ale-tasters 147, 292
algebra 122
Algiers 215
Algonquin, Algonquian 112, 122
Alleyn, Edward (1566–1626) 353, 355
Allibond, John the elder (d.1589) 235
almanacs 102, 146
almonds 250, 285
Alre, River 196, 197
Alresford 196
Alvarez de Toledo, Fernando (1507–82), duke of Alba 116, 295
Alvetanus, Cornelius (fl. 1565–92) 124
ambergris 177, 189
America, Americans 3, 40, 111, 112, 117, 122, 123, 216, 226, 321; see also Florida; Indies
amputation 290
Anabaptists 74, 92, 96, 306
anglers 299
Anglicanism see Church of England
Anjou, duke of see Francis
Anon., Arte of Angling (1577) 328
Anon. [A. W.], Booke of Cookrye (1591) 103
Anon., De Persecutione Anglicana (1582) see Parsons
Anon., Good councell against the plague (1594 edn) 103
Anon., Good Hous-wives Treasurie (1588) 255–6
Anon., Good huswife’s handmaide (1594) 103
Anon., La Guide des Chemins d’Angleterre (Paris, 1579) 201
Anon., Orchard and the Garden (1594 edn) 103
Anon., Remedies for the diseases in horses (1594 edn) 103
Antwerp 15, 34, 161, 192
apothecaries 18, 34, 53, 139, 146, 262, 287, 288
Appleby 171
Appletree, Thomas 293, 294
apprentices, apprenticeship 52, 54, 61, 64, 94, 106, 151, 301, 325
aprons see clothes
aqua vitae 262
Aragon, Aragonese 42; see also Spain
Arbeau, Thoinot (1519–95) 342
archery 30, 106, 186, 233, 300, 325–7, 331, 332
architecture 6, 221–4
archives, archivists, 130–1
Arctic Circle 6, 360
Ariosto, Ludovico (1474–1533) 350
Aristotle (384–22 BC) 107, 121, 122
arithmetic 108
Armada see Spanish Armada
armour 186–7, 321, 326
armourers 34
army 98; see also soldiers
Arnold, Sir Nicholas (c.1509-80) 199
art, artists see paintings; portraiture; sculpture
Arthington, Henry (fl. 1591) 1–3, 35
Arthur, king 112, 237
Arundel, earl of see Fitzalan, Howard
Ascham, Roger (1514/15–68) 106, 107
Asia 113, 159
assizes see courts
Aston, Sir Walter (1529–89) 227
astrolabe 210
astrology 124, 125, 141, 284
astronomy 108, 120–2, 126, 143, 277, 360
atheism 73–6, 162
athletics 106, 329
Austria 346
Aylmer, John (1520/21–94), bishop of London 161, 162
Azores 209
azurite 254
Babington, Anthony (1561–86) 43, 85, 294–5, 305
backgammon see tables
back-staff 211
Bacon, Anne, née Cooke (c.1528–1610) 68, 81
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626) 3, 73, 101, 121–3, 129, 243
Bacon, Sir Nicholas (1510–79) 48, 50, 68, 79, 121, 222
Baffin Island 6, 113, 211
bailiffs 146, 292
baiting games see bears; bulls
Baker, Matthew (1529/30–1613) 207
bakers 53, 187, 258, 311
Baltic Sea 113
Banbury 19
bankers 34
banns 65
banquets 254, 255, 261
baptisms 81, 101, 261, 279, 316
Barbary Company 113
Barbary, Barbary pirates 5, 207, 215
barbers 52, 53, 184; see also beards
barber-surgeons 287, 288, 303, 336; see also surgeons
Barking 96
barley see corn
Barn Elms 222
Barnard’s Inn see London
Barnstaple 9
barrel-bearers 53
Barwic, Cecily 58
Basel 288, 344
basket-makers 53, 56
baskets 146
Bassett, Mary, née Roper (d.1572) 68
Bates, Alice 171
Bath 355
Bath Inn see London
bathhouses 271
baths, bathing see washing bodies
bay salt 250
beacons 296; see also bonfires
beards 38, 184, 185, 212–13
bears 119, 334–5, 359 (baiting of 334–6, 342)
beating 63, 66, 95, 107, 153, 177, 178, 293, 300, 313, 323; see also whipping
Beaumaris 200
Beaumont, Francis (1584/5–1616) 119, 346, 349
beaver 182
bedbugs 269
bedding 219–21, 226, 230–2, 234, 235, 237, 269, 281, 307
Bedell, Thomas 90
Bedford 100
Bedford, earl of see Russell
beds see furniture
beekeeping 234; see also honey
beer see ale and beer
beggars, begging 4, 22, 56–61, 242, 270, 292, 297–9, 321
Benefit of the Clergy 303, 304, 354
Bentley, Thomas (1543x6–85) 68
benzoin 277
Bergavenny see Neville
Berkshire 20, 22, 55, 152, 171, 175, 198, 282, 320
Berners, Lord see Bourchier
Berwick 143, 200
Bess of Hardwick see Talbot
Best, George (c.1555–84) 119
betting 325–6, 333–4
Bible 75, 77, 78, 92, 102, 103, 124, 125, 129, 136, 167, 237, 303, 314, 351 (Gaelic 135; Welsh 81, 135)
Bicester 181
Bilbao 214
Billingsgate 208
Binkes, George 83
Binkes, William 83
Birling 335
Biscay, Bay of 209
biscuit 212
bison 119
Black Death 36; see also plague
black men and women 118–20, 216, 217
Black, David (c.1546–1603) 75
Blackamoors see Africans
Blackfriars 160
Blackheath 203
blacksmiths 18, 32, 53, 56, 187, 238, 277, 305, 380
Blackwall 207
Blundeville, Thomas (1522?–1606?) 122, 199
boats see ships
Bocking 331
Bodmin 62
boiling alive 96
bole Armoniac 277
Boleyn, Anne (c. 1500–1536), queen of England 42, 78
Bologna 288
bonds 150, 242
bonfires 97, 322; see also beacons
bookbinders 53
books, booksellers 6, 34, 50, 101–4, 106, 123, 129, 136–9, 178, 237, 262, 287, 295, 320, 324, 328, 344; see also almanacs; Bible; chronicles; diaries; horn books; plays; poetry; Prayer Book; psalters; recipe books
Boonen, William 192
Boorde, Andrew (c.1490–1549) 115, 116, 118, 135, 185, 245, 257, 263, 265, 267, 268, 270, 272, 276, 277
boots see shoes
Bordeaux 207
Borden 59
Boscastle 23
Boston 203, 204
botany 121, 123
bottles 177, 231, 233, 260, 263, 277
Bourchier, John (c.1467–1533), Lord Berners 344
Bourne, William (c.1535–82) 210–11
Bowden, Widow 323
bowls 325, 327
Bownd, Nicholas (d.1613) 281
bows see archery
bowyers 53
Brabant, Brabanters 115
Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601) 120
branding 294, 303, 309
brandy see wine
Braunton 22
Brayne, John (c.1541–86) 352–3
braziers 53
Brazil 159, 217
brazilwood 159
bread 33, 146, 154, 212, 243, 248, 249, 252–4, 257, 258, 260, 285 (acorn 259; b
rown 246, 265; cheat 246, 253; manchet 142, 246, 253; rye 245; spiced 255)
bread weighers 292
breakfast 142, 177, 204, 246, 247, 272; see also mealtimes
breath, bad see oral hygiene, teeth
Brentwood 300
brewers, brewing 18, 53, 56, 67, 115, 187, 239
bribery 97–9
bricks, bricklaying 15, 231, 268, 354
Bridewell see London, Bridewell Hospital
Bridford 197
bridges 196–8, 203
Brighton 23
Bristol 16, 18, 94, 279
Bristol, bishops of 50
British Empire 112, 121
Brooke, George (1568–1603) 100
Brooke, Richard 300
Brooke, William (1527–97), Lord Cobham 223
Broughton, Mr 125
Browne, Anthony (1528–98), Viscount Montagu 47
Brownewend, John (d.1599) 183
Brownsword, John 107
Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600) 137
brushes 189; see also hairbrushes
Buckhurst, Lord see Sackville
Buckland Abbey 230
Bucklebury 282
Bull, Dr John (1559x63–1628) 339, 341
Bullein, William (c.1515–76) 74, 271, 274
bulls, baiting of 320, 336
Bulmer, Bevis (d.1613) 240
Burbage, Cuthbert (1564/5–1636) 353
Burbage, James (c.1531–97) 353
Burbage, Richard (1568–1619) 101, 185, 353, 355, 356
Burghley 3, 221, 222
Burghley, Lord see Cecil
Burgundy 14, 262
Burmarsh 279
Burton, Helen 317
Burton, Robert (1577–1640) 127
butchers 12, 18, 52, 53, 145, 187, 244, 304
butlers 187, 225, 269
buttons 167, 180, 184 (leather 181; silver 181)
Byrche, George (d.1569) 283
Byrd, William (1539x43–1623) 339–41
Byron family 230
Caesar, Julius (100–44 BC) 107, 225, 321
Caius, John (1510–73) 74, 75
Calais 5, 42, 110, 111
Calendar, Gregorian 143
Calendar, Julian 143
calico 159
Calvin, Jean (1509–64) 69, 90, 344
Calvinism 71–3, 78, 79, 89, 90, 116, 117
cambric see linen
Cambridge 16, 58, 203, 339
Cambridge, University of 74, 75, 90, 104, 107, 108, 136, 174, 274, 311, 347, 353
Cambridgeshire 198, 274, 278
Camden, William (1551–1623) 30, 130
camels 114, 321
camlet 158, 170
Campion, Edmund (1540–81) 84
Campion, Thomas (1567–1620) 341, 350
Canary Isles 123, 262
candle snuffers 237
candleholders 145, 187, 219, 232, 235, 238
candles 115, 152, 219, 342
cannon see guns
canoe and paddles 321
Canterbury 16, 59, 107, 110, 193, 200, 287, 289, 353
Canterbury, archbishops of 41, 50; see also Grindal; Parker; Stratford; Whitgift
canvas see linen
Cape Verde Islands 111
cappers 53
caps see clothes
card games 47, 67, 213, 225, 237, 325
Carder, Peter (fl. 1577–1625) 217
Carew, Richard (1555–1620) 36, 39, 56, 130, 134–6, 234, 265, 332
Carey, Sir Robert (1560–1639), later earl of Monmouth 201
Carlisle 16
Carlisle, bishop of see Oglethorpe
carmen 53; see also carters; coachmen
Carnsew, William (c.1534–88) 324, 325, 344
carpenters 18, 53, 56, 151
carpets 221, 225, 227, 235, 237, 321
carriages see carts; coaches
carriers 53
carters 225, 271; see also carmen
carts 18, 19, 66, 193–7, 234, 302, 303, 307; see also tumbrel
Cartwright, Dr Thomas (1534/5–1603) 90
cartwrights 56
Cary, George 23
casements 237, 238
Castiglione, Baldassare (1478–1529) 107
Castile, Castilian 42, 189; see also Spain
catechism 316
Catesby, Fyndern 308
Cathay Company 113
Catholics, Catholicism 5, 7, 42, 45, 46, 72–4, 76–92, 96, 99, 116, 117, 126, 143, 159, 205, 294–6, 304, 306, 321, 339, 351
Cato, Marcus Porcius (234–149 BC) 107
cats 188, 213; see also civet
cattle see livestock
Cavendish, Michael (c.1565–1628) 341
Cavendish, Thomas (1560–92) 111, 112, 122, 361
Caversham 197
Cawdrey, Robert (1537/8–c.1604) 132
Cecil, Mildred, née Cooke (1526–89), Lady Burghley 68, 193
Cecil, Sir William (1520/1–98), Lord Burghley 29, 41, 44, 68, 91, 92, 98, 121, 138, 185, 193, 222, 226, 229, 294, 295, 361
censorship 43, 104, 352
Cent 325
cesspits see latrines
Chagford 196
Chaloner, Sir Thomas (1563/4–1615) 115
chamber pots 213, 227, 235, 268
champaign country 19, 22
Chancery 137
Chancery, court of 301
chandlers 53
Channel Islands 40
chantries 72, 106
Chapel Royal (St Stephens) 28, 339, 355
Chapman, George (1559/60–1634), 350
chapmen 53
charcoal burners 56
charity 45, 57, 58, 106, 117, 131, 218, 222, 252, 318
Chartley 295
charts see maps
Chaucer, Geoffrey (d.1400) 344, 346
cheese see dairy products
Chelmsford 25
Chertsey 259
Cheshire 23, 59, 69, 230, 282
Cheshire (cheese) 257
chess 225, 237, 320
Chester 16, 125, 351
Chettle, Henry (d. 1603x7), 354
Chichester 16, 340
chickens see meat and poultry
childbirth see pregnancy
children, clothing of 177, 179
children, diseases of 183, 287
children, employment of 151–2, 213, 215, 218; see also dells; kinchin cos
children, mortality of 38, 51, 279, 360
children, punishment of 96, 308, 309
Chile 216
chimney sweeps 146
chimneypiece 237
chimneys 13–15, 23, 100, 231, 234, 235, 238, 267
China 113, 114, 321
Cholmeley, Richard 75
Christmas 252, 254, 255, 325
chronicles 94, 130
Chudleigh 197
church ales 72
church monuments 100
Church of England 7, 41, 46, 50, 62, 72–3, 76–81, 91
Church of Scotland 90
Churche’s Mansion 230
churchwardens 62, 292, 314
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 BC) 107
cider 260
civet 177, 189
clapperdudgeons 298
Clavering 323
cleaning see washing
cleanliness see washing
Cleere, Mary (d.1576) 43, 306
Clement’s Inn see London
clergymen 50, 53, 79, 80, 83, 90, 91, 97, 109, 125, 248, 279, 284, 326, 349 (celibacy of 78, 79, 141–2)
clerks 28, 53, 94, 225, 279; see also academics
Clifford Bridge 197
Clifford, George (1558–1605), earl of Cumberland 185
climate 19
Clitherow, Margaret (d.1586) 306
clocks 141, 142, 225, 230, 321
Clopton, Sir Hugh (c. 1440–96) 10, 11, 52, 197
close stools 192, 227, 268
cloth of gold/silver 157, 170, 180, 184, 188, 226
cloth, clothiers 20, 53; see also calico; camlet; fustian; lace; linen; silk; ta
pestries; tinsel; woollens
clothes 80, 115, 116, 151 (aprons 159, 171, 187; basques 164; belts 178, 180, 183, 187, 309; biggins 173; bodies 161, 162, 164, 165, 168; braies 178, 179; breeches 161, 177–80, 183, 184, 187, 303; bum-roll 171; canions 179; capes 183, 311 ; caps 155, 158, 171, 175, 178, 182, 187; cassocks 171, 180; cloaks 160, 170, 182–4, 329; coats 180, 183, 187, 311; codpieces 156, 160, 180, 181; coifs 173, 188; collars 158–60; corsets 164; doublets 158, 160–2, 165–8, 171, 177, 180, 181, 183, 184, 187; drawers 164, 179; farthingales 165, 168, 171; fleeces 161; foreparts 160, 165, 167; gabardines 187; galligaskins 179; garters 162, 177, 179; gowns 157, 159–61, 164, 165, 166, 168, 171, 181–3, 187, 311 (French gowns 160, 166, 168; loose gowns 160, 166, 167; riding gowns 170; round gowns 160, 166, 168; train gowns 166); hatbands 182; hats 155, 162, 171, 173, 175, 182, 183, 187, 342, 356; hoods 170–3; hosen 162–4, 171, 177–81, 183, 184, 273; jackets 158, 170, 180; jerkins 166, 167, 178, 181; juppe 170; kerchiefs 171, 173; kirtles 160, 166, 171; mandilion 161, 182, 183; mantles 168, 171, 182; mending of 171; mufflers 170, 171; neckerchiefs 158, 168, 171; netherstocks 178, 179, 181; nightcaps 183, 187, 188; nightgowns 162, 164, 187, 188; nightrails 187; nightshirts 187; partlets 158, 161, 168; petticoat bodies 162; petticoats 159, 160, 164–7, 171, 180; pluderhosen 178, 179; robes 160; ruffles 158, 167, 168; ruffs 158, 159, 162, 167, 168, 181, 183, 273; safeguards 170; scarves 170, 171, 342; shirts 158, 159, 167, 177–81, 183, 184, 187, 189, 273, 317; sleeves 160, 166, 168; slops 160, 178, 179, 187; smocks 159, 161, 163, 164, 167, 168, 171, 187, 273; socks 162, 164, 178, 179, 273; stockings 161–4, 178, 179, 183; stomachers 165; trousers 178, 187; trunkhose 178, 179; undercoats 162; underdress 164; veils 168, 170, 171; vests 180; waistcoat 164, 180, 188); see also fashion
clothes, cleaning of see washing clothes
Clovelly 23
Clowes, William (1543/4–1604) 283, 288
coaches 44, 45, 110, 119, 191–8; hire of 193
coachmen 191–4, 197; see also carmen
coal 151–2, 189, 223, 267; see also miners
cobblers 53, 58, 145
Cobham Hall 223
Cobham, Lord see Brooke
cochineal 159, 160
cockfighting 333–4
cockpits 333–4
coconuts 114, 123
coinage 148–50
Coke, Sir Edward (1552–1634) 50
Colchester 15, 16, 84, 117, 151, 302, 317
Cole, Humphrey (d.1591) 142
College of Arms 49
colliers see miners
Collins, Margaret 58
Collins, Thomas 58
Colne Engaine 318–19
Colton, Alice 58
Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506) 120
comb-makers 240
combs, combing 172, 173, 184, 213, 271, 272
comfits 255
commodes see close stools
Common Pleas, Court of 301, 302
companies see Barbary; Cathay; Eastland; Levant; London; Muscovy
compasses 122, 129, 210
Compton 152
Condell, Henry (1576?–1627) 356
conjuring 309
Constable, Henry (1562–1613) 103
constables 109, 147, 242, 292, 302, 307, 312, 313, 323
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