“I am really jealous” TJ to EWE, 13 June 1790, PTJDE.
“She is very pretty” MJE to TJ, 13 February [1791], Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 72.
They left Monticello TJMB, 2:836.
“I had no more idea” George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 14 October 1791, PGWDE.
drove the twenty miles George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 17 October 1791, PGWDE; TJ to TMR, 25 October 1791, PTJDE.
Martha Washington took charge TJ to TMR, 25 October 1791, PTJDE.
the tallest building There are splendid images of Grays Ferry in 1787 and 1792 in S. Robert Teitelman, ed., Birch’s Views of Philadelphia: A Reduced Facsimile of the City of Philadelphia—As It Appeared in the Year 1800: With Photographs of the Sites in 1960 & 2000 and Commentaries (Philadelphia: Free Library of Philadelphia, 2000). They are also available at publicpleasuregarden.blogspot.com/2013/05/1790-grays-gardens-in-philadelphia.html.
They had taken the route TJ took this route on his travels from Monticello to Philadelphia. TJMB, 2:836, 879.
a laurel wreath fell Columbian Magazine, May 1789; quoted in John Bach McMaster, A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1914), 538. This is one of many stories about how Washington was crowned and by whom.
“greene Country Towne” Quoted in Mary Maples Dunn and Richard Dunn, “The Founding 1681–1701,” in Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, ed. Russell F. Weigley (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 2, 5–10.
With a population of forty-four thousand Susan Branson, Those Fiery Frenchified Dames: Women and Political Culture in Early National Philadelphia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), 7.
Homes that had been Gary B. Nash, “Philadelphia,” in Weigley, Philadelphia, 156.
first public building Ibid., 175–76.
Birch recorded the building Teitelman, Birch’s Views. These images can most readily be seen at ushistory.org/birch/plates/plate01.htm.
marked the outskirts Map, Teitelman, Birch’s Views; William Temple Franklin to TJ, 20 July 1790, PTJDE.
“constitute what the french” William Franklin to TJ, 20 July 1790, PTJDE.
Jefferson’s new home Mark Wenger, “Thomas Jefferson, Tenant,” Winterthur Portfolio v. 26 (4) (Winter, 1991): 249–65.
“particularly attended to” TJ to TMR, 25 October 1791, PTJDE.
“been honored with” The women were: Mrs. John Adams, Mrs. Edmund Randolph, Mrs. David Rittenhouse, Mrs. Jonathan D. Sergeant, Mrs. Nicholas Baker Waters, and Mrs. [Benjamin] Davies. TJ to MJR, 13 November 1791, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 91.
the house he had rented Thompson Westcott, The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia, with Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1877), 317. Jefferson described his lodgings to James Mease, 16 September 1825, as “a new brick house, three stories high, of which I rented the second floor, consisting of a parlor and bedroom, ready furnished. In that parlor I wrote habitually, and in it I wrote this paper [the Declaration] particularly.” Quoted in ibid., 308.
to the home of artist Charlene Mires, Independence Hall in American Memory (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 41.
Adrien Petit TJMB, 2:829n91. Petit arrived 19 July 1791.
Because Pine had been George William Fairfax to George Washington, 23 June 1785, PGWDE. The prominent English historian, Catherine Macaulay, thought Pine’s portrait “bore the strongest resemblance to the original of any I had seen.” Catherine Sawbridge Macaulay Graham to George Washington, 10 October 1786, PGWDE.
first art museum Mires, Independence Hall, 39; Robert G. Stewart, Robert Edge Pine: A British Portrait Painter in America, 1784–1788 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979), 25.
advertised a new Pennsylvania Packet, 28 March 1789.
the number of scholars The 1790 census showed ten women (including Mary Pine and her daughters) above the age of sixteen. Stewart, Robert Edge Pine, 35.
Through his secretary Tobias Lear to Clement Biddle, 6 November 1790, “Selections from the Correspondence of Clement Biddle,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 43 (1919): 197; E. D. Gillespie, A Book of Remembrance (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1901), 26; Maria Jefferson to TMR, 29 January 1792, Thomas Jefferson Papers, LOC.
“It is possible” TJ to Thomas Leiper, 19 May 1791, PTJDE.
“being the whole front” Advertisement, “To be Sold,” Pennsylvania Packet, 10 November 1790.
He had hoped TJ to Thomas Leiper, 16 December 1792, PTJDE.
Another Philadelphia teacher TJ to MJR, 11 May 1792, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 99.
“made young friends” TJ to MJR, 13 November 1792, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 91.
“been to Mrs Pines” MJE to TMR, 27 November [1791], Thomas Jefferson Papers, LOC. LOC dates this letter to 1792, but Maria’s comment makes clear the error.
A footnote here Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 91, 99, 101; TJMB, 2:837, 884. Scharff’s Women Jefferson Loved did not consider Maria Jefferson’s education in Philadelphia.
Mary Pine’s school Stewart, Robert Edge Pine, 35.
“there is no rank” Quoted in ibid., 36.
“care and instruction” Pennsylvania Packet, 28 March 1789.
“Accustomed only to my” Rembrandt Peale, “Reminiscences,” The Crayon 3 (1856), quoted in Stewart, Robert Edge Pine, 25.
They often finished Peale, “Reminiscences,” 5, quoted in Stewart, Robert Edge Pine, 29.
he thought “indifferent” TJ to William Morgan, 4 February 1809, quoted in TJMB, 2:871.
“Among genteel ranks” Arthur Loesser, Men, Women and Pianos: A Social History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954), 268.
hired John Christopher Moller TJMB, 31 October 1792, 2:882.
“The poor girl” George Washington Parke Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington by His Adopted Son with a Memoir of the Son by His Daughter (Derby & Jackson, 1860), 408.
“They often practiced” TJ to TMR, 20 February 1792, PTJDE.
“I am in great want” MJE to TMR, 25 December 1791, Thomas Jefferson Papers, LOC.
the academy offered courses Kerber, Women of the Republic, 210–14.
As the historian Margaret Nash Margaret Nash, “Rethinking Republican Motherhood: Benjamin Rush and The Young Ladies Academy of Philadelphia,” Journal of the Early Republic 17 (Summer 1997): 186–88.
Although Adams took an avid This portrait emerges from Woody Holton, Abigail Adams (New York: Free Press, 2009).
Adams would not compare AA to John Adams, 21 February 1776; AA to John Adams, 17 June 1782; AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 21 May 1786, Adams Papers Digital Edition.
particularly true in Philadelphia Branson, Those Fiery Frenchified Dames, 38–49.
“life of a cat” Eleanor Parke Custis to Elizabeth Bordley, 23 November 1797, in Patricia Brady, ed., George Washington’s Beautiful Nelly: The Letters of Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis to Elizabeth Bordley Gibson, 1794–1851 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 41.
Nor did the return TJ to TMR, 1 June 1792, PTJDE.
Fullerton was American Pennsylvania Mercury and Universal Advertiser, 13 July 1787, Pennsylvania Packet, 4 July 1788, Federal Gazette, 11 April 1792; TJ to TMR, 12 October 1792, PTJDE; TJMB, 20 November 1792, 2:884.
“Mrs Fullerton” MJE to TMR, 13 January 1793, Thomas Jefferson Papers, LOC.
Sarah (Sally) Corbin Cropper Jennings Cropper Wise, Colonel John Wise of England and Virginia (1617–1695): His Ancestors and Descendants (Richmond, Va.: Bell Brooks and Stationery Company, 1918), 90.
Family lore Ibid., 96.
Jefferson’s memorandum book TJMB. See 2:825–29, for three examples between 20 June and 17 July 1791.
“2. to 4. hours a day” TJ to Francis Eppes, 15 May 1791; TJ to Francis Eppes, 8 April 1793, PTJDE.
“out of love” TJ to EWE, 15 May 1791, PTJDE.
> “but one at a time” TJ to TMR, 30 March 1792, PTJDE.
“scribbling and rubbing out” TJ to TMR, 12 May 1793, PTJDE.
One letter to her sister TJ to MJR, 13 December 1792, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 107. MJR kept a letter from Maria from Philadelphia, dated 3 June 1792, Acc. 2104, SHC.
“the security of the thing” TJ to MJR, 14 January 1793, and n. 2 in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 108–9.
“I have been very much entertained” MJE to TMR, 13 January 1793, Thomas Jefferson Papers, LOC.
An image painted Residence of Thomas Jefferson, David J. Kennedy, 1793. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
By the summer TJ to MJR, 9 April 1793 and 7 July 1793, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 114, 121.
“Under them I breakfast” TJ to MJR, 7 July 1793, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 121–22.
Maria enjoyed picnicking TJ to MJR, 26 May 1793 and 21 July 1793 in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 119, 122; TJMB, 1:765n80.
“two young ladies” TJ to David Rittenhouse, 6 September 1793, PTJDE.
“long and severe” TJ to TMR, 16 March 1792, Thomas Jefferson Papers, LOC.
plagued with colds TJ to MJR, 5 December 1791, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 91, and TJ to TMR, 16 March 1792, PTJDE.
“having always retained” MJR to Anne Cary Randolph Morris, 16 May 1827, quoted in Kierner, Martha Jefferson Randolph, 66.
In early April TJ to MJR, 8 April 1793, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 115.
“Doctors always flatter” TJ to Martha Jefferson Carr, 14 April 1793, PTJDE.
“well…tho not” TJ to MJR, 26 May 1793, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 119.
counting the weeks TJ to MJR, 18 August 1793, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 123.
end of her formal education Kierner, Martha Jefferson Randolph, 97.
packed up a spinet TJMB, 28 March 1792 and 19 May 1793, 2:866, 895.
correcting the steward’s entry Helen Cripe, Thomas Jefferson and Music (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1974), 48.
CHAPTER 7: A VIRGINIA WIFE
“Follow closely your music” TJ to MJE, 17 November 1793, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 126.
“Mr. Giles is at Monticello” Martha Jefferson Carr to Lucy Carr Terrell, 25 August 1795, Carr-Terrell Family Papers, Acc. 4757-d, ViU.
“affectionately, Th. J.” For example, TJ to William Branch Giles, 31 December 1795, PTJDE.
Giles would acquire a reputation “William Branch Giles,” Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936); Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 154.
launched a merciless attack The Autobiography of Colonel John Trumbull, Patriot Artist 1756–1843 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), 174–75.
“saw him talking” Jefferson, Memoirs of a Monticello Slave, 39.
“Mr. Giles joined us” TJ to John Wayles Eppes (JWE), 3 September 1795, PTJDE.
“Maria Jefferson has discarded” Martha Jefferson Carr to Lucy Carr Terrell, 26 March 1796, Acc. 4757-d, ViU.
A family story Eppes, “Maria Jefferson Eppes and her Little Son, Francis,” ICJS, 12.
elite female education Kerrison, Claiming the Pen, passim; Cathy Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 110–50.
“retired to my home” TJ to Maria Cosway, 8 September 1795, PTJDE.
“Could I hope” JWE to TJ, 25 September 1796, PTJDE.
“All obstacles to my happiness” JWE to TJ, 19 December 1796, PTJDE.
“to see Maria” TJ to MJR, 8 June 1797, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 146.
“I learn, my dear Maria” TJ to MJE, 14 June 1797, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 148.
“We shall all live” TJ to MJE, 14 June 1797; and TJ to MJR, 8 June 1797, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 148, 146.
formal negotiations TJ to Francis Eppes, 24 September 1797, PTJDE and editors’ notes.
“To say how much” EWE to TJ, 10 October 1797, PTJDE.
“Tell my Dear Martha” TMR to TJ, 6 November 1797, PTJDE.
Eppes was a handsome man Jefferson, Memoirs of a Monticello Slave, 11.
thick, curly dark hair John Wayles Eppes portrait on page 166. Engraving created/published [1805]. Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret de Saint-Mémin, artist. LOC Prints and Photographs Division, Reproduction Number LC-USZ62-105849.
“Mr Eppes was a gay, good-natured” Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge (EWRC) Letter Book, 13 March 1856, 58–59, Acc. 9090, ViU; Randolph, Domestic Life, 246.
“the author of the Declaration” Malone, “Polly Jefferson and Her Father,” 95.
“fretful child” Scharff, Women Jefferson Loved, 303, 301.
In the construction zone TJ to TMR, 22 January 1797, and TJ to Henry Tazewell, 28 November 1797, PTJDE.
“Maria’s foot improves” JWE to TJ, n.d., received by TJ 18 November 1797, PTJDE.
made the visiting rounds MJE to TJ, 8 December 1797, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 149–50.
“their inclinations concur” TJ to Francis Eppes, 24 September 1797, PTJDE. By the date of this letter, Congress had only been in session four months in 1797: January 1–March 3 and May 15–July 10. When next it met, 13 November 1797, however, Congress would sit until July 1798.
“too generous” EWE to TJ, 10 October 1797, PTJDE.
“Aunt Eppes” MJE to MJR, 1 April 1798, Acc. 2104, SHC.
“my dear mother” MJE to TJ, 21 June 1802, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 229.
“Mama” MJE to TJ, 21 April 1802, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 224.
his daughter believed EWRC Letter Book, 26 January 1856, 42–45, Acc. 9090, ViU.
“would give you” TJ to JWE, 9 October 1801, PTJDE.
“If I could conveniently” JWE to TJ, 11 May 1802, PTJDE.
“As she is equally” JWE to TJ, 25 June 1802, PTJDE.
“out of my power” Ibid.
wife’s patient submission TJ to MJE, 7 January 1798, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 151. Jefferson’s “sermon,” as he called this letter, was his response to Maria’s report of the unhappiness Mary Jefferson Bolling’s abusive alcoholic husband caused their marriage. Perhaps if his sister did not complain about her husband’s drinking, Jefferson suggested, his sister’s marriage would be more bearable.
“raptures and palpitations” MJR to TJ, n.d., received 1 July 1798, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 166.
“The agonies of Mr. Randolph’s” MJR to TJ, 18 November 1801, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 213.
“The more I see of her” MJE to TJ, 27 February [1797], PTJDE.
“in the most tender love” MJE to TJ, 2 February [1801], Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 194.
Jefferson replied immediately TJ to MJE, 15 February 1801, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 196.
“interwoven with her existence” MJE to TJ, 26 June 1799, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 178.
Jefferson at the center Scharff, Women Jefferson Loved, 275.
“intellectually very greatly” EWRC Letter Book, 14 January 1856, 41, Acc. 9090, ViU.
“If I must go I will” AA to TJ, 10 July 1787, Cappon, Letters, 185.
“every sound we heard” TJ to MJE, 13 July 1798, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 166–67.
“her miscarriage” JWE to TJ, 14 July 1802, PTJDE.
“too thinly clad” JWE to TJ, 24 November 1798, PTJDE.
“From Mont Blanco” MJE to TJ, 26 June 1799, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 178–79.
“a sharer in a species” JWE to TJ, 1 January 1800, PTJDE.
In the eighteenth century Paula A. Treckel, “Breastfeeding and Maternal Sexuality in Colonial America,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20 (Summer 1989): 27.
sores broke through JWE to TJ, 7 February 1800, PTJDE.
Dr. Philip Turpin Turpin (1749–1828), Jefferson’s cousin, was a noted physician in Chesterfield County who
had studied at the University of Edinburgh. Gregory Harkcom Stoner, “Politics and Personal Life in the Era of the Revolution,” M.A. thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University (2006): 50–52, 68.
But the doctor’s remedies TMR to TJ, 22 February 1800, PTJDE.
before word reached Martha MJR to TJ, 30 January 1800, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 182.
“revived a little” JWE to TJ, 20 February 1800, PTJDE.
“We found Maria” TMR to TJ, 22 February 1800, PTJDE. William Bache was the son of Benjamin Franklin’s daughter, Sarah Franklin Bache.
“some female friend” TJ to MJE, 26 December 1803, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 250.
“The continuance of her indisposition” TJ to JWE, 8 March 1800, PTJDE. Even after the losses his daughters had endured by March 1802, Jefferson could still write of an acquaintance that she “expects to be in the straw every hour.” TJ to JWE, 3 March 1802, PTJDE.
“The sores on her breast” JWE to TJ, 16 February 1800 and 16 March 1800, PTJDE.
“she has not” JWE to TJ, 22 April 1800, PTJDE.
They had been forced TMR to TJ, 18 January 1800, PTJDE.
Jefferson traveled home TJ to TMR, 14 May 1800, PTJDE.
“The distance is so moderate” TJ to MJE, 4 January 1801, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 190–91. The election was finally settled in Jefferson’s favor on 17 February 1801, on the thirty-sixth ballot.
Maria assured him MJE to TJ, 28 December 1800, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 190.
“Always in a crowd” MJR to TJ, 31 January 1801, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 193.
“The carpenters are still” MJE to TJ, 28 December 1800, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 189–90.
“regret entirely the disappointment” TJ to JWE, 22 February 1801, PTJDE.
Jack declined JWE to TJ, 18 March 1801, PTJDE.
“the servants we shall carry” MJE to TJ, 18 April 1801, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 202.
In June she left MJE to TJ, 18 June 1801, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 204.
Martha did not think MJR to TJ, 25 July 1801, Betts and Bear, Family Letters, 209.
Attended by a local midwife TJMB, 2:1051.
Nor did Maria JWE to TJ, 3 October 1801, PTJDE.
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