by Benn Steil
Nosek, Jindřich, 138, 424
Nosek, Václav, 236, 424
Nourse, Edwin, 194, 197, 424, 532n
Novikov, Nikolai, 46, 59, 71, 77, 118, 120, 121, 424
nuclear weapons, 4, 9–10, 91, 125–26, 250, 291, 321, 378
Nunn, Sam, 388
Nye, Joseph, 2, 31
Occupation Statute, 335–36
occupation zones, 4, 63–64, 70, 457
see also specific zones
Office of European Affairs, U.S., 151, 160
Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 228
Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), 315–16
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 188
Office of War Mobilization, U.S., 104
oil supplies, 11, 24, 190, 215, 257, 367, 401
“One World” agenda, x, 2–3, 10, 371–72
“On the International Situation” (Zhdanov), 182–85
“On the Morals of Chess” (Franklin), 340
open-door approach, 88, 265–67, 268, 271, 385
Orbán, Viktor, 396, 424–25
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), 305–6, 336, 370
Orwell, George, 10, 337
Otschkin, Boris, 290–91, 425
Palais de Marbre Rose, 331
Palestine, 17, 21
Panama Canal, 24
Parliament, British, 267
Parliamentary Council (West Germany), 287
Parodi, Alexandre, 333, 425
Partnership for Peace (PfP), 390
pastoralization, x, 66, 89, 115, 149, 161
Patterson, Robert, 33, 52, 60, 199, 425
Patton, George S., 5, 241, 425
Pauley, Edwin, 62, 425
Pavlov, Valentin, 387, 425
Payne, Robert, 304
Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 2, 26, 97
Pearson, Drew, 201, 425
Peasant Party, 82
Pella, Giuseppe, 354, 355
“percentages agreement,” 47, 241
Peres, Shimon, 399–400
perestroika, 381, 385
Peskov, Dmitry, 399, 425
Peter I (“the Great”), Czar of Russia, 71
Peterson, Maurice D., 122, 425
Philadelphia Inquirer, 334
Philby, Kim, 79, 425
Philip, André, 18, 425
Pickering, Thomas, 388, 425
Pieck, Wilhelm, 80, 254, 336, 337, 425
Plan A, 326–28
Poland, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 28, 63, 71, 74, 78, 83, 119, 128, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136–37, 141, 142, 148, 180–86, 184, 185, 186, 227, 228, 241, 242, 306, 315, 340, 372, 384, 385, 387, 391, 393, 395–96, 401, 402
police forces, 236, 237–38, 240, 254, 275, 290
Policy Planning Staff (PPS), 87–88, 98–103, 108, 253, 265, 316, 328
Policy Planning Staff paper (PPS/1), 98–103
Polish Workers Party, 136–37
Politburo, 74, 119, 127–28, 130, 211, 293, 303
Populists, 236–37
Portugal, 147, 318
Portugalov, Nikolai, 380–81
“Positions and Recommendations” report, 33
Poskrebyshev, Alexander, 127–28
Potsdam Conference (1945), 5–9, 20–21, 34, 62–63, 64–65, 66, 70, 91, 128, 133, 164, 202, 203, 204, 241, 255, 268, 269, 276, 277, 281, 330–31, 356, 371
pounds sterling, 22, 154, 161–62, 165
Prague, 138, 143, 237
Prague coup (1948), 235–44, 250, 257, 259, 265, 266, 340, 371, 384, 394
Pravda, 24, 47, 57, 119, 239, 298
Present at the Creation (Acheson), 35
President’s Committee on Foreign Aid (Harriman Committee), 194–98, 222–23, 263, 343, 345, 416, 532n
price controls, 168, 220, 221, 270, 307, 346, 361
Primakov, Yevgeny, 387–88, 425
Princeton University, 22–23
production levels (productivity), 77, 81–82, 94–95, 163, 168–69, 174, 366
Progressive Party, 267
propaganda, 38, 74, 91, 151, 175, 183, 187–88, 205, 217, 228–29, 236, 250, 257, 261–62, 267, 302–3, 310, 314, 315–16, 323, 328, 330, 349, 352, 369, 401
protectionism (trade barriers), 51, 66, 88, 100–101, 155, 156, 158–59, 167–68, 172, 216, 223, 306, 363–65, 369
Prudential Life Insurance Co., 232
Putin, Vladimir, 380, 391, 392, 394–95, 398–99, 401, 425–26
Quadripartite (Four Power) agreement, 95, 208, 273, 286, 288, 290–91, 308, 310, 323, 329–33, 361, 379–80
Quebec Conference (1943), 69
Queuille, Henri, 320, 351, 353, 374, 426
radio, 87, 228–29, 238, 239, 268, 275, 286, 315, 323
Radio in the American Sector, 286
Radio Moscow, 239, 268
Rally of the French People (RPF), 187, 350, 412
Ramadier, Paul, 114–15, 134, 137, 186, 188, 360, 374, 426
Ratiani, Georgii M., 298, 426
rationing, 68, 105, 190, 221, 302, 307, 366–67
raw materials, 82, 94, 140, 164, 222–23, 251, 342, 364, 572n
Rayburn, Sam, 34, 190, 191–92, 426
Reagan, Ronald, 381, 426
reconstruction, 51, 118–19, 140–41, 149–50, 206–10, 313–14, 336, 357–62, 378–79
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 51
Red Army, 4, 48, 75, 185, 188, 210, 237–38, 239, 241–42, 250, 257, 270, 303, 382–84
Reed, Philip D., 214, 426
refugees, 303, 330
Reichstag, 15
reparations, 4, 6–7, 60–71, 75–79, 85, 107, 109, 123, 128, 131, 176, 203–6, 249, 266, 276, 281, 310, 313, 325, 330, 331, 337, 356–58, 361, 362, 368
Republican Party, U.S., 34, 37, 50, 88, 101, 111, 191–98, 199, 213, 215–16, 219–22, 224, 225–26, 247–48, 251, 258, 259, 260, 262, 301–2, 317–18, 346, 348, 371, 372, 389–90
Reston, James, 27, 36–37, 87, 96, 101, 180, 185, 210, 211, 213, 223, 228, 231, 232, 250, 259, 327, 426
reunification, 209, 326, 377–78, 379, 381, 382, 419, 427, 430, 557, 562, 570n
Reuter, Ernst, 274, 279, 290, 304, 307–10, 426
Révai, József, 180, 426
revolutionary violence, 186, 187–89
Rhine region, 82, 103, 252
Riddleberger, James (Jimmie), 243, 325, 426
Ripka, Hubert, 119, 140, 142, 143, 236, 237, 239, 240, 243–44, 426
Roberts, Frank, 283–84, 286, 426
Robertson, Brian, 64, 206, 207, 272, 280, 307, 308–9, 361, 426
Roll, Eric, 156, 426–27
Roman Empire, 35
Romania, 7, 16, 71, 73, 126, 136, 142, 148, 184, 228, 306, 399, 401, 530n
Rome, 155, 355
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 115, 356, 370, 427
Roosevelt, Franklin D.:
Acheson’s views on, 38, 88, 89, 341
background of, 427
death of, 47, 62, 97, 104
economic policies of, 8, 11, 12, 26, 51, 88–89, 90, 91, 162, 165, 192, 222, 362, 370
foreign policy of, 8, 12, 26, 51, 56, 82, 162, 176, 192, 213–14, 222, 362, 370, 379
German reconstruction as viewed by, 56, 61–62, 75, 77, 89, 104, 128, 379
Morgenthau Plan supported by, 6, 115
Morgenthau’s relationship with, 8, 69, 81, 89–90, 165, 270
New Deal programs of, 51, 88, 192, 195–96, 215, 216, 366
One World agenda of, x, 2–3, 10, 371–72
postwar development supported by, 2–3, 9, 10, 12, 18, 24, 26, 38, 40, 75, 82, 88–89, 90, 91, 162, 165, 223, 295, 309, 318, 341, 362, 370, 371–72, 379
at Potsdam Conference, 7–8, 62
Soviet policy of, 2–3, 5, 28, 61–62, 77, 82, 97, 176, 182, 241, 270, 357, 398
Stalin’s relationship with, 3–4, 5, 7–8, 9, 24, 47, 73, 77, 82, 165, 182
at Tehran Conference, 78
Truman compared with, 5, 8, 9, 12, 38, 40, 47, 62, 88–89, 91, 97, 98, 165, 182, 371–72
U.N. proposal of, 40, 82, 295, 309, 3
18
at Yalta Conference, 6, 24, 75, 88, 223
Rostow, Eugene, 241, 427
Rostow, Walt, 66, 87, 91, 427
Royall, Kenneth, 12, 92, 151–52, 229, 271, 280, 290, 296, 427
rubles, 270
Ruhr region, 62, 66, 68, 82, 123, 150, 152, 153, 164, 203, 276, 281, 360
Russell, Bertrand, 303
Russia, 6, 57, 126, 204, 292, 374, 375, 385–88, 574n, 576n
Russian Civil War, 57
Russian Revolution, 126, 204, 292
Russo-Japanese War, 6
Saakashvili, Mikheil, 396–97, 427
Saar region, 62, 66–67, 69, 150, 322, 356
Sabanadze, Natalie, 402, 427
Sarbanes, Paul, 393
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 303
Sazonov, Sergei, 71, 427
Scandinavia, 159, 168–69, 171, 173
see also specific countries
Schumacher, Kurt, 208–9, 228, 328, 335, 336, 359, 427
Schuman, Robert, 188, 263, 271, 287, 294, 295, 309, 313–14, 322, 327, 350–51, 360, 374, 427
Schuman Plan, 153, 374
Scowcroft, Brent, 387, 427
Secret Police, 237–38
Selective Service, U.S., 258
Semenov, Vladimir, 253–54, 427
Semler, Johannes, 359, 428
Senate, U.S., 34, 39, 42, 50, 57, 70, 97, 207, 211–12, 221, 226, 228–30, 247–49, 257–58, 260, 301–2, 317–20, 346
Foreign Relations Committee of, 57, 70, 196, 211–12, 225, 230, 248, 319
Serbia, 391–95
Seville, Kingdom of, 339
Sforza, Carlo, 189, 428
Shreve, Earl, 223–24
Sicherman, Harvey, 382, 428
Široký, Viliam, 142–43, 428
Slánský, Rudolf, 180–81, 428
Slovak Democrats, 236–37
Slovakia, 385, 401
Slovenia, 401
Smirnov, Andrei, 202, 254, 428
Smith, Frederick, 216, 428
Smith, Jean Edward, 534n–35n
Smith, Lawrence H., 193, 198, 231, 428
Smith, Walter Bedell, 25, 60, 70, 73–74, 77, 144, 152, 180, 206–7, 265–67, 268, 283–87, 288, 293, 312, 428, 518n
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), 51
Smutný, Jaromír, 239–40, 428
Snyder, John, 220, 221, 428
Social Democratic Labor Party, 72
Social Democratic Party (SPD), 76, 80, 208–9, 228, 304, 310, 328, 335, 359, 382
Social Democrats (Czechoslovakia), 237
socialism, 20, 123, 170, 192, 216, 227–28, 235, 344, 348–49, 359–61
Socialist Party, 187, 272, 349, 350
Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) (SED), 80, 273, 285, 286, 303, 311, 336–37, 383
Sokolovsky, Vasily, 64, 65, 253–54, 271, 272, 273–74, 276, 277–78, 282, 289, 291, 312, 357, 428
Soros, George, 374, 428
“Sources of Soviet Conduct, The” (Kennan), 90–91
South Korea, 33, 115
sovereignty, 49, 131, 140, 163, 169, 171
Soviet Military Administration, 228, 271, 275
Soviet Union:
Acheson’s views on, 25–28, 30, 35, 40, 42, 43, 50, 51–52, 91, 92–93, 98, 129, 133, 311, 313, 336, 373
autocratic tradition in, 58, 71, 182, 312, 337, 385–86
borders and buffer areas of, x, 38, 63, 71, 73, 212, 235, 244, 282, 356, 371, 372, 386, 390, 391, 395, 398, 460
collapse of, 386–87, 391, 399
Communist Party of (CPSU), 46, 57–58, 74, 119, 121, 127–28, 130, 135, 163, 175, 180, 181, 211, 227–28, 230, 293, 303, 380
containment of, 29–32, 33, 37, 41, 255–56, 316, 325–28, 340, 369, 373, 375, 386, 389–90, 403
coup in (1991), 387
Eastern Europe dominated by, 23, 70, 80–81, 82, 91, 108, 123, 138, 236–37, 242–44, 250–51, 259, 278, 324, 370–72, 390
elections (1946) in, 10, 27, 29
expansionism, 24–25, 39, 47–48, 73, 82–83, 107–9, 110, 161
FDR’s policy on, 2–3, 5, 28, 61–62, 77, 82, 97, 176, 182, 241, 270, 357, 398
five-year plans for, 123
German invasion of, 73, 278, 386
map of, 460
Marshall Plan opposed by, 115–21, 126–29, 130, 132–45, 161, 175–84, 202–6, 223, 227–30, 242–44, 259, 265–68, 275–76, 288–89, 306, 314–15, 370–71, 383–90, 400
Marshall’s views on, 84–86, 108–9, 115, 228, 281–82, 285, 287
military forces of, 4, 48, 75, 185, 188, 210, 237–38, 239, 241–42, 250, 257, 270, 303, 382–84
Moscow show trials in, 179, 182
in Nazi nonaggression pact (1939), 73, 79
Prague coup (1948) orchestrated by, 235–44, 250, 257, 259, 265, 266, 340, 371, 384, 394
satellites of, 10, 23, 102, 121, 133, 135–36, 144–45, 168, 257, 401
sphere of influence of, 2, 7, 47, 60, 241, 250, 340–41, 370–71, 404, 456, 566n
Truman’s policies on, 5, 8–9, 25, 32–34, 62–63, 85, 165, 175–76, 183, 219, 228, 242, 265, 278–83, 370–71, 372, 380
U.S. embassy in, 28, 55, 65
Soviet zone, 20, 79–81, 228, 270, 271, 272, 275, 280, 281–82, 285, 329–30, 336
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 17–18, 158, 160, 252, 305, 428–29
Spain, 24, 147, 148, 260
spheres of influence, 2, 7, 47, 60, 241, 250, 340–41, 370–71, 404, 456, 566n
Spiel, Hilde, 106, 272, 275, 429
Stalin, Joseph:
Acheson’s views on, 24–25, 310–11, 312, 323
background of, 3, 57, 292, 339, 429
Berlin blockade approved by, 323–25, 332, 372
Berlin policies of, 253–54, 278, 282–83, 287–88, 291–92, 296–97, 303, 310–12, 323, 330–31, 334
Cold War strategy of, 10, 31, 182–83, 259, 266–67, 390
Cominform supported by, 180, 182, 184, 185–86
Czech relations of, 138–44, 242–44, 250–51, 259, 340, 372
death of, 306, 312, 408
as dictator, 3, 4, 17, 27–28, 29, 57, 58, 61, 73–75, 130, 138–44, 182–84, 185, 211, 291, 303, 311–12, 337, 339
Eastern European policies of, 23, 70, 79, 80–81, 82, 91, 108, 123, 138, 236–37, 242–44, 250–51, 259, 278, 324, 335–36, 337, 370–72, 390
East German policies of, 79, 324, 335–36, 337, 372
“election speech” of (1946), 10, 27, 29, 71
European communism supported by, 29, 181–84, 185–88, 211, 227, 351
expansionist and interventionist policies of, 24–25, 39, 47–48, 73, 82–83, 107–9, 110, 161
FDR’s relationship with, 3–4, 5, 7–8, 9, 24, 47, 73, 77, 82, 165, 182
foreign policy of, 3, 24–25, 31, 71–83, 127–29, 133, 181–82, 203, 211, 296, 339–40, 370–71, 380
German independence opposed by, 3, 5, 7–9, 10, 61–62, 68, 78–83, 115, 120, 177, 203, 253–54, 276, 296, 311, 335–36, 368, 372
Kennan’s views on, 29, 107–9, 237, 267, 269, 340–41, 385, 389
London Program opposed by, 284–87, 288, 311, 313
Marshall Plan opposed by, 115–21, 127–29, 130, 133–35, 142–45, 161, 177, 179–84, 223, 242–44, 259, 266–67, 288–89, 306, 314–15, 370–71, 385, 400
Marshall’s relationship with, 39, 46, 55–57, 71–86, 105, 110, 115, 177, 179, 281, 285, 341, 349
military security as concern of, 211, 223, 235–36, 250–54, 266–67, 278, 282, 317–18, 322, 339–41, 370–71, 381, 390
Molotov’s relationship with, 4, 6, 47, 48, 58, 74, 77, 79, 110, 120, 127–30, 133, 203, 266–67, 269, 288, 291, 293
Morgenthau Plan supported by, 339–41, 370–71, 381, 390
NATO opposed by, 317–18, 322
negotiating attitude and strategy of, 4, 72, 77, 83, 139–40, 182, 268–69, 284–87, 291–92, 310–15, 330–31
at Potsdam Conference, 6–8, 276
at Tehran Conference, 74
Truman Doctrine as opposed by, 46–47,
48, 165, 242
Truman’s relationship with, 5–9, 24–25, 46–47, 62–63, 82, 165, 242, 267–69, 278, 282–83, 293–96, 389
Vinson’s proposed meeting with, 293–95, 312
Wallace initiative supported by, 267–68
at Yalta Conference, 4, 24–25, 79, 205–6
Stalingrad, Battle of, 204, 312
starvation, 15, 18, 89, 95, 99–100, 105, 170, 208–9, 244, 245, 275, 358
State, War, and Navy department staff (SWNCC), 86–87, 98
State Department, U.S., 9, 18, 27, 32–34, 37, 51, 55–57, 86–87, 89, 98, 101–2, 108–11, 134, 142, 150, 154, 156, 157, 158–59, 206–7, 219, 300, 301, 315, 335
steel, 150, 153, 159–60, 164, 169, 215, 277–78, 310, 322
Steinbrueck, Peer, 374, 429
Steinhardt, Laurence, 142, 143, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 259, 429
Stettinius, Edward, 77
Stillwell, James, 151
Stimson, Henry L., 89, 91, 101, 133, 189–90, 198–99, 206, 271, 429
stock market crash (1929), 51
stopgap funding, 221–22
Stránský, Jaroslav, 236, 429
Stuttgart, 67, 68, 209
Sudoplatov, Pavel, 127, 128, 429
Suez Canal, 24
superpowers, 24, 35–36, 38, 40, 42–43, 161, 576n
Suslov, Mikhail, 209, 227–28, 429
Svoboda, Ludvík, 239, 429
Sweden, 141, 147, 168, 190, 260, 341, 395
Switzerland, 141, 147, 260
Syria, 295, 392
Szklarska Por¸eba conference, 180–85, 235
Taber, John, 192, 232, 429
Taft, Robert, 215–16, 226, 258, 429
Talbott, Strobe, 387, 388–89, 429
tariffs, 51, 100, 158–59, 165, 223, 314, 401
TASS, 129, 228, 267, 268, 323
taxation, 34, 67, 76, 90, 192, 222, 270, 307
Taylor, Charles, 315
Taylor, Frederick, 292
Technical Committee on Berlin Currency and Trade, 308
Tehran Conference (1943), 74, 78
Teltschik, Horst, 378, 430
Tempelhof airfield, 274, 277
textiles, 224
Thatcher, Margaret, 378, 379, 430
Thorez, Maurice, 181, 185–88
Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 380
Time, 51, 222, 314, 320
Tito (Josip Broz), 48, 73, 93, 130, 136, 184, 185, 245, 278, 289, 430
Togliatti, Palmiro, 181, 188, 261, 263, 430, 568n
Tolstoy, Leo, 28
totalitarianism, 29, 61, 71, 89, 190–91, 212, 214, 248, 276, 503n–4n
Toynbee, Arnold, 303
trade barriers (protectionism), 51, 66, 88, 100–101, 155, 156, 158–59, 167–68, 172, 216, 223, 306, 363–65, 369
trade deficits, 67–68, 70, 140, 141, 154, 173, 221, 307, 358, 362–65, 369–70