James and Dolley Madison

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James and Dolley Madison Page 58

by Bruce Chadwick


  Madisons in residence, 49–59, 93–94, 180, 272, 273, 291–302, 303–316, 309–311, 329

  personality and character of, 73, 87, 89, 97, 98, 128, 271

  physical description, 16–17, 37, 38, 42, 69, 81, 87, 97, 172, 180, 241, 286, 361, 365

  changes caused by War of 1812, 232

  problems with weight, 175, 304

  and politics

  actively involved in politics with James, 57–58, 312

  becoming a master politician, 207–208

  as a political animal, 148

  use of social politics during War of 1812, 235, 253–54

  portrait of by Johnson, 358

  and the Republican Party, 96, 99, 128, 206, 253

  retirement, 291–302, 303–316

  social life of

  after retirement, 296, 299, 304, 306

  befriending congress members’ wives, 94–95

  Dolley's efforts to show James's positive features, 90, 98–99, 144, 203

  during the War of 1812, 225–41

  enjoyment of gossiping, 99–100, 177, 178, 180, 236, 311

  entertaining at home, 127–28

  inauguration of James as president, 151–52

  at Montpelier, 93–94, 180, 272, 273, 309–311

  not dancing, 91

  in Philadelphia, 66–73

  rebuilding social life after burning of Washington, DC, 282–83

  returning to Washington, DC, after death of James, 361–63, 365

  Thomas Jefferson asking Dolley to serve as hostess at the White House, 87–90, 91–93, 94–97, 100, 101–102, 104, 105, 125, 127, 158, 180

  at the White House as First Lady while James was president, 163–81, 225–41

  adopting the City Orphan Asylum as her cause, 165

  attending sessions of Congress and Supreme Court, 165

  British threats against Dolley during War of 1812, 14–15

  evacuation of the White House, 22–24

  giving political advice to James, 176, 200

  increasing number of parties and receptions, 171–72, 173, 178, 179, 207

  James and Dolley's attempts to unite after burning of Washington, DC, 31–32

  popularity and success of, 175

  protecting James from stress, 206

  as a reader, 174–75

  redecorating, 163–64

  rumors of surrendering the White House, 13–14

  saving the Washington portrait, 22–23

  See also Cutts, Anna (Payne) (Dolley's sister); Cutts, Richard (Dolley's brother-in-law); Madison, James; Montpelier; Todd, Payne (Dolley's son); Washington, Lucy (Payne) (Dolley's sister)

  Madison, Fanny (Dolley's niece), 319

  Madison, Frances “Fanny.” See Rose, Frances (Madison) “Fanny” (James's sister)

  Madison, Francis (James's brother), 49

  Madison, James

  and Albert Gallatin, 123, 135, 156, 169–70, 186–87, 245–46

  and Alexander Hamilton, 44, 64, 67, 315

  dislike of Hamilton and his policies, 67, 68

  and Britain, 183–89, 203–213

  declaring war on, 215–16, 220, 226–27

  Congress purchasing his papers, 352, 353, 354

  and the Constitution, 38, 45, 53, 57, 64–66, 84, 154–55, 160, 191, 289, 300, 312, 334, 339, 343, 353, 364

  death of in 1836, 345

  eulogies for, 347–48

  education of, 61–62

  attending Princeton (College of New Jersey), 61–62, 329

  interest in books and learning, 61

  seen as a scholar, 65, 174

  and Edward Coles, 90–91

  as Madison's secretary, 160–61, 171, 172–73, 207, 250, 278

  and farming, 50, 194, 245, 274–75, 297–98, 300, 313, 345

  finances of, 298, 306–307, 309, 327, 354

  financial costs of slavery, 342–43, 346, 358–59

  providing loans to family and friends, 250, 270, 271, 306

  and George Washington, 67, 191

  advising on politics, 64–65

  as close friends, 38, 41, 43

  cooling of friendship, 45

  efforts by others to break friendship, 44

  Madison's criticisms of, 67–68

  health of, 53, 80, 100–101, 106, 126, 306, 309, 338

  apparent sterility of, 271

  in his later years, 299, 312, 314, 315, 345, 346–47

  people believing he was sick, 166

  possibly suffering from epilepsy, 40

  during War of 1812, 228–31, 238

  and Henry Clay, 339, 348

  and James Monroe, 85, 272, 278, 296–97, 298, 300, 307

  arranging for French furniture for Montpelier, 52

  as close friends, 164, 170, 172, 229, 309

  correspondence between, 55, 57, 67, 119, 121, 157, 159

  Federalist efforts to elect Monroe president instead of Madison, 142, 143, 144, 170

  as Madison's secretary of state, 164, 171, 212–13, 219, 224, 244–45

  as Madison's secretary of war, 281

  negotiating with British on impressment issue, 209, 219

  and John Adams

  Adams becoming an ally of Madison, 252, 261

  on Madison's health, 229

  mutual dislike, 46, 55, 56, 57–58, 84, 91, 173, 186

  and John Quincy Adams, 85, 91, 127–28, 294

  belief in Madison's embargo, 145

  eulogy for, 348

  and Louisiana, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 159, 167, 196

  love between James and Dolley, 39, 41, 99, 125, 126, 127, 165, 168–69, 205, 299, 347

  meeting and marrying Dolley, 33, 191–92

  at Montpelier

  1796–1798, 49–59

  Madison supervising from Washington, DC, while president, 167

  retirement at, 291–302, 303–316, 329, 342–43

  as the summer White House, 267–75

  national highway system plan of, 196–97

  and Patrick Henry, 44, 63

  and Payne Todd (Dolley's son), 40, 41

  personality and character of, 21, 37, 38, 39, 41, 44, 53, 64, 90–91, 146, 147, 152, 160–61, 315

  after marriage to Dolley, 50

  differences between Jefferson and Madison, 348

  Dolley's efforts to show his positive features, 90, 98–99, 144, 201

  good judge of character, 157

  integrity of, 21, 64, 249

  lack of administrative experience, 155–56

  leadership skills, 64, 143, 156, 237, 253, 286, 288

  physical description, 37–38, 42, 81, 141, 205, 299

  after retirement, 296

  always wearing black, 37, 42, 64, 81, 89, 90, 141, 296, 299

  criticisms of at first inaugural ball, 152

  political life, 123

  authoring Virginia Resolution, 58

  campaigning for Jefferson for president, 149

  as congressman from Virginia, 37, 41, 43–47, 64, 65, 68, 99, 145, 160, 191, 274, 282, 294, 331

  dislike of John Adams and his policies, 57–58

  during lead-up to the American Revolution, 63–64

  effectiveness of, 64–66

  and the Federalist Party, 46, 142, 143, 146, 147–48, 153, 169–70, 205, 206–207, 221, 222–23, 238, 277

  involving Dolley in, 57–58

  known as “Big Knife,” 85, 135

  as a political animal, 148

  and the Republican Party, 21, 25, 68, 85, 103–104, 110, 142, 143, 145–46, 155, 160, 223, 253, 315

  starting Democratic-Republican Party, 44–45, 67–68, 81, 84, 109, 148, 160

  as president, 163–81

  Dolley giving political advice to, 176, 200

  election to presidency, 141–61

  inauguration of, 141, 150–52

  reelection in 1812, 223

  understanding international affairs, 159–60

  putting together his official papers, 309

  and Thomas Jefferson, 63, 158, 206, 291
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  attending Madison's inaugural ball, 151

  as close friends, 38, 44, 52, 63, 80, 82, 84, 87, 98, 106, 109, 142, 153–54, 245, 249, 296–97, 308

  concerns about Madison's health, 230

  differences in two men, 200, 348

  efforts by others to break friendship, 44

  Jefferson advising on redesign for Montpelier, 51, 53, 269

  Madison advising on political issues, 160

  Madison serving as Jefferson's secretary of state, 80, 81–82, 84, 86, 87, 90, 96, 98, 101, 105–116, 125–29, 133–39, 146–47, 148, 156, 159–60, 167, 191, 193

  Madison telling Jefferson of Meriwether Lewis's suicide, 167

  offering encouragement during War of 1812, 280, 288–89

  urging Madison to seek presidency, 45–46

  and War of 1812, 18–19

  addresses to Congress, 246–47, 262

  in Bladensburg, MD, 16, 20

  as commander in chief, 226–27, 230, 243–44, 281

  declaration of war on June 1, 1812, 215–16, 220, 226–27

  developing concept of General Staff, 262

  James and Dolley's attempts to unite after burning of Washington, DC, 31–32

  lead-up to the War of 1812, 183–89, 203–213

  public opinion soaring after war, 287

  retreat from Washington, DC, 25–26

  See also Madison, Dolley; Montpelier; Todd, Payne (Dolley's son)

  Madison, James, Sr. (James's father), 49, 50, 61–62, 272

  death of, 80

  Madison, Nelly (James's mother), 50, 54, 125, 126, 137, 267, 295–96, 308

  Madison, Nelly (James's sister), 43, 49, 137

  Madison, Robert (James's nephew), 250–51, 270, 308

  Madison, Sarah (James's sister), 270

  Madison, William (James's brother), 273, 308, 354, 359

  Maffitt, William, 31

  marble quarry at Toddsberth, 350

  Marine Corps, 168

  Marshall, John, 141, 146, 241

  Martin, Thomas, 61

  Martineau, Harriet, 153, 175, 268, 312–14, 335, 343

  Mason, Jeremiah, 93

  Mason, John, 98

  Mayo, Abigail, 299

  Mayo, Maria, 226, 251

  McCorkle, William, 54

  McHenry, Fort, 264–65, 278, 286

  McKean, Sally, 55, 70, 177, 238, 315–16

  McKenney, Thomas, 19

  Mechanics Hall, 77

  Meikleham, Septima, 349, 359

  Merran (servant), 157

  Merry, Anthony, 82, 157, 171, 179–80

  Merry, Elizabeth, 72, 157, 171, 179–80

  “Merry Wives of Windsor,” 172

  Mexico, war with, 123

  Minor, George, 31

  Mississippi region. See Louisiana Territory

  Mississippi River, 113, 117, 119, 120, 198, 262, 283

  Missouri Compromise, 336

  “Mr. Madison's War,” 18, 32, 221. See also War of 1812

  Mitchill, Samuel, 79, 92, 143, 144

  Moncure, Henry, 358, 359

  Monroe, James, 20, 67, 92, 109, 119, 157, 159, 209, 229, 280

  death of, 309

  finances of, 307

  and James Madison, 85, 272, 278, 296–97, 298, 300, 307

  arranging for French furniture for Montpelier, 52

  as close friends, 164, 170, 172, 229, 309

  correspondence between, 55, 57, 67, 119, 121, 157, 159

  Federalist efforts to elect Monroe president instead of Madison, 142, 143, 144, 170

  as Madison's secretary of state, 164, 171, 212–13, 219, 224, 244–45

  as Madison's secretary of war, 281

  negotiating with British on impressment issue, 209, 219

  and Louisiana Purchase, 119, 120–21, 122

  personality and character of, 170

  possibly doing secret services to a London bank, 356

  as president, 19, 109, 145, 287, 293

  Monroe Doctrine, 300

  and Thomas Jefferson, 109, 170, 171, 213

  and War of 1812, 19, 20, 244–45, 246, 280, 281

  Monticello, 51, 95, 103, 153, 154, 206

  Montlezun, Baron de, 181

  Montpelier, 45, 96, 274

  becoming run-down in Madison's later years, 342–43

  Dolley's body moved back to, 367

  Dolley taking on administrative duties, 206

  after James's death, 348–50, 357–59

  freed blacks working at, 338

  James supervising long-distance, 167

  library in, 174

  Madisons in residence 1796–1798, 49–59

  retirement at, 291–302, 303–316, 329

  social life at, 93–94, 180, 272, 273, 309–311

  as the summer White House, 205, 267–75

  presence of “Davidson soil,” 269, 274

  redesign of

  in 1796, 50–51, 52–53

  in 1809, 267, 268–69, 303

  selling of, 355–56, 358, 359

  See also Orange County, VA

  Moore, Tom, 77

  Morales, Juan, 157–58

  Morris, Anthony, 296

  Morris, Gouverneur, 79, 198–99

  Morris, Phoebe, 100, 158, 173, 178, 226, 231, 236, 303, 311, 321–22

  Mount Vernon, 91

  Moylan, Stephen, 59

  Napoleon Bonaparte, 69, 112, 148, 185, 206, 210, 237

  attacking Russia, 248

  and Betsy Napoleon, 179, 210, 240–41

  British war with Napoleon, 133, 183, 184, 212, 216, 257, 262, 285

  ending of allowing Britain to focus on the United States, 280

  War of 1812 adding to cost of, 265

  War of 1812 seen as American support of France, 220

  in the Caribbean, 115, 117, 120, 136

  and New Orleans, 113–14, 118, 119–20, 121, 123

  war in Europe, 113, 117, 118, 129, 154, 183, 241

  defeat of Napoleon, 240, 285

  See also France

  Natchez Chronicle (newspaper), 166

  “Natchez Trace,” 195

  National Gazette (newspaper), 45, 194

  National Intelligencer (newspaper), 13, 14, 30, 77, 80, 103, 107, 145, 169, 174, 186, 188, 217, 219, 220, 223, 229, 243, 279, 282, 348, 365, 367. See also Smith, Samuel Harrison (journalist)

  National Road, 196–97

  Native Americans during War of 1812, 244, 261, 262

  Navy Yard, 78, 98, 101, 141, 226

  destruction of during War of 1812, 27, 279, 287

  “neutrality proclamation” of George Washington, 111–12

  New England

  after the War of 1812, 287

  and the embargo, 135–36, 139, 141, 148

  and the Federalist Party, 82, 89, 135, 148, 205, 206

  New England secession movement, 138, 277–78, 279

  and the War of 1812

  British naval blockades, 256

  British plans to attack New England, 262, 265

  opposition to war in New England, 204, 208, 211, 220, 221–22, 238, 248, 251, 253, 279

  New England Palladium (newspaper), 88–90

  New Jersey Journal (newspaper), 334

  Newman, James, 325

  New Orleans, 113–14, 117

  after Louisiana Purchase, 122, 133

  battle of New Orleans, 226, 262, 283–85, 286

  Jefferson plan to buy from France, 118, 120–21

  Spanish shutting the port, 120

  See also Louisiana Territory

  New Orleans (steamship), 198

  New York Weekly Museum (newspaper), 80

  Niagara (US ship), 260

  Nicholas, John, 227

  Nicholas, Wilson, 135, 143

  Nicholson, James, 107

  Nielson, John, 269

  Niles Register (newspaper), 266

  Non-Intercourse Act, 145, 155, 183, 204, 210, 220. See also embargo of Britain

  North River (steamship), 198

  Octagon House, 24, 281, 282,
285, 286

  Ohio River, 117

  “Old Ironsides,” 258

  Orange County, VA, 49, 270, 274, 295, 301, 305, 321, 340, 350, 356, 358, 364

  Orange County Committee of Public Safety, 63

  Orange Court House (town), 52, 54–55, 269, 272, 273, 294, 301, 303, 305, 312, 314, 320

  social life in, 50, 54–55, 180

  See also Montpelier; Toddsberth

  Orders of Council (1756), 220, 285

  Osgood, Samuel, 85

  Otis, Samuel, 65

  Owen, William, 197

  Page, Mrs., 273

  Paine, Thomas, 333–34

  Palladium (newspaper), 220, 221, 223

  Panic of 1837, 328, 350

  Paragon (steamship), 198

  Parish, David, 248

  Patriotic Society of Delaware, 67

  Patterson, Mrs., 316

  Paulding, James, 294, 295, 297, 305–306, 351

  Payne, Anna. See Cutts, Anna (Payne) (Dolley's sister)

  Payne, Anna (Dolley's niece), 314, 348–49

  Payne, Dolley. See Madison, Dolley

  Payne, John (Dolley's brother), 167–68, 232–34, 236, 270, 271, 309, 314, 317, 321, 349, 360

  Payne, Lucy. See Washington, Lucy (Payne) (Dolley's sister)

  Payne, Mary (Dolley's mother), 35, 37, 168, 232

  Payne, Mary (Dolley's sister). See Jackson, Mary (Payne) (Dolley's sister)

  Payne, Smith, 367

  Pendleton, Edmund, 148

  Pendleton, William, 217

  Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society, 334

  Perceval, Spencer, 186, 237

  Perry, Oliver, 257, 260

  Philadelphia, PA, 136, 177, 294

  Dolley and James living in after marriage, 66–73

  Dolley in after death of husband John Todd, 35–37, 38

  Dolley meeting and marrying James, 38–41

  efforts to move capital back to, 165–66, 280, 281–82, 286–87

  Payne Todd in, 318, 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327–28

  visiting doctor in Philadelphia

  Dolley Madison, 96, 126, 165

  Edward Coles, 230–31

  Yellow Fever in, 33, 34–35

  Philadelphia, USS, capture of by Barbary pirates, 129

  Physick, Phillip Syng, 126, 137–38, 230–31, 355

  Pickering, Thomas, 105, 209, 256

  Picton, Thomas, 113

  Pierce, William, 65

  Pike, Zebulon, 247

  Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 120, 134–35, 139, 143, 149, 159, 334

  Pinkney, William, 185, 186, 204, 209, 211

  Pleasants, Robert, 333

  Plumer, William, 65–66, 92, 156, 228

  Polk, James K., 365, 367

  Porter, David, 258–59

  Potomack Canal, 192–93

  President's Lady. See First Lady

  President's Mansion. See White House

  Preston, William, 173, 237, 355, 365

  Prevost, George, 263

 

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