The Victorians
Page 85
Agnew, Joan (later Severn), 326
agriculture
crops, 72
economic state of, 71–2, 427–30
effect of summer of 1845, 72–3
labourers, 72, 79, 429, 573
see also Corn Laws; Ireland; livestock; potato blight
Ahmed, Mohammed see Mahdi, the
Ahmed, Rafuddin, 506
Ailesbury, George William Thomas Brudenell-Bruce, 4th Marquess of, 381
Ainsworth, William Harrison, 19, 69, 323
Airey, General Richard, Baron, 182
Akhbar Khan, 124
Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII; ‘Bertie’)
adulteries, 503–4, 582
attends Devonshires’ ball, 585
character, 241, 273–4
education, 273
family life and relations, 240, 242
influence on Victoria, 57
in Ireland, 242
marriage, 240, 273, 305
in Mordaunt divorce case, 360
overseas tours, 274–5
sympathy for Jews, 412
Thanksgiving service for recovery of, 360
Victoria on, 274
and Victoria’s death, 615–16
visits India, 391
and Wagner, 412
Albert, Prince Consort
accomplishments, 183, 349–50
allowance, 55–6
background, 54–6
character and qualities, 54–7, 183, 237, 240
decline and death, 236, 242–4
European influence, 237–40, 350
family life and relations, 240–2, 274
and Great Exhibition, 128, 130, 137, 139, 143, 145
horsemanship, 183
influence on Victoria, 57
involvement in Asia, 237–8
in later years, 236–7
marriage, 54–5, 57, 168, 236
and monarchy, 147
as non-smoker, 199
and Palmerston’s resignation, 146
paternity questioned, 54–5
portrayed, 145
urges moderation on Middle East policy, 174
and Victoria’s behaviour, 241–2, 506
visits Napoleon III, 199
Albion Colliery disaster, Cilfynnid (1894), 581–2
Albion Terrace, Wandsworth: drinking water investgation, 156–7
alcohol
and poverty, 365
tax on, 478
Alcott, Louisa May, 263
Alcott, William A., 198
Alexander II, Tsar, 187, 416–17
Alexandra, Princess of Wales (later Queen), 178, 240, 273, 391
Ali, Hourmet, 506
Ali Khan, Wajir, 204
Ali, Mrs Meer Hasan, 215
Alice, Princess, 240, 243, 255, 504
Allenby, Lieut.-Colonel (later Field Marshal Viscount) Edmund Henry Hynman, 612
Alleyn’s School, Dulwich, 281
Allingham, William, 323
Alsace-Lorraine, 345–6
Althorp, John Charles Spencer, Viscount (later 3rd Earl Spencer), 39
Amalgamated Society of Watermen and Lightermen, 515
American Civil War (1861–65), 247, 250–4, 256, 258, 268–9, 298, 338, 346
see also United States of America
Amritsar massacre (1919), 220, 501
anarchists, 445, 447
Andersen, Hans Christian, 263, 330
Anderson, Elizabeth see Garrett, Elizabeth
Anderson, George Skelton, 312
Andrássy, Julius, Count, 393–4
Anglican Church in Ireland, 361
animal magnetism see Mesmerism
Annual Register, 339
Anti-Corn Law League, 71
anti-Semitism, 402–3, 411–12
see also Disraeli, Benjamin
Apostles (society), 49
Aquinas, St Thomas, 229, 541
Arabi Pasha, Colonel, 465–6, 470
Archer, Scott, 200
Argyll, George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of, 354
aristocracy
adaptability, 583
in army, 193–4, 355–9
childhood in, 260
and class system, 59–61
and Crimean War, 191–3
and Darwinian competition, 256–7
Disraeli on, 381
eccentricities, 381–2
English views of, 191–2, 427
exclusiveness, 274
in government, 39, 385
marriage and admissions to, 260, 482
and monarchy, 65
in Parliament, 385, 481–2, 585
and Reform Bill, 313
and religion, 67
strength of, 331, 333, 384, 573–4, 585
transformations to, 583
see also class (social); squirearchy
Arkwright, Richard, 249
armaments, 352–3, 384, 608
Armenia, 187
Armstrong, Eliza see Stead, William Thomas
Armstrong, Sir William (later Baron), 384, 494, 608
army
composition, 193
evangelical officers in, 202
incompetence in, 608
officers, 599
purchase system in, 355, 357–9
reforms, 354–9, 466
strength and resources, 351, 354
and unemployment demonstrations, 509
Army Enlistment Act (1870), 356
Army Regulation Act (1871), 356
Arnold, Matthew, 253, 295, 462
Arnold, R. Arthur, 260
Arnold, Dr Thomas (of Rugby), 141, 276–9, 283, 288, 290, 557
Arthur, Prince, Duke of Connaught, 145, 465
Arts and Crafts Movement, 384
Ashanti War (1873–4), 466
Ashbee, Henry Spencer, 526
Ashes, the (cricket trophy), 544
Ashley, Lord see Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of
Ashworth, Henry, 60–1
Asquith, Herbert Henry (later 1st Earl), 519, 559, 585, 595, 598
Association for the Higher Education of Women, 520
Astley’s Amphitheatre, 65
atheism, 96–7, 168, 433, 440, 548
Athenaeum (journal), 457
Attlee, Clement (later 1st Earl), 257, 445
Auckland, George Eden, 1st Earl of, 124
Auden, Wystan Hugh, 247
Augusta of Strelitz, Princess, 618
Augustine of Hippo, St, 102, 229, 323
Austen, Jane, 31, 60
Australia: Irish convicts in, 127
Austria-Hungary, 90, 123, 388, 394
autodidacticism, 95–6, 119
Aveling, Edward, 548
Avramanchi, Theodoriki, 197
Ayub Khan, 401
Baden-Powell, Lieutenant-General Robert, 1st Baron, 597–601
Bagehot, Walter, 135–6, 253, 336
Bahadur Shah, King of Delhi, 205, 208, 211, 220
Bailey, L.W., 527n
Baker, General, 468
bakers: working conditions, 154–5
Balaclava, 175, 177, 181–2, 192, 194–5
Baldwin, Louisa, 169n
Balfour, Arthur James (later 1st Earl), 439, 449, 485, 530–2, 556–8, 611, 615
The Foundations of Belief, 556–7
Balkan crisis (1875), 394–6
ballots, secret, 40, 45
Balmoral, Scotland, 56
Balzac, Honoré de, 334
Bank of England, 117
banks and banking
crisis (1847), 77
families ennobled, 482
savings in, 261
Baptists, 577
Baring, Evelyn see Cromer, 1st Earl of
Baring, Thomas, 82
Barker, John, 410
Barnard, General Sir Harry, 210, 217
Barnato, Monsignor, 139
Barnes, Rev. William, 430, 494
Barnes, Rev. William Miles, 430
Barratt, Peter Henry, 264–6
>
Barrett, Michael, 339
Barrett, Sir William, 439
Barry, Sir Charles, 62–5, 67, 130
Bayne, Peter, 190
Beaconsfield, Earl of see Disraeli, Benjamin
Beadon, Sir Cecil, 212
Beagle, HMS, 15, 50, 227
Beale, Dorothea, 284–6, 313
Beardsley, Aubrey, 545, 552, 555–6
Beatrice, Princess, 504, 614
Beauclerk, Lady Diana (Lady Huddleston), 422
Beaumont, Miles Thomas Stapleton, 8th Baron, 141
Beckton Gas Works, 512
Bedchamber Crisis (1839), 53
Beerbohm, (Sir) Max, 524
Beesly, Professor, 444
beggars, 36
Behe, Michael, 233
Beit, Alfred, 606
Belgium, 354, 389
Bell, Alexander Graham, 494
Bell, Joseph, 529
Belloc, Hilaire, 481, 518, 540, 608
Belmont, George, 522
Benson family, 567–8
Benson, Arthur Christian, 565, 601, 602
Benson, Edward Frederic, 567
Benson, Edward White, Archbishop of Canterbury, 64, 237, 297, 324, 487, 567–8, 605
Benson, Hugh, 568
Benson, Mary (née Sidgwick), 324, 567
Bentham, Jeremy, 22, 37, 46, 75, 107, 109, 149, 511, 554
Bentinck, Lord George, 71–2, 408
Benz, Karl, 494
Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, 82
Berlin, Congress of (1878), 400, 402–4, 464, 480
Berlin Memorandum (1875), 394
Berlioz, Hector, 235
Bermuda, 127
Besant, Annie, 448–9, 509–11, 548–9, 551
Bible, Holy, 98, 100
see also Christianity; religion
Bills of Mortality, 36
Birmingham, 513
birth control, 12, 448, 548
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 239, 343, 345–7, 368, 393, 403, 487, 489–90
black peoples
attitudes to, 255–60, 271–2
see also slaves
Blackwell, Elizabeth, 312
Blake, Robert, Baron, 71, 101, 359, 388, 407
Blake, William, 416
Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna, 549–51, 560
Isis Unveiled, 550
Bloody Sunday (1887), 509, 548
Bloomsbury group, 570
Blunt, Lady Anne, 558
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen, 532, 558, 560
Bodichon, Mme (Barbara Leigh-Smith), 312–13, 321
Boehm, Edgar, 503
Boer War (1899–1902), 353, 547, 606–13, 617
concentration camps in, 611–12
Boers, 353, 488, 595, 605
Bond, W.C, 138
Bonsack, James A., 198n
Book of Common Prayer, 366
books: cost of, 19
Booth, Charles, 575
Life and Labour of the People in London, 442, 444, 512
Booth, William, 378
Bosquet, Marshal Pierre, 183
Botha, Louis, 611
bourgeoisie, 119–20, 132, 235, 279, 330, 383
see also class (social); middle class
Boy Scout movement, 597, 600
Boycott, Captain Charles Cunningham, 453
Bradford, 577
Bradford, Selina, Countess of, 390
Bradlaugh, Charles, 66, 440, 447–9, 478, 484–5, 548–9
Bradley, Francis Herbert, 527, 569–70, 572
Bradley, James, 264–6
Braidwood, James, 13
Brand, Colonel, 271
Brand, Sir Henry, 448
bread: price of, 32, 71–2
Bridgewater House, London, 382
Bright, John
as advocate of political freedom, 253
avoids revolution, 113, 115, 117–18, 123, 149
as candidate for Glasgow University rectorship, 362
castigates Irish, 82–3
and Egypt, 465–6
and factory reform, 75
on Free Trade, 127
on Palmerston, 191
on reformed Parliament, 39
and repeal of Corn Laws, 71
Britain
and Europe in 1870s, 343–5, 348
place in Europe, 238–40
power and wealth, 351
US view of, 253
see also empire
British army see army
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 377
British and Foreign Review, 306
British Guiana: unrest in, 126
British Medical Association, 309
British Museum, 117
Broad Church, 276, 293–4, 313, 366
see also Church of England
Brocklehurst, Captain, 469
Brompton Oratory, London, 541
Brontë, Charlotte: Jane Eyre, 285–6, 289
Brontë, Revd Patrick, 94, 285
Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily, Ann), 285–6
brothels, 474
see also prostitution
Brougham, Henry Peter, 1st Baron, 38
Brown, Ford Madox, 159–60
Work, 157–8
Brown, John, 504
Browne, Harold, Bishop of Winchester, 296
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 89–90
‘Casa Guidi’s Windows’, 90
Browning, Robert
and black people, 258
and Cardinal Wiseman, 139
courts Elizabeth Barrett, 89–90
and Italy, 86, 88–90
literary works, 90–1
religious views, 91–2, 139
and Wordsworth, 131
‘Bishop Blougram’s Apology’, 91, 139
‘The Death in the Desert’, 91
‘The Italian in England’, 88
The Ring and the Book, 90
Sordello, 90–1
‘A Toccata of Galuppi’, 88–9
Browning, Robert Wiedemann Barrett (‘Pen’), 90
Bruat, Admiral Joseph, 179
Bruce, Colonel Robert, 274–5
Bryant & May match factory, 511–12
Brydon, Dr William, 124
Buccleuch, Walter Francis Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 5th Duke of, 128
Buckingham Palace, 128
Buddhism, 550–1
Buksh, Mahomet, 505
Bulgaria: atrocities, 395–8, 408, 464
Buller, General Sir Redvers, 466, 471, 610–11
Bullock, William Paul Fildes, 25
Bülow, Hans von, 235
Bunsen, Christian Charles Josias, Baron von, 172, 238
Burcher, Inspector, 459
Burges, William, 380, 382
Burgess, George: murdered, 264–6
Burghersh, Major Francis William Henry Fane (later 18th Earl of Westmorland), 179
Burgoyne, Sir John, 179
burial see cemeteries
Burke, Thomas Henry, 453
Burma, 207
Burnaby, Colonel Frederick Gustavus, 470
Burne-Jones Sir Edward Coley, 87, 258, 317, 422, 555, 559
Burne-Jones, Georgiana, Lady, 160, 169n, 317, 445
Burnes, Sir Alexander, 124
Burns, John, 509, 513–14, 573, 578
Burns, Robert, 581
Burrows, Herbert, 510
Burton, Decimus, 93
Burton, Sir Richard, 488, 493
Buss, Frances Mary, 284–6, 313
Buss, R.W., 18
Bute, John Patrick Crichton Stuart, 3rd Marquess of, 380
Butler, George, 473
Butler, Josephine, 309, 473–6, 480
Butler, Samuel, 224
Butler, William, 466
Butt, Sir Charles Parker (Mr Justice), 457
Buxton, Sydney, 515
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 188, 190
Cairns, Hugh McCalmont, 1st Earl, 390
Caldwell, Charles: Thoughts on the Unity of the Human Species, 105
Callinan, M
ary, 145
Calne, Wiltshire: borough of, 39–40
Calthorpe, Lieutenant Somerset, 179
Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, 2nd Duke of, 24, 358, 360, 618
Cambridge University: women students at, 313, 421
Cameron, Julia Margaret, 138, 323–4, 437
Campbell, Sir Colin, 208, 220
Campbell, Herbert, 524
Campbell, Sir John, 176, 181, 200
Canada
Catholic Church in, 69
effect of Corn Laws on, 126
Irish emigration to, 80–1
Cannadine, David: The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, 481
Canning, Charles John, Viscount (later Earl), 202, 214–15, 219, 221
Canterbury, Archbishops of see Benson, Edward White; Davidson, Randall; Howley, William; Tait, Archibald Campbell; Temple, Frederick
Cape Colony
unrest in, 126
see also Boer War; South Africa
capital punishment see executions
capitalism
apparent failures, 417
Catholicism and, 518
and Chartist demonstration, 119
and comfortable living, 263
and cotton famine, 257
and dominance, 148, 150
and freedom, 604
global, 127
and haute bourgeoisie, 235, 263
opposition to, 151
and rise of socialism, 517–19
and technological development, 495
and workers’ rights, 582
see also Marx, Karl
Captain Moonlight see Moonlight, Captain
Carden, G.F., 543
Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of, 179, 182–3, 270
Cardwell, Edward, 1st Viscount, 354–9, 466
Carjat, Étienne, 437
Carlyle, Jane Baillie (née Welsh), 332–3
Carlyle, Thomas
on aristocracy, 381
background, 16
beliefs, 17, 158–9, 162
and Condition of England question, 53
criticizes Great Exhibition, 136
on Europe, 345–6, 350
fading influence, 231
in Ford Madox Brown painting, 158
Froude and, 103
and Harriet Martineau, 167
influence on Ruskin, 167
intellectual characteristics, 15–18
John Burns meets, 514
marriage relations, 333
opposes popular democracy, 332
pessimism, 110, 333, 345, 417
qualities, 431
reads German philosophers, 111, 349–50
on rights of man, 41–2
on slavery in USA, 255n
supports Governor Eyre, 271
visits France, 16
on W.H. Hunt’s paintings, 162–4
and wife’s death, 332–3
The French Revolution, 16–18
Past and Present, 53, 158–9, 185
Shooting Niagara: and After, 332
Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, 4th Earl of, 280, 331
Carpenter, William Boyd, Bishop of Ripon, 471
carriages, 261–2
Carrington, Robert Carington, 2nd Baron, 381–2
Carroll, Lewis (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)