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ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Figure 1-1, Expedition of Queen Hatshepsut, reproduced with permission from Torgny Säve-Söderbergh, The Navy of the Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty (Uppsala: Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, 1946), 14.
Figure 6-1, Population of Medieval England. Source Data: British Population History from the Black Death to the Present Day Michael Anderson ed., (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 77.
Figure 10-1, Imports to Dutch East India Company at Amsterdam. Source Data: Kristoff Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic Trade, 1620–1740 (’s-Gravenhage, Holland: Martinus-Nijhoff, 1981), 14.
Figure 10-2, Annual Transatlantic Slave Trade. Source Data: David Eltis and David Richardson, “Prices of African Slaves Newly Arrived in the Americas, 1673–1865: New Evidence on Long-Run Trends and Regional Differentials,” in David Eltis, ed., Slavery in the Development of the Americas (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 188–189.
Figure 11-1, Price of Wheat in England 1700–1850. Source Data: Donald Grove Barnes, A History of the English Corn Laws (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1961), 297–8.
Figure 12-1, Break-Even Point between Sail and Steam. Computed from Charles K. Harley, “British Shipbuilding and Merchant Shipping: 1850–1890,” The Journal of Economic History 30, no. 1 (March 1970), 264.
Figure 12-2, Annual World Ship Construction. Source Data: Gerald S. Graham, “The Ascendancy of the Sailing Ship 1850–1885,” The Economic History Review, 9, no. 1 (1956), 77.
Figure 12-3, Schematic of Early Mechanical Refrigeration Unit. Courtesy of Lewis O’Brien.
Figure 13-1, Wheat Prices in Liverpool vs. Chicago, 1850–1913. Source Data: C. Knick Harley, “Transportation, the World Wheat Trade, and the Kuznets Cycle, 1850–1913,” Exploration in Economic History 17, no. 3 (July 1980), 246–247.
Figure 13-2, U.S. Import Tariffs on Dutiable Goods Under GATT. Source Data: Historical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Online Edition (Cambridge University Press, 2006) Table Ee424–430.
Figure 13-3, Real Value of World Trade: 1720–2000. Source Data: W. W. Rostow, The World Economy (Austin: University of Texas, 1978), 669, and Angus Maddison, The World Economy (Paris: OECD, 2001), 362.
Figure 14-1, Shares of Total National Income. Source Data: United States Census Bureau.
Tables
Table 10-1, Proportions of New World Slave Imports between 1500 and 1880, and Their Descendant Populations in 1950. Source Data: Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 91.
Table 13-1, Stolper-Samuelson Categories. Adapted from Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 1–60.
Table 13-2, GATT Rounds. Source Data: T. N. Srinivasan, Developing Countries and the Multilateral Trading System (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 9–11, and John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, 2nd ed. (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1997), 36–38.
Table 14-1, Per Capita GDP in Nations Open and Closed to World Trade. Source Data: Jeffrey D. Sachs et al., “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995, no. 1 (1995): 22–38 and Angus Maddison dataset, http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/ horizontal-file_03-2007.xls.
Maps
Ancient Canals at Suez, based on Joseph Rabino, “The Statistical Story of the Suez Canal,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 50, no. 3 (September 1887): 496–497.
Incense Lands and Routes, based on Nigel Groom, Frankincense and Myrrh (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1981), 99, 192.
The Black Death, Act II: A.D. 1330–1350, based on Elizabeth Carpentier, “Autour de la Peste Noir: Famines et Epidémies dans l’Histoire du XIVe Siècle,” Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilizations (1962), 1062–1092.
Da Gama’s First Voyage, 1497–1499, based on Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 90–91.
Dutch Empire in Asia at Its Height in the Seventeenth Century, based on Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 182–183.
The Erie Canal and Saint Lawrence Systems in 1846, reproduced with kind permission from Cambridge University Press, Thomas F. McIlwraith, “Freight Capacity and Utilization of the Erie and Great Lakes Canals before 1850,” The Journal of Economic History 36, no. 4 (December 1976), 854.
World Oil Flows, Millions of Barrels per Day, reproduced with kind permission from Jean-Paul Rodrigue, “Straits, Passages and Chokepoints: A Maritime Geostrategy of Petroleum Distribution,” Les Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec 48, no. 135 (December 2004): 364.
INDEX
Abbas I, Emperor, 231, 246
Abbasids, 74, 75, 81, 88, 89, 117, 121, 122, 123
Abraha, 69, 70
Abreu, António de, 185
Abu Jaffar, Caliph, 73
Abu-Lughod, Janet, 106
Abu Talib, 70
Abu Ubaydah, 138
Abyssinia, 69, 159, 182
Acapulco, 202
Aceh, 155, 191–92, 194, 197, 232
Acre, 118, 119, 124, 127
Actium, battle of, 8
Adams, John Quincy, 321,
Adams, Samuel, 242
Aden, 17, 52, 53, 59, 87, 104, 136, 155, 181, 182, 194, 370
Aegean Sea, 35, 46
AFL-CIO, 366
Africa, 273–74. See also specific countries
Agnelli, Giovanni, 352
agriculture, 9, 199, 302
Akbar the Great, 216
Akhbar Al-Sin wa’l-Hind (“An Account of
China and India”), 81
Al Qaeda, 369, 370
Albuquerque, Afonso de, 104, 180–81, 182, 185
Alcibiades, 44, 50
Alexander the Great, 51, 60, 65
Alexander VI, Pope, 168
Alexandria, 4, 7, 36, 62, 66, 76, 86, 87, 94, 118, 125, 127, 128, 136, 147, 190, 329
Amasis, 46
Amboina, 185, 187
American Revolution, 242
American System, Alexander Hamilton’s, 319, 320, 322
Amsterdam, 204, 209, 217–18, 243
Anatolia, 16, 25, 30, 31, 32
Anglo-Dutch wars, 238
animal skins, 2, 22, 24
animals. See also livestock domestication of, 14, 55–56, 133
Anti-Corn Law League, 306, 308
Antwerp, 190, 217, 218
Arab religious beliefs, pre-Islamic, 67
Arabia Felix, 58–59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 244, 247. See also Yemen
Arabian desert, 58, 66. See also Arabs, desert
Arabian Peninsula, 58–59, 138
Arabs. See also Muslims; specific topics
desert, 66–67. See also Arabian desert
contact with Christians and Jews, 68
pre-Islamic, 67
Arellano, Alonso de, 201
Armenia, 23
Armour, Philip, 333, 336
aromatics, 59–60, 62. See also incense; perfume
Ashley, Lord, 273
Astor, John Jacob, 290, 413n28
Athens, 43
drive for empire, 43, 44
Augustus, 10. See also Octavian
Aurelius, Marcus, 8, 11
Australia, 198–99, 210, 211, 212, 264, 302, 315, 319, 330, 331, 336, 348, 379
rabbits in, 132
Austronesian expansion, 113, 115, 191
automobiles, 352
Ay, 227, 228, 229
Ayalon, David, 122, 124
Ayyubid dynasty, 123
Aztecs, 131
Bab el Mandeb, 11, 38, 52, 53, 116, 128, 137, 232, 368, 370
Albuquerque, Afonso de, and, 181
Portuguese and, 190
Babullah, 196–97, 214
Bactrian camels, 55, 57
Baghdad, 81–91, 124, 147
intellectual life, 81, 87
plague in, 147
Bairoch, Paul, 324, 372
Baldwin, John, 322
ballast goods, 40, 42, 90, 237, 266
Baltimore clipper, 293
Bandas and Bandanese, 113, 115, 185, 226
bandits, 92–93, 102–3. See also piracy
Bantam, 225, 229, 230, 232
Barbados, 268–73, 276, 321
barbers (bloodletters), 198, 203
barley, 26, 28, 46, 301, 303
Barsbay, Sultan, 129, 148
Bastiat, Frédéric, 376
Batavia, 210, 230, 235, 250
Batavia, 211, 212
Battle of the Masts, 73, 74
Battuta. See Ibn Battuta
Beale, Daniel, 291
beef, 13, 336. See also livestock
Beit-el-Fakih, 249
Bell, Henry, 336
Bell-Coleman Mechanical Refrigeration Company, 336
bendara, 107
Bengal, 252, 253, 283, 290
Benjamin of Tudela, 87
Bentinck, Lord William, 293, 299
Berenice, 2, 38, 62
Bering Strait, 12, 54–55, 371
Bernays, Edward L., 336
Bessemer, Henry, 326
Bhagwati, Jagdish, 382
Splendid Exchange, A Page 54