Spillover
Page 62
see also zoonosis(es)
Patient Zero (Gaëtan Dugas), 387–89, 407, 443, 489
Pearl River Delta, 170, 187
Peeters, Martine, 403–4, 425, 427–28, 465, 471
Peiris, Malik, 184–87, 190, 191, 194, 207
penicillin, 482
Pennsylvania State University, 306
Pepin, Jacques, 478, 479–82, 484, 485, 486
Peterson, Dale, 434
Petri, Julius, 265
Philippines, 276
A. leucosphyrus in, 163
Reston virus in, 78, 86–87
Phillip, Arthur, 37, 38
Phoenix sylvestris (sugar date palm), 329
phylogeny, of SIV and HIV, 426–27
picornaviruses, 35
pigs:
flu viruses in, 21, 39, 313, 374, 507
FMD in, 35–36
Malaysian culling of, 320
Nipah in, 314, 316–17, 319–20, 322, 367
Pitchenik, Arthur E., 487–88
Pitu (bat catcher), 334, 339, 341
plague, 102, 237, 243, 290
lethality rate of, 63
as zoonosis, 21, 42, 517
Plagues and Peoples (McNeill), 296
plasmapheresis, 485–86
Plasmodium, 135–36, 137
genetic diversity of, 137
life history of, 135–36
P. falciparum, 135, 136–41, 146, 148, 154, 164, 418
P. gallinaceum, 138
P. knowlesi, 149–53, 156–64, 381, 480, 514, 518
Plasmodium (continued)
P. malariae, 135, 148, 154, 158, 159
P. ovale, 135, 148
P. reichenowi, 138–39
P. vivax, 135, 148–49, 150–51, 154, 162, 164
spillover of, 137, 138–39
see also malaria
“Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in Humans Is Widely Distributed and Potentially Life Threatening” (Cox-Singh et al.), 160–61
Platt, Geoffrey S., 97–99
Plowright, Raina, 366–70
“Pneumocystis Pneumonia—Los Angeles” (Gottlieb), 386
pneumonia, 67, 381
atypical, 171–72, 173, 176, 224
bacterial, 330
Pneumocystis jirovecii, 385–86, 387, 389, 408, 487
poliomyelitis, 35, 67, 272, 276, 290, 292
eradication of, 21, 22, 518
vaccine for, 274, 413–17, 421–22, 480–81
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, 107–8, 115–16, 154, 158–59, 183–84, 193–94, 227, 409, 425
Poon, Leo, 186–87, 191, 192–94
population cycles, see outbreaks
population density, 144, 236, 325, 330, 478, 499, 515
outbreaks and, 499
population growth, human:
emerging pathogens and, 41
as outbreak, 496–97
Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 485, 486
Porton Down (Microbiological Research Establishment), 97–98
post-Lyme disease syndrome, 239
poultry, 138, 313, 327
H5N1 in, 182, 507, 509–10
poxviruses, 270
Presnyakova, Antonina, 100
Preston, Margaret, 28–29, 45
Preston, Mark, 28–29, 45, 49
Preston, Richard, 77–78, 92–94, 95
Prevention of Malaria, The (Ross), 133
prions, 23–24
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 487
Proceedings of the Royal Society, 369
prostitutes, 397, 478, 481, 483
see also free women
protein receptors, 443
protists, 23, 24, 40, 128, 135
psittacosis (parrot fever), 212, 213–19, 236–37
Pteropus, see flying foxes
Puffinus pacificus (wedge-tailed shearwater), 505
Python Cave, 357–58, 359, 361, 364
Q fever, 211–12, 213, 219–34, 243, 264
Qinghai Lake, 510
quantum mechanics, 118
Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, 360, 361
Queensland, racing industry in, 30, 32–33
Queensland Department of Primary Industries (DPI), 17–18, 26, 27, 30, 49
Animal Research Institute of, 26
Queensland Health Department, 18, 34, 219
R0 (basic reproduction rate), 146–48, 172, 305, 349, 374, 518
of AIDS, 390, 429, 431, 445, 462
of SARS, 206
rabbits, myxoma virus in, 298–302, 305–6
rabies, 21, 24, 236, 263, 264, 268–69, 270, 286, 307, 489, 517
lethality of, 296
transmissibility of, 291, 294, 296–97
raccoon dog, 189, 191–92
Radhakrishnan, Anand, 154, 156
Rahman, Mahmudur, 328
Rail, Vic, 14–15, 17, 18, 19, 29, 43, 45
horse stable of, 15–16, 18, 26, 27, 29, 31–32, 38, 45, 53, 211
Rajang River, 154, 157
Rajbari District, Bangladesh, 326–27, 376
Raphael, Jane, 473–74
Rask, Grethe, 389, 407
rat farms, 203–5
Rats, Lice and History (Zinsser), 267, 295
Real, Leslie, 119, 121, 304
reassortment, in viruses, 506–8, 512
recombination, 506, 512
in HIV-1, 482
in SIV, 465–66
red-capped mangabeys, 464, 465
Reed, Patricia “Trish,” 67–68, 76
Reed, Walter, 266
Reid, Peter, 15–17, 19–20, 27–28, 29, 33, 45
relapsing fever, 243
replicability, of viruses, 266, 267, 271, 291, 308, 344, 345
reservoir competence, 251–52, 256, 257
reservoir hosts, 23, 36, 38, 43, 191, 313–14, 512, 518
as asymptomatic, 271
of ebolaviruses, 68, 69, 70–72, 74, 75, 76, 82, 85, 86, 112, 114, 115–16, 118–19, 121–22, 370
equilibrium of viruses and, 271–72
of Hendra, 27, 30–32, 37, 43, 45, 48, 115
of Machupo, 70
of rabies, 31
of SARS, 192–96, 199–202, 206
Reston, Va., 77–78
Reston Primate Quarantine Unit, 77–78
Reston virus, 77–78, 81, 86–87
retroviruses, 270, 512
characteristics of, 391, 443
HIV as, 288, 391
rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), 149, 162, 185, 401, 414
rheumatoid arthritis, 102, 108
rheumatology, 241
Rhinolophus (horseshoe bats), 194–95, 201
R. pusillus (least horseshoe bat), 201, 202, 206
Rich, Stephen M., 138–39
Rickettsia burnetii, see Coxiella burnetii
R. prowazekii, 215
R. psittaci, 216, 237, 238
Rift Valley fever, 21, 230
rinderpest virus, 19
risk, calculation of, 131
Ritter, Dr., 213
River, The: A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS (Hooper), 415–16
RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands), 225, 226–27
RNA:
attributes of, 156, 270–71
in retroviruses, 391, 443
viral, 41, 119, 270–71, 307–10, 322, 344, 420, 424–25, 504, 512
RNAlater, 424–25, 474
Roberts, William, 265
Rocky Mountain Laboratory, 220–21, 243
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 243
Rocky Mountain Virology Club, 346–47
rodents, as virus reservoirs, 313
Roest, Hendrik-Jan, 230–33
Rollin, Pierre, 93, 94, 352, 355
Rolling Stone, 415
Rosicrucianism (La Rose Croix), 90
Ross, Campbell, 127
Ross, Ronald, 127–28, 133–35, 144, 145, 153, 236, 303
“theory of happenings” of, 133–35
rotavirus diarrhea, 381
roundworms, 24
Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian fruit bat), 352–53, 355–56, 358, 372
Royal Society, 416–17, 480
rubella (German measles), 294
Russia, Ebola accidents in, 97, 99–100
Russian Ministry of Defense, 99
Rwanda, 67, 414
Sabah, Malaysia, 160
Sabin, Albert B., 21, 273, 274, 414
Salk, Jonas, 21, 274, 414
Salk vaccine, 414
Salvarsan, 150
Sanderson, John Burdon, 265
San Francisco, Calif., early AIDS cases in, 387–88, 393
Sangeh Monkey Forest, 277–78, 286, 288
Sangha River, 42, 428, 429, 438, 439, 445, 447, 450, 458, 477, 479
Sanno (Shinto deity), 277
Santiago, Mario L., 423–24, 427–28, 467, 471, 472
Sarawak, Malaysia, 153–54, 160
SARS, 21, 39, 44, 167–208, 365, 511, 512
bats as reservoirs of, 194–96, 199–202, 206, 313, 334, 347, 351, 514–15
geographical dissemination of, 168, 175–76
lethality of, 167, 168, 291
as lucky escape, 206–7
R0 of, 206
search for cause of, 182–85
superspreaders of, 172–73, 176–77, 206, 519
symptoms of, 171, 207
unanswered questions about, 206–8
WHO and, 168–69, 171–72, 177, 179
as zoonotic disease, 189–90
SARS-CoV virus, 24, 185–86, 189, 192, 206, 270, 307, 351, 512
genome of, 268
search for reservoir hosts of, 192–96, 199–202, 206, 313
transmissibility of, 291, 374, 519
SARS-like coronavirus, 194–96, 199–200, 206
schizonts, 136
Schountz, Tony, 347–48, 350
Science, 63, 191, 195, 392, 395, 396, 427–28
Science Citation Index, 304
Scrimenti, Rudolph J., 241
scrub typhus, 21
Selvey, Linda, 33–34, 36
Senegal, 397, 399, 402
seroprevalence, 32
sexual mores, AIDS and, 429, 463, 478
Shah Jalal, Hazrat, 282
Sharp, Paul, 465
sheep:
FMD in, 35–36
as measles reservoir, 313
sheep ticks, 240
Shelter Island, N.Y., 244
Shenzhen, China, 170, 171, 188, 189
Sherman live traps, 248
Shilts, Randy, 387–88, 486, 489
shingles, 308
Shinto, 277
shrews, deer ticks and, 249, 250, 251, 252
simian foamy virus (SFV), 24, 287–89, 343
simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 114, 395–97
in African green monkeys (SIVagm), 396–97, 398–99, 401
genome of, 398–99, 463
in greater spot-nosed monkeys (SIVgsn), 464, 465
in macaques (SIVmac), 401–2
prevalence rates of, 426
recombination in, 465–66
in red-capped mangabeys, 464, 465
in sooty mangabeys (SIVsm), 399–402, 404, 406, 413
simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), in chimpanzees (SIVcpz), 401, 404–5, 406, 415, 437, 443
age of, 465–66
Gombe study of, 466–77
as HIV-1 progenitor, 395–96, 423, 424, 425, 426–27, 428, 437, 446, 477
sexual transmission of, 472
vertical transmission of, 472
virulence of, 463–64, 465, 466
Simond, Paul-Louis, 517
Singapore:
Nipah virus in, 317
SARS in, 175–77, 179–81, 207
Singapore General Hospital, 177
Singapore Ministry of Health, 177, 179
Singh, Balbir, 153–54, 156–64, 516
Sin Nombre virus, 39
SIR model of epidemics, 143–44, 303, 367, 368
Slammer (USAMRIID containment suite), 106–10, 426
sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis), 24, 463, 478–81
small bent-winged bat, 194
Small House in the Field Bamboo Rat Raising Farm, 203–5, 206
smallpox, 88, 264, 266, 290, 414
Bernoulli’s cost-benefit analysis of, 130–31
eradication of, 21–22, 517–18
Snow, John, 131
sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), 399–401, 404, 406, 413
sorcery, Ebola as, 87–91, 122
South Africa, 352, 364, 399, 483, 505, 507
South China Morning Post, 189–90
Southeast Asia, 276
malaria in, 147, 163
Southern Journal of Medicine, 240
South Sudan, Republic of, 69, 86
Spanish influenza pandemic (1918–19), 214, 263, 504
presymptomatic infectivity of, 207–8
total fatalities from, 21, 503
spillover:
definition of, 43
ecology of, 344–45, 366–69, 515–17
frequency of, 39–40, 310
host-virus relationship in, 272, 343
likelihood of, 367, 369
opportunity and, 162, 278, 326, 343–45, 375, 378, 429, 431, 445, 484, 488, 516–17
reverse (anthroponosis), 67
as unintended result of human activity, 39–42, 45, 161–62, 164, 237, 258, 343, 515–16
see also zoonosis(es); specific diseases
spirochetes, 150, 213, 240
sporozoites, 136, 138
Spumavirus, 287
squirrels, as virus reservoirs, 313
Sri Lanka (Ceylon):
A. leucosphyus in, 163
malaria resurgence in, 147
1934–35 malaria epidemic in, 145, 146, 147
Stanley Pool, 430–31
Stanleyville, see Kisangani, DRC
Steere, Allen C., 241, 242, 244
Sterna hirundo (common tern), 505, 507
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 172
streptomycin, 482
Sudan:
Ebola outbreaks in, 60, 69, 72, 76, 77, 86, 97
rabies in, 297
Sudan ebolavirus, 60, 69, 72, 76, 77, 86, 97
Gulu outbreak of, 60, 81–82, 85, 88–89, 92, 93
lethality rate of, 76, 81–82
Sufism, 282
sugar date palm (Phoenix sylvestris),
329
Sukarno, 152
sulphur-crested cockatoos, 218
Sungai Nipah, Malaysia, 317
superspreaders, 172–73, 176–77, 206, 375–76, 519
Surma River, 279
susceptible populations:
depletion of, 129, 132, 134, 143, 144
susceptible populations (continued)
increased density of, 236, 478
threshold density of, 144
SV40 virus, 414
Swanepoel, Bob, 352, 364
Swaziland, 483
swine fever, 226
swine flu, 21, 39, 374
Sylhet, Bangladesh, 279–85
Sylvain (boatman), 440, 449, 450
Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits), 299
Symons, Lisa, 15
syphilis, 149, 150, 240, 480, 481–82
syringes, reuse of, AIDS and, 390, 391, 463, 478–82, 489
Taal, Jaap, 357–59, 360
Taï Forest virus, 79–80, 82, 87
Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, 79
Tandala, DRC, 76–77, 117
Tangail District, Bangladesh, 328–29
Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 175–77, 179–81, 207
Tanzania, 424
Taylor, Rick, 360–61
T cells (thymus-dependent lymphocytes), 385–86, 389, 392, 443
Tchuialeu, Moïse, 432, 440
temples, as zoonotic venues, 24
tent caterpillars:
forest (Malacosoma disstria), 493–96, 520
population cycle
s in, 498
western (M. californicum), 494
Terio, Karen, 474–76
tetanus, 414
Teuwen, Dirk, 417, 421
Thailand, 163, 519
T-helper cells, 392
“Theory and Classification of Outbreaks, The” (Berryman), 496
“Theory of the Eradication of Malaria” (MacDonald), 146
thresholds, of infectious diseases, 36, 144, 480
thymine, 156, 270, 306
ticks:
deer, see deer (blacklegged) tick
sheep, 240
as virus hosts, 313
Time Asia, 187
Tioman virus, 314
Tio people, 460
TMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor), 421
tobacco mosaic disease, 265–66
Toronto, Canada, SARS in, 167, 175, 207
Towner, Jonathan S., 84–85, 352–56, 364–65, 370, 372
toxocariasis, 24
traditional wisdom, infectious disease and, 88–89
transmissibility, 38, 164, 191, 236–37, 308, 507
airborne, 228–29, 259, 291, 294, 325, 350
blood-borne, 292–93, 388, 391
efficiency of, 374–75
human-to-human, 325, 326, 328,
330, 372–73, 374–77, 388, 507, 510
oral-fecal, 291–92, 507–8
sexual, 293–94, 310
vector-borne, 292, 346
vertical (mother-to-offspring), 294, 310, 472
virulence and, 301–2, 305
see also spillover; specific diseases and pathogens
transmission rate (ß), 374
Treponema pallidum, 150–51
trophozoites, 136
Tryon Island, 505
Trypanosoma brucei, 24, 478
trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), 463, 478–81
tryparsamide, 480
tsetse flies, 24, 478, 481
tuberculosis (TB), 67, 68, 237, 265, 381, 487
as re-emergent disease, 43
tussock moths, 496
Typhoid Mary, 172
typhus, 215, 381
UCLA Medical Center, 385–86
Uganda:
AIDS in, 519
Bundibugyo virus in, 84–87
Ebola virus in, 85
ebolavirus panic in, 85–86, 90
Marburg virus in, 85, 351–65
rabies in, 296–97
Sudan ebolavirus in, 60, 81–82, 85, 88–89
Uganda Ministry of Health, 84, 85, 89
UNESCO, 484
United States Agency for International Development, 513
Unwin, Ray, 15, 17, 45, 49
uracil, 156, 306, 309
Urbani, Carlo, 168, 169
urine sampling, 424, 467, 471
USAMRIID (US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases), 74, 78, 97, 100, 101, 102–10, 363
Slammer at, 106–10, 426
Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), 37
varicella zoster virus, 308
variola virus, 21–22
vectors:
deer ticks as, 212–13, 241–42, 255
mosquitoes as, 23, 43, 128–29, 135, 263, 266, 314–15, 346