir Robert
Biscari
Bismarck, Prince Otto von
Bizonia (US-British zones)
black market: transactions; development and operation; and crime
Blaha, General
Blanckenburg family
Blankenhorn, Herbert
Blaschtowitschka, Dr
Blaskowitz, General Johannes
Blomberg, Field Marshal Werner von
Bluméon
Blum, Moritz
Bogomolov, Alexander
Bohle, Ernst
Bohlen, Charles (‘Chip’)
Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav von
Böhler, Josef
Böhm, Johann
Böhm, Karl
Böhm-Baweerk family
Bohrer, Karl-Heinz
Boislambert, Hettier de
Böll, Heinrich: Die Botschaft; ‘Geschäft ist Geschäft’ in Wanderer kommst du nach Spa, Erzählungen; Kreuz ohne Liebe; ‘Kumpel mit dem langen Haar’; ‘Lohengrins Tod’; ‘Mein Onkel Fred’; ‘When the War Was Over’
Bolling, General Alexander
Bolzano-Bozen
Bongers, Else
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
Bonin, Colonel Bogislaw von
Bonn: as West German capital
Borchard, Leo
Borchert, Wolfgang: Draussen vor der Tür (play; filmed as Liebe 1947)
Bormann, Martin
Bornholm (island), Denmark
Borotra, Jean
Böttner, Professor Arthur
Boveri, Margret: reaches Teupitz; disparages Dönitz; in Charlottenburg; on Red Army soldiers’ behaviour; on women working in Berlin; meets surviving Jews; on food shortage; on Americans in Germany; crosses into Franconia; attends Berlin concert; on Bamberg; on Western Allies’ plundering; on Fragebogen; on shortage of German men; on prisoners in Soviet Union; on accused at Nuremberg; on arrests in Potsdam; on number of French arrests; Tage des Überlebens
Bradley, General Omar
Brandenburg
Brandt, Karl
Brandt, Willy
Brauchitsch, Field Marshal Walther von
Braun, Eva
Braunschweig, Eberhard von
Brech, John
Brecht, Bertolt
Breker, Arno
Bremen: ceded by British to Americans
Brenner
Breslau (Wrocław)
Briand, Aristide
Bridgend, South Wales
Britain: policy on Germany; advance into Germany and central Europe; wartime alliance with USSR; refuses to recognise Renner regime in Austria; dispute with Yugoslavia over Trieste and Carinthia; and Dönitz government; and Princess Victoria Louise; arrival in Berlin; popularity in Berlin; and development of German constitution; complains of Russian thefts; forms Rhineland-Westphalia, 255; reputation; dealings with Adenauer; supports Schumacher; Austrian policy; presence in Austria; administration in Vienna; and deportation of Cossacks to Russia; employs German and Austrian Jews in army; suspicion of Jewish influx into Germany; changes policy on fraternising with Germans; treatment of German POWs; POW camps in; and Nazi war criminals; and war crimes trials; ends war trials; general election (July 1945); policy at Potsdam; economic and financial weakness; rejects People’s Congress; and Berlin airlift; Adenauer opposes entry to Common Market; effects of war on; post-war retribution; decline as power
British Austrian Legal Unit (BALU)
British Control Commission
British Free Corps
British zone (Germany): German refugees in; co-operation with American and French zones; tolerance; denazification; military government in; education in; industrial plant removed; culture in; food and clothing shortages in; thefts in
Britten, Benjamin
Brno, Czechoslovakia: death march
Broch, Hermann
Brost, Erich
Brown, Ralph
Brüning, Heinrich
Brunner, Alois (‘Jupo’)
Brunswick
Brunswick, Ernest-Augustus, Duke of
Brussels Pact (1948)
Brüx (Most), Czechoslovakia
Bryant, Lieutenant-Colonel George (born Breuer)
Buchenwald concentration camp
Büderich camp
Bugner, Helene
Bühler (state secretary)
Bulganin, Marshal Nikolai Alexandrovich
Bulgarians: population transfer (1913)
Bumballa, Raoul
Burgenland
Bürklin, Wilhelm Burschenschaften (student corps)
Busch, Field Marshal Ernst
Bussche-Streithorst, Axel Freiherr von dem
Byrnes, James: on Roosevelt’s anger with Germans; and Polish borders; policy on Germany; and Austrian settlement; accompanies Truman to Potsdam Conference; on Churchill at Potsdam; and Bevin’s hostility to Soviet Russia; at Moscow CFM (December 1945); offers to merge American zone with British; and German curency reform
Čabrinovič, Nedeljko
Cadogan, Sir Alexander
Cailliau, Madame Alfred (née de Gaulle)
Calmon, Major
Canada: German POW camps in; tries German war criminals
Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm
cannibalism
Cannon, General John
Caprivi, Georg Leo, Graf von
CARE see Co-operative of American Remittances to Europe
Carinthia
Carpenter, Len
Carr, Edward Hallett
Carsten, F. L.
Casablanca Conference (1943)
Cassel
Celibidache, Sergiu censorship: in Soviet zone
Chaloner, Major (of Hanover Information Council)
Chapigneulles, Major
Charlemagne, Emperor: crown discovered
Cheetham, N. J. A.
Cherrière, General P. R. P.
chewing gum
children: conditions and life
Chotinsky, Fyodor
Christian Democratic Union (CDU): formed; leaders; and Berlin elections (1946); demands national representation; in West German elections (1949)
Christlich-Sozial Union (CSU)
Chuikov, Vassily
Churcher, Brigadier John Bryan
Churchill, Mary
Churchill, Rhona
Churchill, (Sir) Winston S.: on treatment of Germa
ns; drafts Atlantic Charter; as premier (1940); hostility to Prussians; apprehensions over Soviet Russia; and Polish borders; promises to free Austria from Prussians; and Dönitz government; sends ‘iron curtain’ telegram to Truman; protests at British treatment of German leaders; approves expulsion of Germans in central Europe; Fulton speech (1946); and British entry into Vienna; Horthy writes to; Göring quotes; intercedes for Kesselring; hostility to Russians; pleads for French zone in Germany; at Yalta; at Potsdam Conference; concern for weakened British economy; loses premiership to Attlee; and granting of Königsberg to Russia; supports Byrnes; addresses United Europe Congress (May 1948) cigarettes: as currency cinema: in Soviet zone; in American zone; in Austria
Civil Affairs Division (CAD; US War Department)
Clare, George: finds Jewish survivors; with British in Berlin; on Neumann’s satire; attends theatre; meets Karl Arnold; shares rations with children; and denazification; on German-speaking colleagues; on Karajan; and Austrian Nazis; and Anglo-German fraternising; and German scientists
Clark, Clifford
Clark, General Mark: aggressiveness; on Soviet looting; on Figl; administration in Vienna; relations with Koniev; anti-Soviet stance; on Austrian food supply; popularity in Austria; and Austrian culture; on Moscow Conference (1947); and Austrian airlift; doubts over Allied achievements
Clarke, Eric
Clay, General Lucius: and arrest of Dönitz; and absence of Nazi underground movement; heads US mission in Berlin; relations with Russians; and expulsion of ethnic Germans from central Europe; authority; in Frankfurt-am-Main; attitude to Russians; on anti-frat order; background; policy on Germany; and retention of German industry; and appointment of German political leaders; denies Ruhr benefits to Russians; Schumacher negotiates with; on French depredations in Baden-Württemberg; differences with Koenig; on French demands for coal; prevents dismantling of German industrial sites; and French customs wall in Saar; praises RIAS; favours German self-government; and denazification process; and food shortages; attempts to stop use of cigarettes as currency; requests relief from USA; and German art treasures; denies looting charges against soldiers; apologises for US interrogation methods; on Russia’s German POWs; and German POWs in Poland; and Nuremberg trials; calls for execution of Malmédy murderers; and agreement on Berlin; meets Zhukov; supports Byrnes; antipathy to French; favours inter-zonal co-operation; and currency reform; and Soviet blockade in Berlin; on US military strength in Berlin; and Berlin airlift; concedes Soviet request for currency circulation; and founding of West German state; and Soviet-provoked rioting in Berlin; and Berliners’ anti-communist demonstrations; on proposed Soviet air force manoeuvres over Berlin; and founding of Free University in Berlin; counters Russian condemnation of Dresden bombing; honoured in Berlin; on future of Ruhr