The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine
Page 39
30 March–15 May
Coastal “clearing” operation undertaken by Hagana, expelling Palestinians from the coastal area between Haifa and Jaffa
April
1
First delivery of Czech arms arrives for Hagana; includes 4,500 rifles, 200 light machine guns, 5 million rounds of ammunition
4
Plan Dalet launched by Hagana. Villages along the Tel-Aviv-Jerusalem road captured and residents expelled
9
The massacre of Deir Yassin
17
Security Council resolution demands a truce
20
Palestine trusteeship plan submitted to UN by US
22
Haifa cleansed of its Palestinian population
26–30
Hagana attacks an area of East Jerusalem, and are forced to hand it over to the British. Hagana captures an area of West Jerusalem. All Palestinians in West Jerusalem expelled by the Jewish forces
May
3
Report claims that between 175,000 and 250,000
Palestinians have been forced from their homes
12–14
Czech arms arrive for Hagana
13
Arab Legion attacks Jewish communities in retaliation for Jewish military action
13
Jaffa surrenders to Hagana
14
Israel declares independence as British Mandate ends.
President Truman recognizes State of Israel
20
Count Bernadotte appointed as UN mediator in Palestine
22
UN Security resolution demands ceasefire
11 June–8 July
First Truce established
July
8–18
Fighting breaks out anew as IDF capture Lydd and Ramla
17
IDF launch an offensive but fail to capture Old City of Jerusalem
18 July–15 Oct
Second Truce established, broken by the capture of several villages by IDF
September
17
UN mediator Count Bernadotte assassinated by Jewish terrorists in Jerusalem. New UN mediator is Ralph Bunche
October
29–31
Thousands of Palestinians are expelled during Operation Hiram
November
4
UN Security Council calls for immediate truce and withdrawal of forces.
UN adopts Resolution 194 on Palestinian refugee right of return
Israel blocks return
November – 1949
IDF begins to expel villagers from settlements inside the Lebanese border
1949
24 February
Israeli–Egyptian Armistice
end February
Between 2000 and 3000 villagers expelled from the Faluja pocket by IDF
23 March
Israeli–Lebanese Armistice
3 April
Israeli–Jordanian Armistice
20 July
Syrian–Israeli Armistice
This map, showing the area of Palestine claimed by the World Zionist Organisation, was officially presented to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937. This became the Palestine Partition Commission Plan A the following year
Palestine Partition Commission Plan B, 1938
Palestine Partition Commission Plan C, 1938
United Nations Partition Plan, adopted as General Assembly Resolution 181 (29 November 1947)
1949 Armistice Agreement
Palestinian villages depopulated, 1947–1949
TABLE 1: PALESTINE: PALESTINIAN AND JEWISH LAND OWNERSHIP IN PERCENTAGES BY DISTRICT, 19451
TABLE 2: PALESTINE: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY DISTRICT SHOWING PERCENTAGES OF PALESTINIANS AND JEWS, 19463
1 The source for this table is Village Statistics (Jerusalem: Palestine Government, 1945).
2 The category of “public ownership” under the British Mandate derived from the Ottoman system of land tenure, which included state domain, & private and communal leasehold.
3 The source for this table is the Supplement to a Survey of Palestine (Jerusalem: Government Printer, June 1947).
Bibliography
Baroud, Ramzy (ed.), Searching Jenin: Eyewitness Accounts of the Israeli Invasion 2002 (Seattle: Cune Press, 2003)
Bar-Zohar, Michael, Ben-Gurion: A Political Biography (Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved, 1977) (Hebrew)
Begin, Menachem, The Revolt: Story of the Irgun (New York: Henry Schuman, 1951)
Bein, Alexander (ed.), The Mozkin Book (Jerusalem: World Zionist Organization Publications, 1939)
Ben-Ari, Uri, Follow Me (Tel-Aviv: Maariv, 1994) (Hebrew)
Ben-Artzi, Yossi (ed.), The Development of Haifa, 1918–1948 (Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi Institute Publications, 1988) (Hebrew)
Ben-Eliezer, Uri, The Emergence of Israeli Militarism, 1936–1956 (Tel-Aviv: Dvir, 1995)
—— The Making of Israeli Militarism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998)
Ben-Gurion, David, Diary, Ben-Gurion Archives
—— In the Battle (Tel-Aviv: Am Oved, 1949) (Hebrew)
—— Rebirth and Destiny of Israel (New York: Philosophical Library, 1954) (ed. & trans. from Hebrew by Mordekhai Nurock)
Ben-Yehuda, Netiva, Between the Knots (Jerusalem: Domino, 1985) (Hebrew)
Bierman, John and Colin Smith, Fire in the Night: Wingate of Burma, Ethiopia and Zion (New York: Random House, 1999)
Cohen, Geula, Woman of Violence: Memories of a Young Terrorist, 1945–1948 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966)
Cohen, Hillel, The Shadow Army: Palestinian Collaborators in the Service of Zionism (Jerusalem: Hozata Ivrit, 2004) (Hebrew)
al-Daly, Wahid, The Secrets of the Arab League and Abd al-Rahman Azzam (Cairo: no publishing house, 1978) (Arabic)
Davis, Uri, Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within (London: Zed Books, 2004)
Dinur, Ben-Zion et al., The History of the Hagana (Tel-Aviv: Am Oved 1972) (Hebrew)
Eshel, Zadok (ed.), The Carmeli Brigade in the War of Independence (Tel-Aviv: Ministry of Defence Publications, 1973) (Hebrew)
Etzioni, Binyamin (ed.), The Golani Brigade in the Fighting (Tel-Aviv: Ministry of Defence Publications, no date) (Hebrew)
Even Nur, Israel (ed.), The Yiftach-Palmach Story (Bat-Yam: Palmach Publications, no date) (Hebrew)
Farsoun, Samih and C. E. Zacharia, Palestine and the Palestinians (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997)
Flapan, Simcha, The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities (New York: Pantheon Books, 1987)
Gelber, Yoav, The Emergence of a Jewish Army (Jerusalem: Yad Ithak Ben-Zvi Institute Publications, 1996) (Hebrew)
Gilad, Zerubavel, The Palmach Book (Tel-Aviv: Kibbutz Meuhad, 1955) (Hebrew)
Glubb, John Bagot, A Soldier with the Arabs (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1957)
Goren, Tamir, From Independence to Integration: The Israeli Authority and the Arabs of Haifa, 1948–1950 (Haifa: The Arab-Jewish Centre of the University of Haifa, 1996) (Hebrew)
Hussein, Hussein Abu and Fiona Makay, Access Denied: Palestinian Access to Land in Israel (London: Zed Books, 2003)
Ilan, Amitzur, The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Arms Race: Arms, Embargo, Military Power and Decision in the 1948 Palestine War (New York: New York University Press, 1996)
Kadish, Alon (ed.), Israel’s War of Independence 1948–1949 (Tel-Aviv, Ministry of Defence Publications, 2004) (Hebrew)
Khairiya, Qasimya, Fawzi al-Qawuqji’s Memoirs, 1936–1948 (Beirut: PLO Publications, 1975) (Arabic)
Khalidi, Rashid, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997)
Khalidi, Walid (ed.), All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992)
—— Palestine Reborn (London
: I.B. Tauris, 1992)
al-Khatib, Nimr, Palestine’s Nakba (Damascus: no publishing house, 1950)
Kimmerling, Baruch, Zionism and Territory: The Socio-Territorial Dimensions of Zionist Politics (Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studies, Research Series, No. 51, 1983)
Kretzmer, David, The Legal Status of Arabs in Israel (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990)
Kurzman, Dan, Genesis 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War, with a new introduction by Yitzhak Rabin (New York: Da Capo Press, 1992)
—— Soldier of Peace (London: Harper Collins, 1998)
Lebrecht, Hans, The Palestinians, History and Present (Tel-Aviv: Zoo Ha-Derech, 1987) (Hebrew)
Levy, Itzhak, Jerusalem in the War of Independence (Tel-Aviv: Ministry of Defence Publications, 1986) (Hebrew)
Lloyd George, David, The Truth about the Peace Treaties (New York: Fertig, 1972)
Louis, W. Roger and Robert S. Stookey (eds), The End of the Palestine Mandate (London: I. B. Tauris, 1985)
Makhul, Naji, Acre and its Villages since Ancient Times (Acre: Al-Aswar, 1977)
Mandel, Neville, Arabs and Zionism before World War I (Berkeley: California University Press, 1976)
Masalha, Nur, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of ‘Transfer’ in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948 (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992)
—— A Land Without People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians (London: Faber and Faber, 1997)
—— The Politics of Denial: Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Problem (London: Pluto, 2003)
Mattar, Philip (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Palestine (Washington: Institute of Palestine Studies, 2000)
McGowan, Daniel and Matthew C. Hogan, The Saga of the Deir Yassin Massacre, Revisionism and Reality (New York: Deir Yassin Remembered, 1999)
Milstein, Uri, The History of the Independence War (Tel-Aviv: Zemora Bitan, 1989) (Hebrew)
Montgomery of Alamein, Memoirs (London: Collins, 1958)
Morris, Benny, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987)
—— The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
—— Correcting A Mistake (Tel-Aviv: Am Oved 2000) (Hebrew)
Nakhleh, Issah, The Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem (New York: Intercontinental books, 1991)
Natur, Salman, Anta al-Qatil, ya-Shaykh (no publishing house, 1976)
Pail, Meir, From Hagana to the IDF (Tel-Aviv, Zemora Bitan Modan) (Hebrew)
Palumbo, Michael, The Palestinian Catastrophe: The 1948 Expulsion of a People from their Homeland (London: Faber & Faber, 1987)
Pappe, Ilan (ed.), Arabs and Jews in the Mandatory Period –A Fresh View on the Historical Research (Givat Haviva: Institute for Peace Research, 1992) (Hebrew)
—— Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948–1951 (London: St. Antony’s/ Macmillan Press, 1984)
—— A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
—— The Israel/Palestine Question (London and New York: Routledge, 1999)
—— The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1992)
Porath, Yehosua, The Emergence of the Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1919–1929 (London and New York: Frank Cass, 1974)
Prior, Michael (ed.), Speaking the Truth about Zionism and Israel (London: Melisende, 2004)
Rivlin, Gershon and Elhanan Oren, The War of Independence: Ben-Gurion’s Diary (Tel-Aviv: Ministry of Defence, 1982)
Rivlin, Gershon (ed.), Olive-Leaves and Sword: Documents and Studies of the Hagana (Tel-Aviv: IDF Publication, 1990) (Hebrew)
Rogan, Eugene and Avi Shlaim (eds), The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
Sacher, Harry, Israel: The Establishment of Israel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, no date)
Schölch, Alexander, Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: Studies in Social, Economic and Political Development (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1993)
Segev, Tom, 1949–The First Israelis (Jerusalem: Domino Press, 1984)
Shafir, Gershon, Land, Labour and the Origins of the Israel–Palestinian Conflict, 1882–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)
Shahak, Israel, Racism de l’état d’Israel (Paris: Authier, 1975)
Sinai, Zvi and Gershon Rivlin (eds), The Alexandroni Brigade in the War of Independence (Tel-Aviv: Ministry of Defence Publications, 1964) (Hebrew)
Sitta, Salman Abu, Atlas of the Nakbah (London: Palestine Land Society, 2005)
Sluzki, Yehuda, The Hagana Book (Tel-Aviv: IDF Publications, 1964) (Hebrew)
—— Summary of the Hagana Book (Tel-Aviv: Ministry of Defence Publications, 1978) (Hebrew)
Smith, Barbara, The Roots of Separatism in Palestine: British Economic Policy, 1920–1929 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1984)
Smith, Charles D., Palestine and the Arab–Israeli Conflict (Boston and New York: Beford/St. Martin’s, 2004)
Stein, Kenneth, The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939 (Atlanta: University of North Carolina Press, 1984)
Sternahal, Zeev, The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998)
Tal, David, War in Palestine, 1948: Strategy and Diplomacy, (London and New York: Routledge, 2004)
Tamari, Salim, Jersualem 1948: The Arab Neighbourhoods and their Fate in the War (Jerusalem: The Institute of Jerusalem Studies, 1999)
Teveth, Shabtai, Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs: From Peace to War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985)
Ulizki, Yossef, From Events to A War (Tel-Aviv: Hagana Publication of Documents, 1951) (Hebrew)
Weitz, Yossef, My Diary, manuscript in Central Zionist Archives, A246 Yahav, Dan, Purity of Arms: Ethos, Myth and Reality, 1936–1956 (Tel-Aviv, Tamuz, 2002) (Hebrew)
Index
Abbasiyya 139
Abd al-Raziq, Abu Rauf 177
Abdullah, King of Jordan 42–3, 92, 116, 118–21, 123, 128–9, 139–40, 145, 167, 176, 184, 237, 262, 267, 272, 275
and West Bank 36, 54, 116, 118, 119–21, 129, 145, 176, 191, 237
Abu al-Hija clan 106, 162, 163
Abu Ghawsh 91
Abu Hussein, Hussein, Access Denied: Palestinian Access to Land in Israel 280
Abuied, Hanna 274
Abu Kabir 139
Abu Khalid, Fawzi Muhammad Tanj 135
Abu Laben, Ahmad 206–7
Abulafya, David 207
Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, The Transformation of Palestine 279
Abu Masri, Mustafa 135
Abu Qishq gang 50
Abu Salih, Mahmud 135
Abu Salim, Al-Hajj 152
Abu Shusha 107, 109
Abu Sinan 150
Abu Sitta, Salman 273, 278, 279
Atlas of the Nakbah 274
Abu Su’ud, Shaykh Hasan 122
Abu Zurayq 107, 109
Acre 97, 100–2, 209
Afula 82, 129, 139
aggressive defence 66
Agmon, Dani 58
Agudat Israel 57
Ahihud 217
Ahmad, Qasim 67
Alexandroni Brigade 88, 127, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 155
Alexandrov, Serjei 153
Allon, Yigal 5, 57, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 74, 77–8, 166, 193, 267
Alma 230
Aloni, Shulamit 83
Alterman, Natan 72, 197
Ambar, Shlomo 136
Amqa 150, 158, 230