James and Dolley Madison
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9. Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), pp. 323–24.
10. Irving Brant, James Madison (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1961), 1:294–95.
11. Ibid., p. 293.
12. Ibid., p. 295.
13. Ibid., p. 297.
14. Ammon, James Monroe, pp. 332–33.
15. C. Edward Skeen, Citizen Soldiers in the War of 1812 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1977), p. 135.
16. Baltimore Patriot, August 31, 1814.
17. Cutts, Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, pp. 108–11.
18. Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 224.
19. Earl Pomeroy, ed., Military Affairs Magazine 12, no. 3 (Autumn 1948): 171.
20. Ibid., p. 110.
21. Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Flournoy, in Cutts, Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, pp. 97–98.
22. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, August 23, 1814, in ibid., pp. 108–11.
23. Harold Eberlein and Cortlandt Van Dyke Hubbard, Historic Houses of George-Town and Washington City (Richmond, VA: Dietz Press, 1958), p. 202.
24. Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 199.
25. Alan Lloyd, The Scorching of Washington: The War of 1812 (Washington, DC: Robert B. Luce, 1974), p. 168.
26. Anthony Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998), p. 87.
27. Charles Ingersoll, History of the Second War between the United States of America and Great Britain Declared by Act of Congress, the 18th of June, 1812, and Concluded by Peace, the 15th of February, 1815 (Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Blanchard, 1845–1849), pp. 206–207.
28. Paul Jennings, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison (Brooklyn, NY: George C. Beadle, 1865), p. 11; Lloyd, Scorching of Washington, p. 168.
29. Catherine Allgor, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), p. 314.
30. Ibid.
31. Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 230.
32. Anne Hollingsworth Wharton, Social Life in the Early Republic (Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott, 1903), pp. 166–67; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, August 23, 1814, in DMDE.
33. Lloyd, Scorching of Washington, p. 14.
34. Pitch, Burning of Washington, p. 66.
35. Louis Serrurier to Charles Talleyrand, August 27, 1814, in DMDE.
36. James Ewell, The Planter's and Mariner's Medical Companion, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia, PA: Anderson and Meehan, 1816), p. 633.
37. Pitch, Burning of Washington, p. 77.
38. Ibid., p. 91.
39. Ibid., p. 64.
40. The destruction of the Navy Yard was chronicled by Colonel Tom Tingey, who did so in a report to the secretary of the navy, National Intelligencer, September 8, 1814.
41. Sir Harry Smith, Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith (London: Murray, 1903), p. 200.
42. John Williams, History of the Invasion and Capture of Washington, and Events Which Preceded and Followed (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1857), pp. 254–55.
43. James McGregor, Washington from the Ground Up (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2007), pp. 46–47.
44. Mary Stockton Hunter to Susan Stockton Cuthbert, August 30, 1814, in Hunter Family Papers, New York Historical Society.
45. Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), pp. 104–105.
46. William Thornton remembrance, National Intelligencer, September 8, 1814.
47. Ibid.; Williams, History of the Invasion and Capture of Washington, p. 266.
48. Williams, History of the Invasion and Capture of Washington, p. 173.
49. Pitch, Burning of Washington, p. 125.
50. Matilda Sayrs, “Reminiscences,” Alexandria (Virginia) Library, special collections.
51. Ibid., p. 173.
CHAPTER 2. OPPOSITES ATTRACT
1. Catherine Allgor, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), p. 24.
2. John Todd to Dolley Madison, July 30, 1793, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter cited as DMDE).
3. Dolley Madison, The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, ed. David Mattern and Holley Schulman (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003), pp. 14–15.
4. Dolley Madison to James Todd, October 28 and 31, 1794, and February 1784, in DMDE.
5. Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York: Viking Press, 2007), p. 124.
6. Fawn Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), p. 301.
7. Catherine Allgor, The Queen of America: Mary Cutts's Life of Dolley Madison (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012), p. 52; Lucia Cutts, Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, Wife of James Madison, President of the United States (1886; repr., Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971), 1:14.
8. Irving Brant, James Madison (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 1:630.
9. Catherine Coles to Dolley Madison, June 1, 1794, in Madison, Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, pp. 27–28.
10. Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), p. 61.
11. Virginia Moore, The Madisons: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 15.
12. Thomas Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian Boyd and Barbara Oberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 7:240; Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 178.
13. William Wilkins to Dolley Madison, August 22, 1794, in Madison, Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, pp. 29–30.
14. Cutts, Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, 2:16.
15. James Madison to Dolley Madison, August 1794, in DMDE.
16. Ethel Arnett, Mrs. James Madison: The Incomparable Dolley (Greensboro, NC: Piedmont Press, 1972), p. 63.
17. Dolley Madison to Eliza Collins Lee, September 16, 1794, in DMDE.
CHAPTER 3. THE HAPPY GROOM RETIRES FROM PUBLIC LIFE
1. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), p. 286.
2. George Washington to James Madison, May 5, 1789, in The Writings of George Washington, by George Washington, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1932), 30:311; Richard Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993), p. 24.
3. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 314.
4. Alexander Hamilton to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792, in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, by Alexander Hamilton, ed. Harold Syrett, vol. 11 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961–1987), pp. 425–45.
5. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2005), 2:324; Ketcham, James Madison, p. 333.
6. Stuart Leibiger, Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), p. 220.
7. Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (Birmingham, AL: Palladium Press, 2005), p. 172.
8. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, December 28, 1794, in Malone, Jefferson and His Time, 3:187.
9. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, in The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826, ed. James Smith (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 2:854–55.
10. Thomas Jefferson to Edward Rutledge, November 30, 1795, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, by Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Ford (New York: 1892–1899), 7:39.
11. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, December 28, 1794, in Malone, Jefferson and His Time, 3:187.
12. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, in Smith, Republic of Letters, 2:855.
13. James Madison Jr. to James Madison Sr., March 12, 1797, in The Papers of
James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), 16:500–501.
14. David Ramsey, “The View from Inside,” in The Ambiguity of the American Revolution, ed. Jack Greene (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), pp. 33–34; Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, December 28, 1794, in Smith, Republic of Letters, 1:866–68.
15. John Adams to Abigail Adams, January 1797, in PJM, 17:xix.
16. Hubbard Taylor to James Madison, May 1, 1797, in ibid., 17:4–5.
CHAPTER 4. RETURN TO MONTPELIER, 1796
1. James Madison Jr. to James Madison Sr., February 23, 1795, in The Writings of James Madison, by James Madison and Gaillard Hunt (New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), 6:213.
2. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 373–75.
3. Irving Brant, James Madison (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 3:323–24.
4. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 387.
5. Anna Maria Brodeau Thornton, September 5, 1802, in Anna Thornton Diary, 1793–1804, Ann Maria Brodeau Thornton Papers, Library of Congress; Matthew Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons: House, Home and American Heritage (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), pp. 60–62.
6. Mary Bagot, August 20, 1817, in Exile in Yankeeland: The Journal of Mary Bagot, 1816–1819, ed. David Hosford (Washington, DC: Historical Society of Washington, DC, 1984); Anna Thornton to Dolley Madison, August 21, 1809, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter cited as DMDE).
7. Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons, pp. 54–56; James Blair to James Madison, April 25, 1797, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), 17:2.
8. James Monroe to James Madison, November 30, 1794, in PJM, 15:403.
9. Memorandum to Monroe from Madison, in ibid., 15:498; James Madison to James Monroe, January 15, 1796, in ibid., 16:202.
10. Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons, p. 58.
11. Ibid., pp. 58–63.
12. Margaret Tinkcom, “Caviar along the Potomac: Sir Augustus John Foster's ‘Notes on the United States,’ 1804–1812,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 8 (January 1951): 90, 98.
13. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, January 21, 1798, in Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Merrill Peterson (Charlottesville, VA: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1993), p. 121.
14. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, December 29, 1799, in PJM, 2:151.
15. James Madison to James Monroe, February 5, 1798, in ibid., 17:73–75.
16. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 13, 1798, in ibid., 17:131–33; Dolley Madison to Dolley Cutts, December 1831, in DMDE.
17. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, December 25, 1797, in PJM, 17:63–64.
18. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, June 1, 1797, in ibid., 17:10–11.
19. John Snowden and William McCorkle to James Madison, August 8, 1797, in ibid., 17:41.
20. Brant, James Madison, 1:467.
21. Thornton, September 13, 1802, in Anna Thornton Diary; Katherine Anthony, Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times (New York: Doubleday, 1949), p. 261.
22. Sally McKean d'Yrugo to Dolley Madison, August 3, 1797, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Eliza Collins Lee, October of 1794, ’95 or ’96, in DMDE; Robert Honeyman to Dolley Madison, July 19, 1799, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Eliza Collins Lee, January 12, 1800, in DMDE.
23. James Monroe to James Madison, December 10, 1797, in PJM, 17:60.
24. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, February 1798, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 6:310.
25. James Madison to James Monroe, December 17, 1797, in ibid., 2:119–20.
26. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, June 10, 1798, and December 29, 1798, in ibid., 2:148–49.
27. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 12, 1798, in ibid., 2:130–31.
28. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, April 2, 1798, in ibid., 2:131.
29. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, April 15, 1798, in ibid., 2:136.
30. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 20, 1798, in ibid., 6:121.
31. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, April 6, 1798, and April 15, 1798, in PJM, 17:198, 113.
32. Gazette of the United States, April 24, 1798.
33. Samuel Chase to James McHenry, December 4, 1796, in The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, Secretary of War under Washington and Adams, by Bernard Steiner (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1907), p. 203.
34. In James Morton Smith, “Sedition in the Old Dominion: James T. Callender and ‘The Prospect before Us,’” Journal of Southern History 20, no. 2 (May 1954): 339–40.
35. Aurora, May 15, 1799.
36. James Madison to James Monroe, May 23, 1800, in PJM, 17:389–90.
37. Noel Gerson, The Velvet Glove: A Life of Dolley Madison (Nashville: Thomas and Nelson, 1975), p. 104.
38. Ketcham, James Madison, pp. 400–402.
39. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, April 19, 1798, in PJM, 17:113–15.
40. Stephen Moylan to James Madison, April 25, 1798, in ibid., 17:119.
CHAPTER 5. MONTPELIER TO WASHINGTON, DC
1. William Appleton Williams, America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776–1976 (New York: William Morrow, 1976), pp. 28–31.
2. David McCants, Patrick Henry: The Orator (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990), p. 121; Jefferson notes in H. R. McIlwaine and J. P. Kennedy, Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia (Richmond, VA: Colonial Press, E. Waddy, 1905–1915), 9:xiii.
3. George Washington to Joseph Reed, February 10, 1776, in The Writings of George Washington, by George Washington, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1932) (hereafter cited as GWW), 4:321.
4. William Miller, The Business of May Next: James Madison and the Founding (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), pp. 8–9.
5. Fisher Ames to George Minot, May 3, 1789, in The Works of Fisher Ames, by Seth Ames (Boston: Little, Brown, 1854), 1:34–35.
6. Noble Cunningham Jr., In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), p. 176; Stuart Leibiger, Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), p. 120.
7. Charles Callan Tansill, The Making of the American Republic: The Great Documents, 1774–1789 (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House Press, 1972), p. 105.
8. Samuel Otis to Theodore Sedgwick, June 15, 1788, Sedgwick Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.
9. J.-P. Brissot de Warville, New Travels in the United States of America, 1788, trans. M. S. Vamos and Durand Echeverria, ed. Durand Echeverria (London: J. E. Jordan, 1794), pp. 146–48.
10. Plumer's Memorandum, April 8, 1806, Plumer's biographical notes in the William Plumer Papers, Library of Congress, New Hampshire State Library, p. 478.
11. Hugh Grigsby, The Virginia Convention of 1776 (Richmond, VA, 1855), p. 182.
12. Hamilton to Rufus King, October 30, 1794, in James Madison, by Irving Brant (Indianapolis, IN, Bobbs-Merrill), 1:416.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 1:417.
15. Eugene Link, Democratic and Republican Societies, 1790–1800 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942), pp. 210–11.
16. George Washington to Timothy Pickering, July 27, 1795, in GWW, 34:251; George Washington, farewell address, September 19, 1796, in GWW, 35:226.
17. Theodore Sedgwick to Ephraim Williams, June 5, 1794, in Sedgwick Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Samuel Smith to O. H. Williams, March 30, 1794, in Otho Holland Williams Papers, no. 9, 866, Maryland Historical Society; Noble Cunningham
Jr., The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1957), pp. 68–70.
18. Newspaper essay in several journals, September 22, 1792; Lance Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 362; James Madison, “Government of the United States,” essay, February 4, 1792, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986), 14:217–18.
19. Noel Gerson, The Velvet Glove: A Life of Dolley Madison (Nashville: Thomas and Nelson, 1975), p. 91.
20. Abigail Adams to Marcy Cranch, March 18, 1800, in The New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788–1801, by Abigail Adams, ed. Stewart Mitchell (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), pp. 241–42.
21. Noble Cunningham Jr., “The Frances Few Diary,” Journal of Southern History 29, no. 3 (August 1963).
22. Gerson, Velvet Glove, p. 94.
23. Ibid., p. 93.
24. Katherine Anthony, Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1949), p. 118.
25. John Adams to Abigail Adams, February 11, 1796, in Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.
26. Sally McKean to Anna Payne, June 6, 1796, and September 3, 1796, in Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, Wife of James Madison, President of the United States, by Lucia Cutts (1886; repr., Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971), pp. 18–22.
27. Dolley Madison to Mrs. Zantzinger, sometime between 1808 and 1810, Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013).
28. Dolley Madison to Benjamin Latrobe, March 17, 1809, in ibid.
29. Benjamin Latrobe to Dolley Madison, March 29, 1809, in ibid.; Benjamin Latrobe to Dolley Madison, March 17, 1809, in ibid.; Mary Latrobe to Dolley Madison, April 12, 1809, in ibid.; Benjamin Latrobe to Dolley Madison, April 21, 1809, in ibid.
30. James Longacre and James Herring, eds., “Mrs. Madison,” in National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans (New York: Herman Bancroft, 1836), pp. 4–5.