The Victorians

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The Victorians Page 92

by A. N. Wilson


  Tower of London: museum, 65

  Townshend, Revd Chauncy Hare, 106–7

  Tractarians, 101, 103, 323

  trade

  African, 489

  as basis of power, 253

  cholera and, 35

  and colonial peace, 125

  German competition, 351–2

  with Ottoman Empire, 393

  with USA, 427, 430, 586

  trade unions, 444, 511–12, 575, 579

  Trades Union Congress (TUC), 444

  Trafalgar Square, London, 445, 508–9

  ‘Tragic generation, the’, 552

  transportation (penal), 126–7

  Transvaal, 488, 605–6, 610–12

  Travellers’ Club, London, 62–3, 198

  Trevelyan, Sir Charles Edward, 80–2

  Trevelyan, Sir George Otto, 479

  What Does She Do With It?, 360

  Tristram, Canon Henry Baker, 225

  Trollope, Anthony

  on black people, 259

  reads Gladstone’s Bulgarian Horrors, 397

  serial publication of works, 19

  Barchester Towers, 297

  The Way We Live Now, 413–14, 417

  Trustee Savings Banks, 261

  Tuck, Mrs (Victoria’s dresser), 506

  Turgenev, Ivan, 185

  Turkey see Ottoman Empire

  Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 13–14, 164–5

  Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying (painting), 52

  Tyndall, John, 360

  typhoid, 155, 243

  typhus fever, 155

  Tyutchev, Fedor, 545

  Uganda, 486–7, 491–2

  Ulster, 454, 456

  Underground Railway, London, 453

  unemployment, 508, 512

  United States of America

  grain imports from, 427, 430, 586

  Irish emigration to, 81

  post-Bellum settlement, 256

  relations with Europe, 440

  slavery in, 248–50

  transport costs, 427

  see also American Civil War

  Universities Terms Act (1871), 364

  Urquhart, David, 188, 190–1

  Urquhart, Francis Fortescue (‘Sligger’), 188

  utilitarianism, 37–8, 46, 132, 405, 520, 554

  Vaccination Act (1867), 309

  Varna, Crimea, 179–80

  Vassar Female College, New York, 421

  Vatican Council, First (1869–70), 344, 372–4

  Vaughan, Charles John, Dean of Llandaff, 290–1

  Venables, Admiral Robert, 48

  venereal diseases, 308–10

  see also Contagious Diseases Acts; prostitution

  Venice, 87–8

  Vereeniging, Peace of (1902), 612

  Verne, Jules, 493

  Versailles, Treaty of (1871), 343

  Victoire, Princess of Leiningen see Kent, Victoire, Duchess of

  Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 144

  Victoria Augusta Antoinetta (Victoria’s cousin; ‘Victo’), 57

  Victoria Cross, 204n

  Victoria, Princess (Queen Victoria’s granddaughter), 615

  Victoria, Queen

  accession, 14, 26

  avoids school, 282

  in Bedchamber Crisis, 53–4

  on Boer War, 611, 615

  booed in East End, 508

  and Cardigan, 183

  character and behaviour, 26–7, 55–6, 240–2, 503

  and Chartist movement, 113

  and Civil List, 360, 503–4

  compassion in Indian mutiny, 219

  death and funeral, 615–19

  decline in old age, 614–15

  detests Hamlet, 53

  and Disraeli, 359, 390, 403–4, 406–7

  donates money for Irish famine relief, 82

  on Egypt campaign, 465–6

  as Empress of India, 218, 390–1

  family, 503–4

  finances, 360, 503

  on Franco-Prussian War, 345–6

  and General Gordon, 472

  Gladstone’s relations with, 359, 403, 478

  Golden Jubilee (1887), 437, 440, 502–7

  at Great Exhibition, 137–8

  as haemophilia carrier, 25

  hatred of Conroy, 25

  home and family life, 240–1

  Indian servants, 219, 505–7

  and John Brown, 504

  on Kingsley’s novels, 149

  language as child, 24

  and Layard, 191

  marriage, 54–5, 57, 168

  Melbourne’s relations with, 14, 27, 53

  and monarchy, 147, 359–60

  and mother’s death, 241–2

  and Palmerston’s premiership, 189

  and Palmerston’s resignation, 146

  parentage, 24–5, 54–5

  Peel’s relations with, 57

  political leanings, 57, 359

  and porphyria, 25

  portrayed, 145

  and Prince Albert’s death, 243–4

  and Prussian victory (1871), 345

  racial tolerance, 298

  receives Wagner, 412

  reign, 27

  relations with daughter Vicky, 241

  religious attitudes, 141, 368, 506

  and Ritualists, 368

  seclusion, 360

  sexual life, 57

  and Suez Canal, 390

  temper, 506

  unpopularity, 259

  visits Ireland, 242, 502

  widowhood, 236

  Victoria, Princess Royal (later Empress of Germany; ‘Vicky’), 238–41, 345–6, 503

  Vienna, Congress of (1814–15), 48

  Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, 97–8

  vote, the see suffrage; Reform Acts

  wages (industrial), 119

  Wagner, Rev. Arthur, 267–8

  Wagner, Cosima, 235, 412–13

  Wagner, Richard

  and anti-Semitism, 411–12

  at Bayreuth, 417

  medievalism, 235

  visits London, 411–13

  Götterdämmerung, 414

  Lohengrin, 411

  The Ring, 414–15

  Tannhäuser, 412

  Tristan und Isolde, 235–6

  Wainwright, Father Lincoln Stanhope, 365–6, 369–70, 413

  Wakley, Thomas, 35–6, 40, 66

  Wales, 451–2, 592–3

  Walker, William, 477

  Wallace, Alfred Russel background and theories, 224–6, 230

  and psychical research, 439

  reads Chambers’ Vestiges, 95

  response to Darwin’s Origin of Species, 226

  Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, 226

  wallpaper manufacturers, 154

  Walpole, Horace, 301

  Walpole, Horatio William, Baron (later 4th Earl of Orford), 84

  Walpole, Sir Robert, 60

  Walter, John, 33

  Wapping, 365–7

  Ward, James: The World in its Workshops, 138

  Ward, Mrs Humphry, 600 Robert Elsmere, 519

  Warren, Mrs: A House and its Furnishings, 261

  Warren, Sarah Anne, 264

  Warrior, HMS, 352

  wars, 353–4

  Washington, Peter, 550

  water (drinking), 155–6

  water-borne diseases, 155–7

  Watt, Richard, 50

  Waugh, Evelyn, 188

  Brideshead Revisited, 540

  wealth

  increase in, 14, 58, 446

  see also economic growth; rich, the

  Weaver, Martha, 264

  Webb, Beatrice (Lady Passfield; née Potter), 483, 511–12, 548, 574–6, 600, 604

  My Apprenticeship, 574

  Webb, Philip, 262, 558

  Webb, Richard, 43

  Webb, Sidney (Baron Passfield), 511, 548, 574

  Wedgwood family, 225

  Wedgwood, Josiah, 44–5, 50, 225

  Weismann,
August Friedrich Leopold, 232

  Weldon’s Christmas Annual (1878), 386

  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of

  and British defences, 69, 145

  death and funeral, 146, 539

  and English xenophobia, 143

  on opponents of Peel, 73

  in Peel government, 66

  photographed, 58

  portrayed, 145

  praises ‘Chatsworth Stove’, 130

  and threat of mob violence, 117

  Urquhart and, 188

  on Victoria’s accession, 24, 26

  on Victoria’s hatred of Conroy, 25

  visits Great Exhibition, 145

  and ‘Who? Who?’ government, 146

  Wellington College, 237, 297

  Wesendonk, Mathilde, 235

  West Indies, 48–50, 53, 126

  see also Jamaica

  Westmacott, Sir Richard, 128

  Westminster, Hugh Lupus

  Grosvenor, 1st Duke of, 584, 585n

  Westminster Review, The, 168, 174, 462

  Westminster School, 30

  wheat trade and prices, 126, 428, 430

  Wheeler, General Sir Hugh, 212

  Wheeler, Lieut.-Colonel, 202

  Whewell, William, 110, 139

  Whibley, Richard, 9

  Whigs

  and educated aristocracy, 358, 584

  extinguished, 331

  and forming of Liberal Party, 71, 386

  and Jamaica unrest, 53

  and Reform Bill (1832), 10

  rule, 67

  and slavery, 49

  see also Liberal Party

  Whipple, J.A., 138

  Whistler, James Abbot McNeill, 87, 422, 555

  The Gentle Art of Making Enemies, 422

  White, General Sir George, 610

  White, Gilbert, 232

  ‘White Man’s Burden, the’, 602

  Whitechapel murders see Jack the Ripper

  Whiteley, William: store, 409–11

  Whitney, Eli, 249

  ‘Who? Who?’ government, 146

  Wilberforce, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford (then of Winchester), 228–30, 232, 327, 366, 377, 380, 541

  Wilberforce, William, 48–9, 202

  Wild, George, 434

  Wilde, Oscar, 422, 448, 545, 552, 554, 559–66, 598–600, 618

  De Profundis, 560, 563

  Wilhelm I, Kaiser of Germany, 343

  Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 503, 609, 615–16

  William IV, King, 14, 24, 26

  Williams, Emma and Frank, 265

  Wills, W.D. & H.O. (tobacco manufacturers), 198–9

  Wilson, Brigadier Archdale, 204

  Wilson, Revd Cairns, 285–6

  Wilson, General Sir Charles, 470

  Wilson, Edmund, 568–9

  Wilson, James Havelock, 573

  Wilson, Thomas, 543

  Wilson, Woodrow, 252, 484

  Winchester School, 283

  Windsor, 56

  Winfield, David Wilkie (later Wynfield), 323

  The Death of Buckingham (painting), 322

  Winterhalter, Franz, 56

  The First of May (painting), 145

  Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick

  Stephen, Cardinal-Archbishop of Westminster, 139–42, 303, 327

  Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 328, 571

  Woking, Surrey, 544

  Wolff, Sir Henry Drummond, 485

  Wolseley, General Sir Garnet Joseph (later Field Marshal Viscount), 465–6, 470

  women

  conditions, 119, 153–5, 441–2, 617

  and contagious (venereal) diseases, 308–10, 369

  ‘delicacy’ of, 305, 312

  diseases and physical condition, 154

  and divorce, 234

  education, 284–5, 305–8, 311–14, 421–2, 480, 520

  employers’ view of, 151–2

  and equality, 311

  in Gilbert and Sullivan operas, 419

  hair styles, 163

  in Indian Mutiny, 208–9, 212

  legal rights and status, 248, 305–8, 311–14, 316

  Mill on, 111

  in Parliament, 481

  repressed, 119, 248

  in rural labour gangs, 429

  study medicine, 311–12

  suffrage, 43, 110, 313–14

  working, 41, 318–21

  see also feminism

  Wood, Sir Charles (later 1st Viscount Halifax), 77, 82, 125, 189, 221

  Wood, General Sir Evelyn, 468

  Wood, Mrs Henry: East Lynne, 274

  Wood, Mrs (of Delhi), 208

  Woodard, Revd Nathaniel, 281–3

  wool production, 15, 428

  Wordsells (engineering company), 409

  Wordsworth, William death, 131, 133

  finds beauty in poverty, 36

  ideas and doctrines, 132–3

  influence on J.S. Mill, 109

  The Excursion, 131

  ‘Old Cumberland Beggar’, 36

  The Prelude, 131–3, 159

  The Recluse, 131

  Workers’ Educational Association, 520

  workhouses, 11–13, 28–33, 44, 75, 473, 6l3

  in Ireland, 83

  see also poor, the

  working classes

  childhood in, 260

  clubs, 517

  conditions, 119, 153–4, 441–2

  deprivation and social unrest, 431–4

  Dostoyevsky on, 416

  education for, 363

  in electorate, 386, 479, 573

  employers’ views of, 151–2

  health and physical state, 154

  and Labour Movement, 576

  Marx calls for unity of, 120

  Mill on, 161

  oppose formation of police, 38

  scepticism over Independent Labour Party, 579, 591

  and smoking, 198–9

  and socialism, 445, 449, 511, 520

  solidarity in, 41

  support Chartism, 41, 46, 114

  women, 318–21

  see also factories; poor, the; servants

  Working Men’s College, 158, 194, 317, 319

  Workmen’s Compensation Act (1897), 582

  world order, 545–7

  World War I (1914–18), 589

  World War II (1939–45), 186

  Wright, Mrs (Palace of Westminster housekeeper), 9, 13

  Wyndham, Madeline, 558

  Wynfield, David Wilkie see Winfield, David Wilkie

  Wynford, William Best, Ist Baron, 49

  Wyse, Elizabeth, 29

  Yarborough, Charles Andrew Pelham, 3rd Earl of, 428

  Yeats, William Butler, 534, 536, 551–4, 559

  Yellow Book, The (magazine), 552, 555

  Young England movement, 46, 65–8, 101

  Younghusband, Sir Francis, 549

  Zola, Emile, 147, 334

  La Débâcle, 344

  Germinal, 442, 445–6

  Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, London, 93–4

  Zoological Society, 93–4

  zoology, 96–7

  Zulu War (1879), 401–2, 405

  ‘Let the great world spin forever down the ringing grooves of change,’ wrote Tennyson. ‘I thought the wheels ran in grooves,’ he explained after his first railway journey.

  This steam locomotive of 1845 appears to be pulling stagecoaches from the Pickwickian era.

  Tennyson’s haunting poetry of doubt and grief made him the ideal Laureate of the age.

  The plight of the poor and their political discontent led to many riots and disturbances during the 1840s. This print shows the Chartist riot in Newport, Monmouthshire, in 1840.

  The desolation of Ireland reached depths of unimaginable horror during the Great Famines of the late 1840s, which killed over 1 million and sent millions more into exile. Out of this suffering the Irish republican movement was born.

  Prince Albert’s anxious look suggests that one of the Queen’s outbursts is imminent. Their marriage was passion
ate and stormy.

  Osborne House, his Italianate villa on the Isle of Wight, was built to Albert’s specifications by Thomas Cubitt.

  The entrance hall at Osborne reflects Albert’s chaste and learned taste. After his early death, his widow filled the place with her beloved ‘clutter’.

  The Crimean War was the first to be photographed. Seen here is the Cook House of the 8th Hussars, the King’s Royal Irish. After the Famine, the army was an obvious career for many young Irishmen.

  As many men died of disease as in battle during the Crimean War. Florence Nightingale’s organizational skills and compassion created the hospital at Scutari on the Bosporus, and led to the reform both of medicine and of the army.

  But it was Mary Seacole, whose services Miss Nightingale rejected on racialist grounds, who nursed the sick in the front line of battle in the Crimea itself and whose jolly ‘hotel’ provided the men with home cooking and, a much-needed commodity, handkerchiefs.

  The evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin, caricatured here, emerged concurrently with the popularity of European zoos.

  This young chimpanzee in London Zoo, photographed in 1869 on the keeper’s lap, and beside a Rhesus macaque, must have prompted new thoughts in the visitors. Darwin’s grandfather Josiah Wedgwood made a celebrated medallion depicting an African slave in chains and asking the question, ‘Am I not a man and a brother?’

  Eighty years later this question becomes for the Punch cartoonist a metaphysical conundrum. From now on, humans and apes were kin.

  Charles Dickens’s novels are full of unforgettable children and images of childhood. But in his generation, children did not have ‘childhoods’, with nurseries, children’s books and special food. They were little adults.

  Alice Liddell, whose father was Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, befriended a don called the Rev. Charles Dodgson. The results were some photographs in questionable taste and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.

  The Great Conservatory at Chatsworth House in Derbyshire (the Chatsworth Stove) was the creation of the gardener there, Joseph Paxton. A brilliant self-taught engineer and designer, he planned the Crystal Palace, which would house the Great Exhibition of 1851, in a doodle on his blotter during a meeting.

  Paxton’s eye for perspective, and his use of metal and glass, made him the object of admiration for such modernist photographers as Dell and Wainwright, who captured the Crystal Palace here during the 1930s just before it was destroyed by fire.

  The State Opening of Parliament, 1851. Charles Barry’s new Houses of Parliament replaced those which burnt down in 1834. They provided a mock Gothic theatre for the beginning of modern politics.

 

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