The Antidote: Inside the World of New Pharma
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on Wall Street, 311–12
Washington retroviral conference and, 25–26
zero-gravity flight of, 155–56
Boger, Ken, 35, 87, 114–15, 149, 163, 184–86, 211–12, 222, 262, 275, 277–82, 367
background of, 73–74, 278
CF and, 141, 248, 295–98, 303–7
earnings calls and, 308–9
HCV and, 101, 130, 244, 264, 277–78
retirement of, 277, 321
speeches of, 278–80
Vertex-Novartis partnership and, 106–7
on Vertex’s reputation, 279–80
and Werth’s access to Vertex, 386
Boger Tax Plan, 367
Boston, 153
Boston, Mass.:
Vertex’s partnership with, 370
World Trade Center biotech meeting in, 11–15, 18, 85
Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, 320–24
Boston Cyclorama, 51
Boston Globe, 146, 167, 214, 360, 369–70
Boston Marathon bombing, 381–83
Boston Red Sox, 69, 96, 337
brain, 198–99, 201, 211, 280, 336
CF and, 179–80
HIV and, 19, 32
see also blood-brain barrier
Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), 143, 183, 287–88, 314
HCV and, 193, 220, 357, 360, 372–73
HIV and, 147, 225
Brookside Capital, 287, 331, 343, 352
Brown, Scott, 214, 217, 365
Built to Last (Collins), 116, 162
Burroughs Wellcome Company:
Glaxo’s merger with, 35, 46
HIV and, 25–27, 31–32, 46
Bush, George W., 61, 143, 167, 176
stem cell research and, 70, 204–5
Bush, Vannevar, 152
Bush v. Gore, 59
BusinessWeek, 65, 278, 321
Canada, 149, 199, 265, 316
cancers, cancer, 20, 24, 65, 70, 93, 106, 166, 182, 185, 294, 311, 339, 380, 387
Gleevec and, 57, 131, 177
HCV and, 139, 151, 256, 373
kinases and, 55–58
Mevacor and, 15
mock AdComm and, 255
Vertex-Merck partnership and, 107, 114
war on, 4–5, 64, 143–44
Caremark-CVS, 328, 330
Carnahan, Virginia, 179
Caron, Paul, 33, 37–38, 336
Cassady, Neal, 124
Celebrex, 284, 315
Cell, 37
CellCept, 128, 227
cell therapy, 206
centenarians, 387–88
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 213–14, 374
Chain, Ernst, 152
Chamberlain, Wilt, 307
chemogenomics, 56–57, 59, 65, 85, 88
China, 193, 326–27
drug market in, 169–70, 172–74
Incivek and, 169–70, 239
Thomson and, 169–70, 173, 290–91, 326
Chiron Corporation, 21, 47–48, 101
cholesterol, 4, 6, 14, 251
chronic myeloid leukemia, 57
cirrhosis, 82, 139, 256, 348, 350
Citibank, Citigroup, 222, 308, 332, 344, 380–81
Clay, Patrick:
Incivek and, 268–73, 275–76
Merck and, 266–67, 272
ClinicalTrials.gov, 268
Clinton, Bill:
dot-com crash and, 58–59
drug prices and, 11, 15, 26, 45–46, 115
Clinton, Hillary, 11, 15, 26
CNBC, 193, 216, 237
Coakley, Martha, 214
Coles, Anthony, 100, 107, 130, 184
Collins, Francis, 55, 79, 251, 300
Collins, Jim, 116, 162
combination therapies:
CF and, 250, 295–99, 301–2, 363–64, 367–70, 381–82
HCV and, 148, 150, 171, 176, 183, 215, 220–22, 262, 275–76, 284, 300, 325, 327, 333, 347–48, 358, 363, 378
HIV and, 36, 85, 146–47, 230, 357
compassionate use, 305
competition, 11, 14, 27, 76, 92, 127, 132, 160, 170, 246, 264, 381
Boger on, 1–2, 12, 366
CF and, 250, 298, 382
and comparisons between Vertex and Merck, 291–92
HCV and, 34, 37–38, 94, 129, 140, 150–51, 172, 186, 194, 200, 207–8, 216–17, 220, 223, 226–31, 260–62, 286, 307, 324–25, 327, 329, 333, 342, 347, 354, 357, 374, 376
HIV and, 19, 30, 49, 225
Incivek and, 172, 176, 212, 238, 244, 247, 249, 286, 288–89, 316, 344, 347–49
kinases and, 53–54, 57, 317–18
and mergers and acquisitions, 199–200
in pharmaceutical industry, 1–4
Condon, John, 167–69, 173, 222, 232, 238–40, 289
Congress, U.S., 163, 202, 213–14, 346
financial crises and, 187, 312
HCV and, 213, 300
health care legislation in, 195, 214, 217, 220, 252
on pharmaceutical industry, 11–12
Connelly, Pat, 113–14
Conover, Damien, 311
Corporate Life Cycle Disease (CLCD), 162
correctors, 81, 120–21, 125, 141–42, 155, 180–81, 251, 295, 362–63, 382
cortisone, 3, 15, 152
Cowen and Company, 212, 328
Cozzolino, Joe, 219, 222, 224, 238, 240–42
Crixivan, 36, 49
Cumbo, Alexander “Bo,” 228–30
background of, 224–26, 229–30, 242
CF and, 376–77
Cozzolino’s resignation and, 241–42
departure of, 377–81
HIV and, 224–26, 229, 242
Incivek and, 224–25, 241–42, 262, 264–65, 277, 284, 299–300, 316, 347–48, 356, 375–78
sales force recruited by, 224–26, 228, 241–42, 376, 379
speech of, 242–43
cystic fibrosis (CF), 7, 79–82, 118–21, 125–27, 201, 217–18, 335–38, 376–78
comparisons between HCV and, 165, 179, 181, 346, 350–51, 382
deaths due to, 67, 69, 125, 141, 250, 252, 301–2
finances and, 67–70, 81, 111, 118, 120, 140–42, 145, 182, 281, 297–98, 300–301, 304–5, 325, 343–46, 353–54, 364–65, 378
HBS case study on, 68–70
human testing and, 295–98, 300–301
Johnson case and, 252–55, 302–7, 363–64, 371–72, 381–82
Kalydeco and, 125, 140–43, 146, 153, 177, 179–83, 186, 215, 237, 248–55, 295–307, 313, 318, 327, 336, 343–46, 353, 358–59, 361–64, 367–71, 377–78, 380–82, 386
lung dissections and, 125–26
Morgan conference and, 215, 237–38, 360
NDAs and, 237, 345
as orphan disease, 111, 215, 251, 361
press release on, 295–99
screening for drugs for, 67–68
symptoms of, 79–80, 119–20, 238, 248–49, 252–54
testing for, 79, 252, 302
VX-661 and, 251, 363–64, 372, 381–82
VX-809 and, 155, 177, 180–81, 183, 215, 251, 295–99, 301, 343, 364–65, 367–72, 381
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF), 67–70, 79, 81, 111, 118, 297, 386
Kalydeco and, 140–42, 182, 345, 361
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics (CEFT), 142
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), 79–81, 118–21, 155, 179–80
combination therapies and, 250, 295–99, 301–2
folding, 80–81, 119–21, 125, 252, 254, 295–97, 302, 304–6, 362, 364, 371
gating, 80–81, 120, 142–43, 179, 248, 252, 304, 327, 343–44, 346, 353, 371, 377
Kalydeco and, 180, 182, 343–46
Daruwala, Paul, 240, 244
David vs. Goliath, 259–60, 291–92
debt-ceiling crisis, 312
Dee, Lynda Marie, 266, 275–76
deficit reduction, 312
Deininger, Dave, 26, 64
Dendreon, 310–12, 324
deo
xyribonucleic acid (DNA), 43
HCV and, 33, 39, 48
HIV and, 17, 20, 24, 148
Depakote, 372
depression, 61, 165, 266
diabetes, 55, 57, 129, 165, 256, 372
disease as opportunity, 84
disruptive innovation, disruptive technology, 7, 145, 184, 205–6, 333–34
dot-com boom and crash, 55, 58–59, 74
Dow Jones Newswires, 238, 319
drug-drug interactions (DDIs), 256–57, 266–68, 285
Duffin, Jacalyn, 165
eBay, 55, 58, 289
EMD Pharmaceuticals, 123, 210
Emmens, Matthew, 228, 240, 309–10, 326
background of, 123, 164, 184, 188, 210, 260, 283, 310, 357
on Boger, 184–85, 189, 259, 293, 316, 321
and Boger’s relations with board, 162–63
and business model and plan, 259–60, 316–17
CF and, 215, 217, 237–38, 299–301, 318, 338
comparisons between Boger and, 214, 216–17, 237, 288, 318
on comparisons between Vertex and Merck, 291–92
earnings calls and, 247, 339–42, 362
epilepsy and, 215, 260, 314
executive team of, 211–12
on Frazier, 260–61
HCV and, 215–17, 237–38, 259–60, 262, 288, 300–301, 314, 333, 350, 352, 354
Huckman’s interview with, 216–17
illnesses of, 262–63, 283
Incivek and, 185, 200–201, 207, 211–12, 214–17, 222, 231, 233, 242, 244, 256–60, 264, 272, 285–88, 291, 299, 303, 316, 318, 321, 329–30, 332, 339, 341, 379
influenza and, 237, 314
Liver Meeting and, 347, 350
long-term outlook and, 314–15, 321–22
management style and skills of, 198–99, 207, 209–11, 259–61, 309, 321–22
Merck-Roche partnership and, 284, 287–88
Merck’s AdComm presentation and, 267–68
Milestone Day and, 320–23
Morgan conference and, 214–16, 237–38, 360
NDAs and, 231, 233, 237
and Pharmasset as takeover target, 354–55
and pressures on Mueller, 207, 222
retirements of, 184, 187, 360, 370
Smith’s financial tutorial and, 281
Smith’s relationship with, 314–15, 325
speeches of, 214–15, 237–38, 300–301, 318–19, 321–22
strategy-opportunity balance and, 314, 317
succession and, 164, 188–89, 195–98, 205, 331, 338–39, 357–59, 361
sustainability and, 249, 259
on values, 217, 261, 330, 332, 341
and Vertex as takeover target, 216–17, 331–32
Wysenski’s relationship with, 210–11, 218, 370
Zenobia and, 187–88
Enbrel, 78, 92–93, 154, 177, 202, 317
Endo Pharmaceuticals, 210–11
enzymes, 16, 53, 206, 318
CF and, 126, 249, 346
HCV and, 34, 37, 39, 62, 93–95
HIV and, 13–14, 17–18, 20, 148
epilepsy, 215–16, 260, 314, 335
Ernst and Young (E&Y), 73, 86
erythropoietin (EPO), 192, 200, 208–9, 230, 264, 266–67
Esbriet, 312–13
European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), 182, 258, 261–63
European Feudalism, 366
expanded access programs, 305–6
Fan Pier, 240, 321
Fauci, Anthony, 31
Feuerstein, Adam, 264, 311, 358–59, 365
FierceBiotech, 372–73, 376
financial crises, 5, 176, 178–79, 186–87, 192, 237, 242, 312
First National Conference on Human Retroviruses, 25–26, 30–31
fiscal cliff, 6, 377
flaviviruses, 22
Fleischer, Russ, 184, 209
on bilirubin side effect, 270–72
Incivek and, 171, 223, 228, 270–72
Florey, Howard, 152
Flynn, Terrence, 247
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 15, 46, 65, 71–72, 129–30, 157, 163, 208–10, 216–17, 310
CF and, 143, 146, 251, 303–4, 306, 313, 327, 336
combination therapies and, 146–47
EPO and, 208–9, 264, 266
funding of, 202
HCV and, 22, 61, 130, 135, 137–38, 150–51, 159, 165–66, 183, 230, 264–76, 283, 285, 373
HIV and, 19, 50, 77, 94, 98, 147
Incivek and, 168–69, 171, 176, 185, 200, 208–9, 216, 222–23, 226–29, 233, 238, 240, 243–44, 264–65, 268–76, 285, 347, 369, 378
JAK inhibitors and, 317–18
Kalydeco and, 303–4, 359, 361, 367, 369, 371, 377, 380–81
Vertex’s relationship with, 137–38, 140, 171, 183–84, 200
Victrelis and, 264–67, 273, 275–76, 283
Forbes, 98, 251
forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), 182, 248, 252–54, 296, 304–5, 307, 363, 367, 371, 381
Fortune, 178, 278
fosamprenavir, see Lexiva
Fox, Ted, 34–35, 37
France, 31, 47, 65, 213
Frazier, Ken, 244–47
Emmens on, 260–61
Merck’s finances and, 245–47, 283, 311
Friedman, David, 318–19, 321, 331–32
Friedman, Lawrence, 266, 274–75
Galson, Steven, 166–67
Gane, Edward, 348–49
Garrison, Bink, 115–17, 163, 212
and Boger’s relations with board, 115–16, 197
Boger’s retirement and, 197, 205
on describing Vertex, 116–17
focus groups of, 124, 133
hiring of, 117, 122, 135, 204
Vertex’s creativity and, 161–62
Vertex Vision Process and, 117, 133–34, 158–59, 387
VIP teams and, 157, 159
work with Hurter of, 159–60
gastrointestinal system:
CF and, 67, 248–49, 254
HCV and, 113–14, 138
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 67–68, 142
Ge Li, 174
Genentech, 65, 144, 226, 244, 295, 321, 354
comparisons between Vertex and, 193, 287
Roche’s acquisition of, 185, 188, 200, 243
generic drugs, 6, 184, 195, 202, 261
genes, genetics, genotypes, 24, 56, 84–86, 106, 193, 202, 250
CF and, 67–69, 79, 120, 142–43, 181–82, 251, 295, 298, 300, 371–72
HCV and, 32–34, 39, 47–48, 61, 94–95, 137, 147, 150, 183, 261, 275, 348, 356, 358, 373
HIV and, 17, 147
kinases and, 53–55
genomics, 6, 43, 66, 105, 251, 300, 377
chemogenomics and, 56–57, 59, 65, 85, 88
p38 and, 53–55
George, Shelley, 209, 256, 258
German academic model, 108
Germany, 3, 47, 49, 91, 112, 123, 152, 340, 366
Gilead Sciences, 228–30, 244, 256, 287–88, 313–14
comparisons between Vertex and, 193, 197, 283
finances of, 283, 333, 355, 357, 363, 365
HCV and, 151, 220, 226, 347, 357, 363, 372–73, 375, 377
HIV and, 147–48, 183, 193, 219, 224–26, 229, 262, 357, 365
Pharmasset acquired by, 357, 363
Glaxo Wellcome, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), 372
HCV and, 375, 378
HIV and, 35–36, 46, 50, 77, 85, 98, 224–26, 242
Sanders and, 143–44
Vertex’s partnership with, 77, 85, 87, 98, 375, 378
Gleevec, 57, 131, 177
goals, 11, 123, 146–47, 205, 209, 246, 336, 380
BHAG and, 116, 158–60, 162
Boger and, 2–3, 7, 43, 45, 56, 65, 85–86, 92, 172, 178
CF and, 80, 121, 179, 305
of Garrison, 116–17
HCV and, 62–63, 161, 168, 202, 218
Hurter and, 159–61
Ken Boger on, 278–79
> VIP and, 158–59
Goldman Sachs, 185–86, 247, 276, 380–81
Google, 153–54, 321
Gordon, Marshall, 368–69
Graham, Camilla, 265, 379
Grassley, Charles, 369–71
Graves, Kurt, 163–64, 184, 207, 287
earnings calls and, 175–77
HCV and, 171, 176–77, 199, 208
relations between board and, 164, 188–89
Great Recession, 199, 240, 247
Greenwood, Jim, 202
Grootenhuis, Peter, 118–19, 121, 180
GS-7977, 363
Hadida, Sabine, 119–21, 125, 181
Hamburg, Margaret, 361
Hartmann, Victor, 123–24, 127, 130–31, 184
Harvard Business School (HBS), 22, 96, 108, 205, 314
CF case study and, 68–70
Vertex’s portfolio process and, 92, 97–98, 101
Hawking, Stephen, 154–55
health care, 203, 246, 252, 312
Clinton and, 11, 26
financial stress in, 377–78
Obama’s legislation on, 5, 195, 214, 217, 219–20, 237, 366, 372, 377
heart disease, 56, 88, 93, 99, 121, 129, 197
helicases, 39, 44, 49
hemolytic anemia, 221
Henderson, Bart, 49
Henderson, Jeff, 240, 327–28
hepatitis C:
of Alam’s father, 129, 275
causes of, 21, 273, 292
comparisons between CF and, 165, 179, 181, 346, 350–51, 382
deaths due to, 42, 274, 292, 374
education on, 277, 292
as epidemic, 21, 42, 77, 139, 163–65, 167, 203
politics and, 163, 165–67, 203, 213–14, 300
public-health dimensions of, 373–74
relapses of, 139–40, 274, 348, 363
hepatitis C drug therapies:
all-oral regimens for, 261–62, 288, 300, 314, 324–25, 328, 333, 341–42, 345, 347–49, 355–56, 363, 372–73, 376, 379
ALS 2200 and, 372, 375
animal testing and, 94–95, 106
BILN-2061 and, 82, 105–6, 129–31
collaborations on, 22–23, 32, 37, 42–44, 48, 61–64, 68, 75–76, 78, 82–83, 107–11
combination therapies for, 148, 150, 171, 176, 183, 215, 220–22, 262, 275–76, 300, 325, 327, 333, 347–48, 358, 363, 378
DDIs and, 256–57, 266–68, 285
EASL meeting and, 261–63
EPO and, 192, 200, 208–9, 264, 266–67
FDA and, 22, 61, 130, 135, 137–38, 150–51, 159, 165–66, 183, 230, 264–76, 283, 285, 373
IMPDH and, 93, 99, 109, 183
Incivek and, see Incivek
Kwong and, 39–41, 44, 49, 62–63, 82, 94–96, 101, 106–7, 148, 183, 262, 356
Merck and, 22, 34, 44, 82, 200, 207–8, 216–18, 223, 226–31, 233, 238, 244, 249, 256, 260–61, 263–64, 284, 307, 316, 347–49, 357
merimepodib and, 93–94, 99–100, 102, 105, 108, 128
Murcko and, 32–35, 37, 63
nucs and, 151, 182–83, 220, 261–62, 299, 325, 347, 349, 352–53, 355, 358, 360, 362–63, 372–73, 378–79