The Victorians

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The Victorians Page 86

by A. N. Wilson


  interpretations of works, 327–8

  language games in, 328

  photography, 324–5, 327

  proposes to Alice Liddell, 324

  and psychical research, 439

  and Ruskin, 327

  sexual nature, 324–5, 327

  sympathy with children, 328–9

  Alice’s Adventures Underground, 324

  Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, 263, 324, 327–8, 330

  Through the Looking Glass, 324, 328

  Carson, Edward Henry (later Baron), 532, 563

  Cartwright, Edmund, 249

  Catholic Church

  and Anglican Rituialists, 368–9, 371

  antipathy to, 64–5, 67, 69, 139, 141, 367–8

  and communism, 372

  confidence, 169

  creation of English hierarchy in, 139–41

  and evolution theory, 232, 377

  Gladstone and, 69–70, 142, 347–8, 372–5, 380

  and heresy-hunting, 170–1

  hostility to science, 377

  in Ireland, 68–9

  opposes cremation, 543–4

  political loyalty, 374–5

  Ruskin on, 87

  and scramble for Africa, 491–2

  and social concerns, 517

  temporal power, 515–17

  see also Maynooth; Mortara, Edgar; Oxford Movement; Papal Infallibility; Pius IX, Pope; Vatican Council, First

  Catholic emancipation, 59, 135

  Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), 78, 140

  cattle plague, 428

  Cause, the see feminism

  Cavagnari, Sir Louis, 401

  Cavendish, Lord Frederick, 453, 503, 532

  Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count, 84

  Cawnpore see Kanpur

  Cecil, Lord Robert see Salisbury, 3rd Marquess of

  cemeteries, 542–3, 545

  Cetewayo, Zulu Chief, 401

  Ceylon: unrest in, 126

  Chadwick, Edwin, 12, 37, 156–7, 309

  Preventive Policing, 37

  Chamberlain, Joseph

  background, 447

  Beatrice Potter (Webb) and, 483, 574–5

  denounces Lord Salisbury, 482–3

  at Devonshires’ ball, 585

  and Dilke case, 459–60

  and educational reform, 363

  and Egypt, 465

  and Ireland, 449

  and Liberal split, 508

  liberalism, 546

  political changeability, 483

  remarriage, 483–4

  republicanism, 360

  resigns (1886), 479

  and social reform, 444, 447

  and South Africa, 605, 608

  and Tariff Reform, 593

  turns against Gladstone, 456, 479, 508

  Chambers, Robert: Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, 95–100, 103–4, 227

  Chambers, William, 95

  Chand, Nanak: Narrative of Events at Cawnpore, 207

  Chaplin, Henry, 588–9

  Chapman and Hall (publishers), 19

  Chapman, John, 167

  Charlotte, Princess (George IV’s daughter), 24, 54

  Charterhouse School, 281

  Chartists

  Charter published, 43

  and Corn Laws, 72

  criticize Great Exhibition, 136

  divisions in, 42

  failure, 113, 116, 119–20

  Land Plan, 118

  as libertarians, 44

  National Convention (1848), 118–19

  national petition rejected, 46

  newspapers, 41

  origins and principles, 39–41, 43–6, 115

  ‘Physical Force’, 115, 118

  popularity, 41, 46, 114, 119

  riots and violence, 39, 44–6, 115, 117

  Third Petition (1848), 116–20

  Tories in, 46

  Chatsworth, Derbyshire, 383

  ‘Chatsworth Stove’, 114, 129

  Chaudhuri, S.B., 202

  Chelmsford, General Francis Thesiger, 2nd Baron, 401

  Cheltenham Ladies’ College, 286

  Chester Castle, 453

  Chesterton, Gilbert Keith, 45, 89, 168, 335, 433, 518, 579–80, 604

  child labour

  agricultural, 428–9

  as chimney sweeps, 299, 304

  in cotton industry, 250

  in mines, 151, 618

  minimum age of, 153

  working hours, 41, 151–4, 429

  childhood, 260

  children

  adults self-image as, 330

  and crime, 264–7

  and custody law, 306

  expendability of, 264

  literature for, 263, 315, 330

  mortality, 307

  of poor, 264, 307

  in prostitution, 472–5

  chloroform, 156

  cholera

  attitudes to, 34–6

  causes, 155–8

  cordon sanitaire against, 35

  in Crimean War, 178–81

  epidemics and mortality, 36, 74, 156–7

  in India, 34, 210, 217

  in Ireland, 35, 83

  origins and spread, 34–5

  research on, 256–7

  Christian Science, 550

  Christian Socialist Movement, 149, 296

  Christian Victor, Prince, 615

  Christianity

  apparent, 169

  Balfour and, 556–8

  charity, 22

  conflict with science, 96–7, 103, 232

  and evolutionary theory, 376

  and heresy-hunting, 169–71

  in India, 202, 205

  and Jerusalem, 172–3

  morality, 162

  as mythology, 167–8

  opposition to capitalism, 151–2, 156

  power of Church, 227

  supports status quo, 149

  see also Catholic Church; Church of England; religion

  Christmas cards, 128

  Church of England and Catholic Church, 141

  disestablishment question, 364, 371

  High Church movement in, 101, 140–1

  Ritualism, 366–71

  and state, 70

  see also Christianity; religion

  Church Missionary Society, 487, 491

  Church in Wales, 452, 543

  Churchill, Lord Randolph, 484–5

  Churchill, Lady Randolph (née Jennie Jerome), 484

  Churchill (Sir) Winston Spencer, 189, 470, 484–5, 611

  cigarette-makers, 197–9

  Clarence, Albert Victor, Duke of, 526

  Clarendon Commission on public schools (1861–4), 280–2, 291

  Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of, 77, 81, 189–90, 240–2

  Clarke, General Sir Andrew, 468

  class (social)

  and army purchase, 355–8

  conflicts and divisions, 115, 157, 319–20

  English views on, 192

  fluidity, 94, 261, 383–4

  in Gilbert and Sullivan operas, 420

  and school education, 280–1

  system, 59–61, 192, 274

  views of revolution, 119

  and women’s movement, 312

  see also aristocracy; middle classes; working classes

  Clergy Daughters’ School, Casterton, 285

  Clerkenwell: Fenian bomb in, 338–9

  Cleveland Street scandal (1889), 564

  Clifden, Nellie, 242

  Clough, Arthur Hugh: Oxford Letters, 103

  Clutton, Henry, 539

  coal

  and child labour, 618

  mines, 31, 45, 151

  production, 15

  Cobbett, William, 32

  Cobden, Richard

  as advocate of political freedom, 253

  on factory working, 60, 75

  on Free Trade, 352, 427–8

  and Great Exhibition, 127–8

  parliamentary career, 66

  and repe
al of Corn Laws, 71

  on war as aristocratic sport, 191

  on working class improvement, 119

  Coburg family and dynasty, 24–5, 54–5, 139

  Cochrane, Elizabeth (‘Nellie Bly’), 493

  Cohen, Meyer, 275

  Cohen, Morton, 328

  Cole, Sir Henry, 128–9

  Colenso, John William, Bishop of Natal, 401

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 349

  Collingwood, Robin George, 570

  colonies

  attitudes to, 48–57

  and Corn Laws, 126

  in Great Exhibition, 152–3

  sexual appeal of expansion of, 496

  technological change in annexation of, 493

  unrest in, 124–6, 258

  see also empire

  commerce see trade

  common employment, 582

  common land: enclosure of, 31

  communism, 114–15, 151, 256, 343, 386

  Comte, Auguste, 110–11

  Conder, Charles, 552

  Condition of England question, 53, 62

  Condorcet, Marie Jean de, 11

  Congo, 468–9, 488–9

  Congregationalists, 577

  Conrad, Joseph

  Chance, 314

  The Secret Agent, 445

  Conroy, Sir John, 25–6

  Conservative Party

  composition, 66–7

  Disraeli rebuilds, 402

  election defeat (1880), 188, 404

  extends franchise, 271, 331–2, 386

  governments: (1874), 386–91; (1885), 478; (1895), 573

  see also Tory Party

  constituencies (Parliamentary): newly-formed, 572–3

  Constitution (British), 61, 385

  Contagious Diseases Acts (1864–86), 308–10, 369, 473–4, 480

  repeal of, 474, 476

  Royal Commission into working of (1870), 473

  Contemporary Review, 543

  Cooper, Lady Diana, 598

  Co-operative Movement, 575–6, 579

  Cope Brothers (tobacco manufacturers), 198–9

  corn

  cheap imports, 71

  exported from Ireland, 79

  imported from USA, 427, 586

  prices, 32

  tariffs on, 427

  see also Corn Laws

  Corn Laws

  effect on colonies, 126

  effect in countryside, 32, 428–30

  repealed, 19, 58, 61–2, 66, 71–3, 133, 135, 355, 427

  and squirearchy, 45, 586

  see also Free Trade

  Cornforth, Fanny, 161

  corporal punishment, 291

  Corry, Montague Lowry (later 1st Baron Rowton), 389

  Corsica, 69

  Corvo, Baron see Rolfe, Frederick

  cost of living, 32

  cotton

  British mass-manufacture, 248–9, 253

  famine, 253–7

  goods, 15, 513

  imports, 249

  spinning machines, 138, 249

  US production, 248–50, 257

  Cotton, Sir Henry, 213–14

  country houses, 383–4, 481, 559

  county councils, 587

  Courvoisier, François Benjamin, 336–7

  Coutts, Angela Burdett-, Baroness, 382

  Cowper, Francis Thomas de Grey, 7th Earl, 453

  Cowper, Georgiana, 289

  Cox, Rev. Bell, 369

  Cragside, Northumberland, 384

  Crakanthorpe, Hubert, 552

  Crawford, Donald amd Virginia, 457–60, 476

  Crawford v. Crawford and Dilke (lawsuit), 457–8

  creation, 100, 228–9, 233

  see also evolution, theory of

  cremation, 543–5

  Cremation Society, 544–5

  cricket, 287, 292–3

  crime

  children and, 264–7

  rates, 38

  Crimean War (1854–5)

  as ‘aristocratic sport’, 191, 352

  armaments in, 181

  background, 172–4

  campaigns and military actions, 176, 178–83, 186–7

  causes and motivations, 184–6

  cholera and disease in, 178–81

  command of, 179–80, 192

  conditions, 175, 178–9

  ends, 195–7

  feeding of troops in, 175–7

  financing, 77

  and free market, 194

  medical care in, 176–8

  negotiated settlement, 186–7

  outbreak, 171

  Palmerston and, 184, 187, 189, 191–2

  and Peel’s death, 133

  photography in, 197, 199–200

  popular support for, 20, 120, 180, 186, 193–4

  and religious fundamentalism, 169

  reporting of, 175, 180, 183–4

  Russian troops in, 181–3

  and Russophobia, 187

  and smoking habit, 199

  as theatre, 184

  troop numbers, 181

  see also individual actions and participants

  criminal code, 38

  Criminal Law Amendment Act (1885), 448, 564

  Criminal Law and Procedures Act (1887), 530, 532

  Cripps, Sir Stafford, 257

  Cromer, Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of, 466–8, 471, 480, 607

  Crompton, Sir Charles John (Mr Justice), 264, 266

  Cruikshank, George, 145

  Crystal Palace, 129–30, 143–5

  see also Great Exhibition (1851)

  Cubitt, Thomas, 128

  Cullick, Hannah (Mrs A.J. Munby), 319–20

  Cumberland, Ernest Augustus, Duke of (later King Ernest I of Hanover), 26

  Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, 222, 500, 558, 560, 598

  Cust, Harry, 558, 598

  Cyprus: occupied, 400, 405

  Daily Chronicle, 461

  Daily Mail, 590–1

  Daily Mirror, 590

  Daily News, 337, 346, 355, 396, 461

  Daily Telegraph, 411, 451, 461

  Daimler, Gottlieb, 494

  Dale, Robert William, 363

  Dale, Rev. Thomas Pelham, 369

  Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun Ramsay, 1st Marquess of, 202, 211, 215

  see also East India Company

  Dannreuther, Chariclea and Edward, 411–12

  Dante Alighieri, 91, 371

  Paradiso, 236

  Darwin, Charles

  autobiography, 15

  background and character, 45, 50, 224–7, 231

  on Chambers’s Vestiges, 96, 98

  and determinism, 132

  influence, 231–4

  Kingsley corresponds with, 299

  nature of writing, 231–2

  on racial differences, 375–6

  and religion, 168, 231, 376

  reluctance to publish, 168, 226–7

  sails on Beagle, 15, 50

  schooling, 283

  and slavery, 52

  theories, 15, 98, 100, 224–8, 230–3

  The Descent of Man, 232, 375

  On the Origin of Species, 98, 224–8, 230–3

  The Voyage of the Beagle, 227

  Voyage of a Naturalist, 375

  see also evolution, theory of; natural selection

  Darwin, Emma, 226–7, 231

  Darwin, Erasmus: Zoönomia or the Laws of Organic Life, 97, 224

  Daunt, W.J. O’Neill, 452

  Davidson, John, 552

  Davidson, Randall, Bishop of Winchester (later Archbishop of Canterbury), 615

  Davies, Emily, 285, 312–13, 321

  Davis, Jefferson, 248, 251, 253, 256

  Davitt, Michael, 452–4, 533–4

  Dawkins, Richard, 231

  Dawson, Rev. E.C., 487

  death see funerals

  death certificates see Bills of Mortality

  death duties, 588

  Decadence, 553, 556, 571

  Delane, John Thadeus, 461

 
Delhi: in Indian Mutiny, 205, 208–10, 213–14, 219

  Delhi Declaration (1857), 205–6

  Dell and Wainwright (photographers), 144

  democracy, 67, 119, 252–3, 271, 385, 584

  Democratic Federation, 444–5

  demos, 509–10

  Demuth, Freddy, 438, 511

  Denmark, 239–40

  Denneby, Major-General Sir Thomas, 505

  Dennett, Daniel C., 231

  dentistry, 425

  Derby Day, 339–40

  Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of (earlier Lord Stanley)

  asked to form 1855 government, 189–90

  and control of contagious diseases, 309

  on cotton famine (1862), 257

  criticizes Disraeli, 386–7

  Disraeli hopes to succeed, 250

  and Don Pacifico affair, 134

  and Great Exhibition, 127–8

  heads ‘Who? Who?’ government, 146

  opposes science education, 280

  as Oxford Chancellor, 273, 277

  as potential successor to Peel, 136

  premiership (1866), 271, 331

  Derby, Edward George Smith Stanley, 13th Earl of (earlier Lord Stanley), 66, 71

  Derby, Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of (earlier Lord Stanley), 387, 389, 395, 400

  Dervishes (Sudan), 467–8, 470, 607–8

  Desborough, Ethel Anne Priscilla, Lady (‘Ettie’), 559

  design, 164

  determinism, 132

  Devastation, HMS, 423

  Devonshire House, London, 382–3, 585

  Devonshire, Louise, Duchess of (earlier Duchess of Manchester), 585

  Devonshire, Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of (earlier Marquess of Harrington, 386, 397, 456, 465, 468–70, 472, 584–5

  Devonshire, William George Spencer Cavendish, 6th Duke of, 82–3, 129, 383

  Dhondu Pant (Nana Sahib), 210–13

  Dickens, Charles

  background, 16, 21, 260

  on Britannia, 618

  death and funeral, 336

  on fire at Houses of Parliament, 10, 13

  at Gad’s Hill (Kent), 21, 336

  ideas and principles, 20, 22

  literary qualities, 234, 334–5

  and Lloyd George, 593

  on Malthusianism, 12

  popularity, 108, 334, 336

  and public executions, 336–7

  schooling, 283

  visit to Italy, 85–6

  works published serially, 19

  Bleak House, 463

  A Christmas Carol, 22

  David Copperfield, 329, 335

  Great Expectations, 127, 335, 579–80

  Hard Times, 107

  Little Dorrit, 20, 334–5, 382

  Nicholas Nickleby, 289

  Oliver Twist, 28–9

  Our Mutual Friend, 19, 155

  The Pickwick Papers, 16, 18–22

  Pictures from Italy, 85

  Sketches by Boz, 18, 335

  Diderot, Denis, 97

  Dilke, Sir Charles, 359–60, 444, 457–60, 461–3, 466, 476, 515, 546

  Dillon, John, 532

  Disraeli, Benjamin (later Earl of Beaconsfield)

  on American Civil War, 253–4

  and anti-Semitism, 402–3

  background, 27–8

  in Balkan crisis, 395–7, 399–400

 

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