etymology of the word ‘anxiety’ 2–3
evolution
and inherited fears 21
role of anxiety in 6
experiences, traumatic, in childhood 39–40
exposure and response prevention treatment 98–9
exposure to anxiety situations 118–19, 121–2
as therapy 63
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin) 7–8
F
fainting 60
fear vs. anxiety 11–12
‘fight or flight’ 9
football club management 51–7
football players, pre-match nerves 54–5
Freud, Sigmund 4, 14–17
frontal lobes 28–30, 31
G
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) 32, 37
gender
and generalized anxiety disorder 87
and obsessive-compulsive disorder 98
and panic disorder 78
and phobias 61–2
and post-traumatic stress disorder 105
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
biological perspectives 91–2
causes 88–91
definition 86–7
frequency 87
self-assessment 127–8
social perspectives 92–3
genes 34–8
genetic factors
in generalized anxiety disorder 92
in obsessive-compulsive disorder 101
in phobias 66
in post-traumatic stress disorder 109–10
genetic influence on identical twins 35–6
Gerull, Friederike and Ronald Rapee 44
glutamic decaroxylase 1 gene (GAD1) 37
H
Healy, David 115
heritability 21, 35–6
of generalized anxiety disorder 92
of neuroticism 36
of obsessive-compulsive disorder 101
of panic disorder 84
of phobias 66
of post-traumatic stress disorder 109–10
of social phobia 70
hippocampus 30, 109
history of anxiety 2–5
hoarding 97, 101
hypersensitivity to bodily sensations 83
and panic disorder 82
hypochondriasis 118
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis 109
I
id 16
identical twins 35–6
illness, sensitivity to, and panic disorder 83
images and social phobia 73
imipramine 78
informational learning 63
insula 32
interpretation
of fear 118, 119
of intrusive thoughts 99
of situations 23–4
intolerance of uncertainty theory of worry 90
intrusive thoughts 94–5, 97
interpretation 99
K
Kagan, Jerome 41
Kierkegaard, Søren 4
Klein, Donald 78–9
Krishaber, Maurice 3–4
L
Lang, Peter 10
learned behaviour 18–19, 21, 43–4
and phobias 62–5
LeDoux, Joseph 27, 29–32
Lewis, Aubrey 3
lifestyle 122–3
limbic system 28, 108–9
Little Hans 17
M
management of a football club 51–7
Mataix-Cols, David 101
‘mean reds’ 1
medical treatment for anxiety 113–14, 115–17
memory and post-traumatic stress disorder 108
Mental Health Foundation 2
metacognitive theory of worry 88–9
military training 82–3
mindfulness 123
Mineka, Susan and Michael Cook 64–5
monkeys, learned behaviour 64–5
Monty Python 48, 49–50
mood-as-input theory of worry 90–1
Morel, Bénédict 3
motivating others 53, 57
Mowrer, O. H. 19–20, 21
muñecas quitapenas 85
music and mood 53, 54
N
negativity
in anxiety disorders 26
and phobias 65
and post-traumatic stress disorder 107–8
and social phobia 72
and worry 88–9
Neisser, Ulric 22
neurobiology
and generalized anxiety disorder 91–2
and obsessive-compulsive disorder 100–101
and post-traumatic stress disorder 108–10
neurochemicals 32
neurological theories of anxiety 27–33
neurotic anxiety vs. realistic anxiety 16–17
neuroticism 36
normalization 47
O
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
causes 98–101
definition 95–7
frequency 97–8
self-assessment 128–9
treatment 98–9, 100, 101
Öhman, Arne and Susan Mineka 64
operant conditioning theory 20
origin of the word ‘anxiety’ 2–3
Öst, Lars-Göran 119–20
P
Palin, Michael 1, 46–51
panic 60
panic attacks 24, 76, 79, 81–2
predicting 83
panic disorder 76–7
causes 78–84
frequency 77–8
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) 9
parenting style 40–1
and social phobia 70
parents
attachment relationships 41–3
learning from 43–4
Pavlov, Ivan 19
Penn State Worry Questionnaire 127–8
perception of self and social phobia 72–3
perception of threat and phobias 65–6
perfectionism and worry 91
phobias
and behavioural desensitization 21
causes 62–6
cognitive behaviour therapy for 119–20
and conditioning theory 20–1
definition 58–9
and disgust 65
frequency 60–2
types 59–60 see also social phobia
physical attributions 3–4
physical exercise 55
physiological manifestations of anxiety 7–10, 15–16
and the amygdala 30
interpretation of 24
physiological manifestations of panic attacks 76
physiological manifestations of social phobia 72–3
Pierce, Kent and Dwight
Kirkpatrick 61–2
polygenic theory 37
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
causes 106–10
cognitive behaviour therapy for 120–21
definition 103–5
frequency 105–6
self-assessment 129–32
praise vs. criticism 53, 57
presentations, anxiety about 71–4
protectiveness of parents 40–1
psychoanalytic theories of anxiety 14–17
psychological causes
of obsessive-compulsive disorder 98–100
of panic disorder 80–4
of post-traumatic stress disorder 106–8
psychological treatments for anxiety 112–14
R
Rachman, Stanley 17, 87, 98
randomized control trials 111
Rayner, Rosalie 18–19
realistic anxiety vs. neurotic anxiety 16–17
recognizing emotions 6–7
Reeder, Earl 116
research into anxiety disorders 111–12
Rose, Steven 28
S
safety behaviours 26, 73–4, 82
compulsions as 99–100
Salkovskis, Paul 22, 99, 100
schematic beliefs
24
Schmidt, Norman, Darin Lerew and Robert Jackson 82–3
secure attachment style 42
self-focus 47
self-help cognitive behaviour therapy 122
self-perception and social phobia 72–3
separation anxiety 41
sexual factors in anxiety neurosis 16–17
shell-shock 4–5, 106
shyness and social phobia 68–9
Skinner, Burrhus 20
social perspectives on generalized anxiety disorder 92–3
social phobia
causes 70–71
definition 68–9
frequency 69–70
psychological processes 71–4
self-assessment 124–6
sodium lactate to induce panic 78–9
spider phobia, treatment 119
SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) 113, 115
statistics on anxiety 2
Stein, Murray 39, 110
Sternbach, Leo 116
Strachey, James 4
‘Strange Situation’ 42
stranger anxiety 41
stress 11
suffocation alarm system 79
surgical treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder 101
sympathetic nervous system (SNS) 9
T
taijin kyofusho (TKS) 69
Taylor, Graham 51–7
test for anxiety sensitivity 83
therapy for phobias 62–3
Thomas, Lewis 86
thoughts, intrusive 94–5, 97
interpretation 99
threat anticipation 26
threat-focus and phobias 65–6
three-systems theory of anxiety 9–10
traumatic events
in childhood 39–40
definition 103–4
treatments
cognitive behaviour therapy 112–15, 117–22
drugs 113–14, 115–17
statistics 114–15
twins 35–6
and phobias 66
two-stage theory of anxiety 19–20
U
uncertainty
and compulsive behaviour 100
and worry 90
V
Valium 116
vicarious acquisition of fear 64
virtual-reality cognitive behaviour therapy 121–2
W
Watson, John Broadus 17–19, 63
Wells, Adrian 88
Wilson, Jonathan 51
Wolpe, Joseph 21
worry
cognitive avoidance theory 89
definition 86
diffusing 85
intolerance of uncertainty theory 90
metacognitive model 88–9
mood-as-input theory 90–1 see also generalized anxiety disorder
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