a longer history britannica.com/technology/castle-architecture#ref257455, accessed 23 January 2016.
“in consequence of his promise” Hemings, “Memoirs,” 246.
CHAPTER 5: TRANSITIONS
“with a view” Ford, Autobiography, 1:157.
he had decided MJR to Nicholas P. Trist, 25 June 1823, Acc. 3470, SHC.
He had been thinking TJ to EWE, 12 July 1788 and 15 December 1788, PTJDE.
“Humphries, Short, and myself” TJ to Francis Eppes, [30 August 1785], PTJDE.
“too wise to wrinkle” TJ to Anne Willing Bingham, 11 May 1788, PTJDE.
“filled with political debates” TJ to the Marquise de Bréhan, 9 May 1788, PTJDE.
Eliza Trist had quietly Eliza House Trist to TJ, 13 December 1783, Acc. 2104, SHC.
Jefferson’s reproach TJ to MJR, 28 June [1787], Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 44.
“chez vous” Bettie Hawkins to MJ, [Fall 1788], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“the cloak you have sent” Bettie Hawkins Curzon to MJR, March 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU.
Jefferson’s accounts TJMB, 1:730–34.
“The story you told” Bettie Hawkins to MJR, 1786 or 1787, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“I hope I have not” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, 18 September [1789], Acc. 1397, ViU.
Abbé Edgeworth de Firmont Edgeworth was Irish-born; his given name was Henry Essex Edgeworth. He served as chaplain to the doomed Louis XVI and was noted for his courage in accompanying the king to the guillotine, at great risk to his own life. Dominic Aidan Bellenger, “Edgeworth, Henry Essex (1745–1807),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, oxforddnb.com/view/article/8475, accessed 28 June 2015.
“Do you know” Julia Annesley to MJR, [1788], and 20 April 1786, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“I wish out of mere spite” Julia Annesley to MJR, 27 April 1786, Acc. 5533, ViU.
“You cannot think” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, 13 August 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU. I have not been able to discover the identity of “Tom,” but it was not Thomas Mann Randolph. There is no evidence that he was ever in Paris.
“I thank you” Bettie Hawkins to MJR, [1788], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“spent the nights” Marie de Botidoux to MJR, 21 June [1801], FLDA; Rice, Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, 53.
“without the least formality” Journal and Correspondence of Miss Adams, 45.
favorite of her mother’s AA to her niece, quoted in Randolph, Domestic Life, 77.
“that he hopes” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, [1789], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“the duke seemed” Maria Ball to MJR, Wednesday [Tuesday?] morning 23 June [1789], FLDA.
“fond remembrance” John Frederick Sackville, Duke of Dorset, to MJR, n.d., FLDA.
“sent to the American” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, 23 October 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“Mlle Jefferson” Marie de Botidoux to MJR, 4 November 1789, Acc. 5385-aa, ViU.
“I recollect” Bettie Hawkins to MJR, [1788], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“All I can tell you” Bettie Hawkins to MJR, [April 1788], Acc. 1397, ViU. Bettie used a different spelling for her fiancé’s last name. Genealogical information available at thepeerage.com/p16040.htm#i160396.
“a Mr Maxwell” Bettie Hawkins Curzon to MJR, 2 July 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“fatal vessel” Julia Annesley to MJR, [1788], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“is now Lady Julia” Bettie Hawkins Curzon to MJR, [late 1789], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“I am really un peu dérangée” Bettie [Hawkins] to MJR, [17 May] 1788, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“a Mr Dashwood” Bettie [Hawkins] Curzon to MJR, 2 July 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“necessary in the world” Bettie Hawkins to MJR, [n.d. 1788], Acc. 1397, ViU.
closely resembled See chapter 3, “School Life.”
“so mature an understanding” AA to Elizabeth Cranch, 16 July 1787, Adams Papers Digital Edition.
“Her reading, her writing” TJ to EWE, 28 July 1787, PTJDE.
“easily enough” TJ to EWE, 12 July 1788, PTJDE.
Martha’s devoted friends Martha Jefferson’s List of Schoolmates, Acc. 5385- I, ViU. Although undated, the list in Martha’s hand was composed between September 1786 and September 1787; Martha listed her age as fourteen.
“to attach herself” TJ to EWE, 28 July 1787, PTJDE; AA to TJ, 10 July 1787, Cappon, Letters, 185.
strangers who vied TJ to AA, 16 July 1787, Cappon, Letters, 188.
“It does not signify” Bettie Hawkins to MJR, n.d., from London, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“answer her charming” Bettie Hawkins to MJR, [1788], Acc. 1397, ViU.
Tufton never wrote See for example, Caroline Tufton to MJR, 2 May 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“a universal favorite” TJ to EWE, 28 July 1787, PTJDE.
Caroline Tufton must have Caroline Tufton to MJR, 21 March 1791, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“and describe to me” Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Cranch, 16 July 1787, Adams Papers Digital Edition.
“it is impossible” TJ to EWE, 25 July 1787, PTJDE.
“the theme” TJ to EWE, 12 July 1788, PTJDE.
“I know she will undertake” TJ to EWE, 12 July 1788, PTJDE.
“hard for her to learn” Malone, “Polly Jefferson and Her Father,” 86.
“He seated his little daughter” Eppes, “Maria Jefferson Eppes and her Little Son, Francis,” 8, 10, ICJS.
purchase in June 1786 TJMB, 9 June 1786, 1:629; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, 51–53.
“very elegant one” MJR, “Reminiscences of Th. J.,” Acc. 10487, ViU.
“oval salon overlooking” This description is taken entirely from Kimball, Jefferson: The Scene of Europe 1784–1789, 110. The house no longer stands.
Jefferson paid fifty livres Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, 52.
a semipublic building Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 162.
“an indisposition” TJ to EWE, 15 December 1788, PTJDE.
“My daughters” TJ to John Trumbull, 12 January 1789, PTJDE.
symptoms of the disease umm.edu/ency/article/001363sym.htm, University of Maryland Medical Center, accessed 12 December 2012.
Maria was on the mend TJ to William Short, 22 January 1789, PTJDE.
“At last, dear Jefferson” Marie de Botidoux to MJR, [1789], Acc. 5385-aa, ViU.
“introduced into society” Randolph, “Mrs. Thomas Mann Randolph,” 20–21.
No longer needing Randolph, Domestic Life, 146–47.
“A Gentleman told me” Maria Ball to MJR, 23 June 1789, FLDA.
“of course require” TJ to Overton Carr, 16 March 1782, PTJDE.
Gordon-Reed has suggested Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 246.
Sally Hemings’s duties Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 236–48.
her wages of twelve livres Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 236.
expenditure constitutes evidence Fawn Brodie argues that these expenditures demonstrated Jefferson’s growing interest in Hemings in Brodie, An Intimate History, 301–2.
not unusual in French families Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 230–31.
the honorific “mademoiselle” Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 230.
These conversations Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 381–82.
“She refused to return” Hemings, “Memoirs,” 246.
Martha and Maria shopped Susan Ware Eppes Memoir; Madame d’Houdetot to TJ, 7 July 1789, PTJDE.
“We are in such confusion” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, [August 1789], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“I shall value it” Caroline Tufton to MJR, [Friday, London, 1789], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“adieus are painful” TJ to Madame de Corny, 14 October 1789, PTJDE.
“I do not recollect” Nathaniel Cutting diary, 28 September–12 October, 1789, PTJDE.
Jefferson party arrived Ibid.; TJMB, 1:745–47.
They sailed TJ to Nathaniel Cutting, 15 September 1789, PTJDE; Malone, Jefferson, 2:235.
twenty-nine days TJ to William Short, 21 November 1789, PTJDE.
“Maria, who is at my elbow” TJ to Nathanie
l Cutting, 21 November 1789, PTJDE.
“as thick a mist” MJR, “Reminiscences of Th. J.,” Acc. 10487, ViU.
“but for the politeness” Ibid.
sleep in a hammock TJMB, 24 November 1789, 1:748.
“the idea you had formed” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, 19 December 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“Pray tell me” Bettie [Hawkins] Curzon to MJR, [late 1789], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“some emotion of chagrin” Nathaniel Cutting to MJR, 30 March 1790, PTJDE.
“Mais c’est bien” Randolph, “Mrs. Thomas Mann Randolph,” 23.
Maria’s delight TJ to EWE, 12 July 1788, PTJDE.
proceeded slowly through Virginia TJMB, 1:748.
she met again Thomas Mann Randolph may not have been at his father’s home during the Jeffersons’ visit; he had fought with his father and fled to a cousin’s home for the shooting season. William H. Gaines, Jr., Thomas Mann Randolph: Jefferson’s Son-in-Law (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966), 24.
“The negroes discovered” MJR, “Reminiscences of Th. J.,” Acc. 10487, ViU.
positioned to defeat Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 342.
Jefferson gave him money TJMB, 10 December 1789, 1:749.
“down a curtain” Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 371.
protections for slavery See, for example, Article 1, section 9, of the Constitution and Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), chapter 1.
By 1810, free blacks The actual numbers are: 23 percent in Maryland; 75.9 percent in Delaware; 32.1 percent in Washington, D.C. Peter Kolchin, American Slavery 1619–1877, rev. ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 241.
nature and role of women Dena Goodman, “Women and the Enlightenment,” in Becoming Visible: Women in European History, eds. Renate Bridenthal, Susan Mosher Stuard, and Merry E. Wiesner, 3rd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998), 233–62.
he concluded Ibid., 238.
the view of Scottish Enlightenment Ibid., 238–39.
only 27 percent Ibid., 242.
“If you love me” TJ to MJR, 28 November 1783, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 20.
a kind of semi-independence Kierner, Martha Jefferson Randolph, 56.
“Her young friends” Randolph, “Mrs. Thomas Mann Randolph,” 22; Adams, Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson, 289–90.
“woman’s country” Morris, Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, 1:179.
“Society is spoilt” TJ to Madame de Bréhan, 9 May 1788, PTJDE.
French women of all ranks Darline Gay Levy and Harriet B. Applewhite, “A Political Revolution for Women? The Case of Paris,” in Bridenthal, Stuard, and Wiesner, eds., Becoming Visible, 268–72, 276.
female suffrage Rosemarie Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Politics in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 26, 29.
“our high and mighty Lords” Priscilla Mason, “Oration,” 15 May 1793. Quoted in Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: Published for OIEAHC by University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 222.
“both unjust and detrimental” Ibid., 49.
New Jersey legislators Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash, 30–36.
“like a monkey” Charles Brockden Brown, Alcuin, quoted in Kerber, Women of the Republic, 277; Register (Salem, Massachusetts), 4 October 1802, quoted in ibid., 279.
“dove-like temper” Parson Weems, quoted in ibid., 281.
her father’s assessment TJ to John Jay, 29 July 1789, PTJDE.
elements of female education TJ to EWE, 28 July 1787, PTJDE.
CHAPTER 6: BECOMING AMERICAN AGAIN
Tom was well educated Gaines, Jr., Thomas Mann Randolph, passim.
sliding on ice Virginia Jefferson Randolph Trist Memoir, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“scrupulously suppressed my wishes” TJ to Madame de Corny, 2 April 1790, PTJDE.
“her sufferings” Virginia Jefferson Randolph to Nicholas P. Trist, 4 February 1823, FLDA.
“the important Crisis” Elizabeth Smith Shaw Peabody to Abigail Adams Smith, 27 November 1786, Adams Papers Digital Edition.
“and her only” TMR to Septimia Randolph, 6 August 1827. Copy at ICJS.
rebellious in the face Gordon-Reed, Hemingses, 422.
“you are both too young” MJR to Nicholas P. Trist, 20 September 1818, Acc. 3470, Trist Family Papers from the SHC, ViU.
from his friend James Madison James Madison to TJ, 24 October 1787, PTJDE.
Jefferson raised only two objections TJ to James Madison, 20 December 1787, PTJDE.
Print proliferated David D. Hall, “Books and Reading in Eighteenth-Century America,” in Of Consuming Interests: The Style of Life in the Eighteenth Century, eds. Cary Carson, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert (Charlottesville: United States Capitol Historical Society by the University Press of Virginia, 1994), 357. By 1810, that numbered had climbed to 350.
“most agreeably surprized” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, 21 March 1790, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“being settled” Caroline Tufton to MJR, 21 March 1790, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“in the course” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, 24 September 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“for this month past” Bettie Hawkins to MJR, [April 1788], Acc. 1397, ViU.
Marie de Botidoux continued Marie de Botidoux to MJR, 4 November 1789, 4 February 1790, 12 March 1790, 1 May 1790, Acc. 5385a, ViU.
she had difficulty MJR to Nicholas P. Trist, 1 September 1822, Acc. 3470, ViU.
a trial so arduous Birle and Francavilla, Thomas Jefferson’s Granddaughter, 160.
He rapidly concluded TMR to TJ, 25 May 1790, PTJDE.
Martha was impatient TJ to MJR, 6 June 1790, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 57. MJR’s letter is missing; TJ’s refers to her “resolution to go to housekeeping.”
“much averse” MJR to TJ, 25 April 1790, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 53.
“took fire” MJR to TJ, 20 February 1792, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 94; Gaines, Thomas Mann Randolph, 34.
her own premarital calculations TJ to MJR, 17 July 1790, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 60–61; Bettie Hawkins to MJR, [April 1788], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“Take care my dear” Bettie Curzon to MJR, April 1790, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“To own the truth” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, 21 March 1790, Acc. 1397, ViU.
“You are truly unbelievable” Marie de Botidoux to MJR, 1 May 1790, Acc. 5385-aa, ViU.
Marriage to Jefferson’s daughter Kierner, Martha Jefferson Randolph, 84.
called Anne Cary TJ to MJR, 24 March 1791, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 76; see also Maria’s repeated requests, 6 March and 26 March 1791, in ibid., 73, 77.
financial difficulties Gaines, Thomas Mann Randolph, 37.
“labour, envy, and malice” TJ to MJR, 15 January 1792, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 93.
“ease, domestic occupation” TJ to François d’Ivernois, 6 February 1795, PTJDE.
Ellen died Kierner, Martha Jefferson Randolph, 100.
“It was all” Madame Brunette Salimbeni to MJR, 15 March 1800, FLDA.
“Bruny has told me” Marie de Botidoux to MJR, 31 October 1798, Acc. 5385a, ViU. Translated by Lucia Stanton, TJF. “Bruny” likely was Mme. Brunette Salimbeni.
Martha’s home was sited Visit to site by author, courtesy of owner, Greg Graham. 7 May 2009.
“I wish” MJR to TJ, 3 May 1787, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 39.
“we shall see” Elizabeth Tufton to MJR, September 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU.
Tom was no more enamored TMR to Nicholas P. Trist, 22 November 1818, Acc. 10487, ViU.
“All men have” TMR to Nicholas P. Trist, 5 June 1820, Acc. 3470, ViU.
“aversion to increase” TMR to TJ, 5 March 1791, PTJDE.
owner of thirty-eight men Kierner, Martha Jefferson Randolph, 87.
“sorrows in all their bitterness” MJR to EWRC, 2 August 1825, Acc. 909
0, ViU.
“I wonder” Bettie Hawkins to MJR, [1788], Acc. 1397, ViU.
“my little darling” Bettie (Hawkins) Curzon to MJR, 2 July 1789, Acc. 1397, ViU.
At Edgehill, Martha MJR to TJ, 31 May 1804, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 261.
“hoped tis her last” Dolley Madison to Anna Payne Cutts, 28 August 1808, The Papers of Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2008).
“the education of my children” MJR to TJ, 31 January 1801, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 193.
“but in such broken” MJR to TJ, 16 January 1793, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 109.
Five-year-old Ellen Ellen Wayles Randolph to TJ, November 1801, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 212.
“raise his eye” VJRT, 26 May 1839. Quoted in Randolph, Domestic Life, 347.
“After breakfast” Hunt, First Forty Years of Washington Society, 70, 67–68.
“Mrs. Randolph was” Pierson, Jefferson at Monticello, 87.
“Few such women” Ibid., 86. Carolyn Heilbrun has noted that “above all other prohibitions, what has been forbidden to women is anger,” both in daily life and in their writing. Carolyn Heilbrun, Writing a Woman’s Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988), 13.
“All Mrs. R’s. children” Hunt, First Forty Years of Washington Society, 70.
“the habit will” MJR to Septimia Randolph, 30 July 1832, Acc. 4726-b, ViU.
they lacked horses MJR to TJ, 25 April 1790, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 52.
“the dictionary is too large” MJE to TJ, 25 April 1790, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 53.
“Your last letter” TJ to MJE, 23 May 1790, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 57.
By the end of May MJE to TJ, 23 May [1790], Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 56–57. Maria was reading William Robertson, The History of America (Dublin: 1777).
“You must make” TJ to MJE, 13 June 1790, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 58.
“improves visibly” MJR to TJ, 16 January 1791, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 68.
“Books are her delight” AA to TJ, 6 July 1787, in Cappon, Letters, 184.
“The lovely girl” Diary of Nathaniel Cutting, 10 October 1789, PTJDE.
Cutting saw the presage Ibid., 12 October 1789.
His parting letter TJ to MJE, 11 April 1790, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 52.
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