Bible, 34
“big opium,” 298
Bils, Mark, 372
Birth of Plenty, The (Bernstein), 15
Black Death, 133–35, 150, 399n20, 399n25
animals killed by, 148
black rat and, 133–34, 140, 142
in China, 138, 139, 147
as disease of trade, 139, 140, 142, 151
history, 135
hosts, 133
and Muslim power, 150
Muslims and Arabs infected with, 137–39, 142, 145
population decline from, 144–46, 149
protection against, 137–39, 150
theories about, 144
transmission, 136, 139, 140, 142, 150
Black Sea, 35, 46, 48, 49, 51, 111, 112, 124, 125. See also Kaffa
minerals in, 156
slavery and, 125, 127
boats. See also ships and vessels sewn-skin, 22
Bogue, 284
Bombay, 255–56, 290, 291, 294, 298
Bosphorus, 47–52, 111, 123, 127, 246, 367–68, 370
Boston Tea Party, 241, 242
Brazil, 176, 187, 207, 208–10, 250, 268–70, 278, 379
Bright, John, 308, 310, 311
Britain. See England
British East India Company. See East India Company
British Empire, 254, 256
bronze, 27
Bronze Age, 29
Brouwer, Henrik, 210
Brunswick, 280, 281
Buchanan, Patrick, 372
Bukhara, 77
Bülow tariff, 348
Buyid Empire, 122, 123
Byzantine Empire, 67, 68, 69, 73, 79, 81, 111, 124, 125, 138
attacks on, 150
Byzantium, 48, 51
Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 176, 177, 178
Café Florian, 247
Café Procope, 247
Cairo, 5, 7, 121, 127–29, 148, 159
coffee and, 246
spice trade and, 97, 111, 118, 190, 191
Calcutta, 256, 290, 292
Calhoun, John, 321
calicoes, 254–56, 260–62, 274, 287
Calicut, 94, 97, 108
Vasco da Gama and, 109, 156, 170, 174
Calle de Mercaderes (“Street of Merchants”), 202
Cambay, 94, 104, 106
camels, 12, 27, 54–59, 72, 73
breeds, 55, 57
domestication, 55–57, 65
incense shipped on, 64
Yersinia pestis and, 134, 140, 148
Canada, 276, 371
canal transport, 324, 326, 329–31. See also Suez Canal
Canton, 79, 86–87, 96, 192, 264–65, 282, 292, 297.
Canton System, 282, 284–86, 292, 295
East India Company and, 282, 284–86, 295
rules, 411n5
Cape Verde Islands, 168
caravanserais, 2, 58, 139, 140
caravel, 158, 170
Carey, Henry, 319–20, 323, 344, 372
Carlisle, Earl of, 268
Carlos I of Spain, King, 217
cartaz system, 194, 195
Carter Doctrine, 369
Carthaginians, 21
Castlereagh, Lord, 306
Catherine of Braganza, 256, 265
cattle, 13–14, 29, 56
Cauwès, Paul-Louis, 344
Ceuta, 157
Chamberlain, Joseph, 344
charcoal. See coal
Charles II, 255–56, 265, 273
Charles VIII, 165
Charles X of Sweden, 234, 239
Charter Act of 1793, 284
Chase, Andrew, 333
Chau Ju-Kua, 86, 87
Chaudhuri, K. N., 392n4
Chaul, 52, 53, 180
Chevalier, Michel, 314, 315, 339, 343
Chicago, 331, 333, 339
Chicago North Shore Railway, 361
Child, Josiah, 224, 255–57, 260, 261, 282, 294, 367
China, 86–87, 413n37.
barriers between East and West in, 285
Ibn Battuta and, 83, 94
Islam in, 91
Japan and, 192. See also “great ship trade”
low profile of traders west of Malacca, 99
luxury products of, 90
metals and, 42
military technology, 98, 284
Ming dynasty, 52, 99, 149, 192, 202, 282
Muslim and Arab trade with, 75, 79, 81, 87, 117
opium and, 287
plague in, 138, 139, 147
Roman trade with, 2–5, 8, 42, 78
silk and, 1, 2, 8, 40, 90, 204
taxation, 83
tea and, 83, 264–65, 280, 287, 289–90, 294
treasure fleets, 100
Chinese barbers/bloodletters in Mexico City, 198, 199, 202
Chinese junks, 75, 87, 94, 95, 97, 98, 235
Chios, 160
choke points, maritime, 43, 49, 52, 105, 107, 111, 185, 239, 367–68, 370, 371
Christians
Abyssinian, 69
“Indian,” 173
Muslims and, 68, 70, 76, 81, 196
Chu-Fan-Chi: “A Description of Barbarous Peoples,” 86
cinnamon, 34, 60, 110, 111, 116, 127, 152, 166, 176–79, 189–90, 232
Circassia, 336
Clay, Henry, 319, 322, 323, 372
Clement IV, Pope, 78
Clement VIII, Pope, 246
Clifton, William, 293
Clinton, William Jefferson, 364
clipper ships, 293–95, 298, 327, 328, 330.
See also opium clippers
Clive, Robert, 283
cloth, 106, 252, 274. See also fabric ban on importation of plain Indian, 262
cloves, 110–13, 116–117, 127, 152, 176, 179, 185, 188, 192, 227–30, 237
coal, 316
Cobden, Richard, 17, 307–11, 313–15, 339, 343
Cobden-Chevalier Treaty, 314, 315, 339, 343
Cochin, 177–79, 181, 183
Coelho, Nicolau, 174
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 228–30, 235
coffee, 243–51, 265, 278
Catholicism and, 246
Islam and, 245–46, 249, 251
moral issues and taboos against, 245
coffeehouses, 245, 246, 249. See also Café Florian and Café Procope
coins, 10–11, 19, 111, 198–99, 211–12.
See also currency
Coke, Roger, 258, 259
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 239
collective action, logic of, 358
Columbian exchange, 9, 12
Columbus, Bartholomew, 161, 165
Columbus, Christopher, 12, 160–68, 170, 187, 199, 401n17
Magalhães compared with, 186, 187
second voyage, 12
Commerce Clause of Article I in Constitution, 360
Common Agricultural Policy, 361
communism, 348
Comnenus, Manuel, Emperor, 154, 158
Compagnie du Nord, 239
Company of Far Lands, 218–19, 220. See
also Far Lands expeditions
comparative advantage, law of, 18, 305
compass, magnetic, 47, 79, 98, 172
Compromise Tariff of 1833, 322, 323
Confucianism, 99, 102
Conrad, Joseph, 317, 328, 419n28
Constantinople, 73, 77, 87, 246
Byzantines and, 125
Dandolo’s conquest of, 120, 124
fall of Latin kingdom of, 124
Ottomans and, 129
plague at, 136
Venetians and, 120
Constitution, U.S., 360
containers and containerization, 350, 351, 423n49
Conti, Niccolò de’, 152
Continental System, 284
Cooper, Lord Ashley, 311
copper and copper ore, 16, 20–21, 25–30, 32, 42, 234, 237, 264, 287, 316
copper-grain trade, 25, 26
coral, red, 42, 111, 304
Corcyra, 50
coriander, 112, 113
Corinth, 46, 47, 49, 5
0
corn, 14, 199. See also grain
corn laws, 300–302, 381
anti-Corn Law activism, 306–12. See also Anti-Corn Law League
Corn Law of 1804, 303
Corn Law of 1815, 306, 307
repealed, 312–15, 343, 382
Cornwall, 27, 42, 316, 318
corporations, publicly held joint-stock, 199
Cortés, Hernán, 13,131
cotton, 111, 235, 240, 243, 252–65, 287, 294, 299–300, 308. See also fabric
cotton gin, 263
Courteen, William, 268
Covilhã, Pero da, 159, 160, 175
Cowasjee, Framjee, 291
Cox, John Henry, 291
Crivijaya, 105
Cromwell, Oliver, 238
crusades, 76, 118–20, 123–24, 127, 153
Cullen, William, 334
currency, 19, 29, 96, 199, 211–12. See also “money”
Cyprus, 42, 74, 146, 147
da Piazza, Michele, 142
dairy production, 278, 346, 347
Damietta, 153
Dandolo, Enrico, 119–20, 124
Dardanelles, 111
Darius the Great, 35
Davenant, Charles, 258
Davis, David Brion, 274
de’ Mussi, Gabriele, 140, 143, 146
Defoe, Daniel, 255
degradados, 174
Dehli, 93
DeLong, Bradford, 373
Democratic vs. Republican tariff policies, 349–50, 362
denarii, 64
Denison, Edward, 373, 375
Denmark, 239, 346
deserts, 58
Deshima, 234
developing world and free trade, 363–65, 373–76, 378, 379
dhows, 98
Diaz, Bartholomew, 9, 117, 129, 159–60, 164, 169, 170
Dilmun, 26, 29
Dioscordia, island of, 2. See also Socotra disease equilibration, 133
Disraeli, Benjamin, 312
Diu, 52, 53
diwani, 283, 287, 300
Doha Round of GATT talks, 364, 365
donkeys, 24, 31, 56
Drake, Francis, 197, 214–16, 222
dromedary camels, 55, 57
dumping, 207, 240, 241, 367
anti-dumping legislation, 382
Dunn, Richard S., 272
Dutch East India Company (VOC), 9, 115, 198, 208, 210, 211, 212, 217, 225, 227–30, 232, 234–37, 243, 249, 251
assault on Lonthor, 230
Moluccas and, 237
Spice Islands and, 226, 229–32, 234
tea and, 265
“Dutch finance,” 221, 223
Dutch Jews, 198, 208, 209, 268
Dutch West India Company (WIC), 198, 208, 209, 268. See also West India Company
duties. See free trade; taxation
Ea-nasir, 26–27, 29
East India Company (EIC), 215–16, 221, 222, 225, 227, 229, 230, 232, 236, 241–43, 249–66, 280–295. See also Dutch East India Company; VOC
Adam Smith on, 283
Canton System and, 282, 284–86, 292, 295
coffee and, 243, 249, 250
cotton, fabric, and, 253–61, 263, 287
decentralization, 225
England and, 224
Indian textiles and, 264
James Lancaster and, 217
opium and, 288
Portuguese and, 213
tea and, 241, 242, 264–67, 287
textile imports and, 243
vs. VOC, 225, 229
Eastman, Timothy, 333–34, 336
economics. See also specific topics
“classical,” 340
“nationalist,” 344
Edens, Christopher, 30
Edessa, 154
Egypt, 7, 31–37, 46, 62, 119–29. See also Fatimids; Mamluks
Greeks’ purchase of wheat from, 46
plague in, 147
pre-Ptolemaic, 31
taxation, 149
Venetian trade with, 120
Ehrenkreutz, Andrew, 127
Elagabalus, 1–2, 8
elephants, 36, 38, 40
Elizabeth I of England, Queen, 205, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 254
Elliot, Charles, 296, 297
Endara, Guillermo, 371
endogeneity problem, 425n15
England, 214–15, 240, 243
coffee and, 248, 249
control over shipping lanes in 19th century, 43
cotton, fabric, and, 254–56, 259–64, 287
mills, 416n84
plague in, 145
Revolutionary Settlement of 1689, 248
silk in, 254–55, 257, 261
sugar and, 205, 267
taxation, 241
tea and, 241, 242, 264–67, 287
English East India Company. See East India Company
Erie Canal, 320, 326, 330
Eskender, King, 159
Estado da Índia, 181, 189, 190, 193, 195–97, 208
Eudoxus of Cyzicus, 38
Eugenius IV, Pope, 152
eunuchs, 100, 102
Euphrates River, 16, 21, 24, 25, 30, 31, 44, 75, 89
European Community, 361
fabric, 1–2, 252–54. See also cloth; cotton, linen, silk, wool
East India Company and, 253–61, 263, 287
“fair trade,” 345
Falerio, Ruy, 187, 189
Fanjul, Alfonso (“Alfie”), 363, 364
Fanjuls, 363, 364
Far Lands, Company of, 218
farmers, 363. See also agriculture; crops; grain
fashion, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259, 261, 263, 266
Fatimid Empire, 5–7, 76, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 128
fall of, 145–51
Ferdinand, King of Spain, 164, 166, 168
Fertile Crescent, 27, 29, 58, 59, 61, 65, 66, 135, 138, 150
Fiat, 352, 354
Fitch, Ralph, 216
fleas and the plague, 133, 134, 136, 139–40, 143, 147, 148, 150
Flo-Sun, 363
fluitschip (“flute ship”), 226
“Force Bill,” 322, 323
Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 350, 351, 353
Fort Zeelandia, 235
forty bale theory, 321
fractional shares in Holland, 223, 224
France, 27, 28, 239–40, 314–15, 343–45, 352
Franco-Prussian War, 343, 344
frankincense, 59–61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70. See also incense
free trade, 15, 16, 17, 229, 243, 254, 258, 384–85, 415n65
Adam Smith on, 282, 292, 294, 304, 319, 338–39, 347
assessing its impact on economy, 425n15
David Ricardo on, 304–7, 313, 315, 319, 338
nations open and closed to, 373
overestimation of economic benefits, 372–73, 375
underestimated intangible rewards of, 376
who benefits and who loses from, 338–65, 377
Free Trade Act of 1989, 381
Frey, Don, 28
Funchal, 207
funduqs (warehouses), 125, 127, 128
futures market, 223
Gage, Thomas, 202
galleon, Manila, 202, 203, 204, 210
Gama, Duarte da, 193
Gama, Paulo da, 174, 176
Gama, Vasco da, 9, 17, 74, 76, 103, 109, 129, 156
Cabral and, 177
India fleet, 178
Indian Ocean and, 74
violence and brutality, 174, 177
voyage of 1497–1499, 109, 129, 156, 169–70, 172–76, 190
voyage of 1502–1503, 178
Gandhi, Mahatma, 363
Garonne River, 27
Garrett, Geoffrey, 379
Gaza, 64
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 357–59, 362–65, 373
Genghis Khan, 90, 91
Geniza papers, 5
Genoa, 77, 146, 156
slave trade and, 111, 127
Venice and, 77, 106, 111, 112, 117, 119, 125, 127, 156, 160
genocide, 166
Germany, 310, 343, 347–49, 352, 362
Gerschenkron, Alexander, 347
ghazu (raids), 67, 72
ghost ships, 7
Gilbraltar, 21, 27, 28, 52, 53, 74, 142, 156, 232, 239
giraffes, 102
Gladstone, William, 298, 314
global warming, 371
globalization, 10, 14, 15, 199, 367, 377, 378, 381, 382
elements of, 242
periods in the history of modern, 359
risks of, 340
Glorious Revolution of 1688, 248, 260
Goa, 17, 181, 191, 211, 288
gold, 10–11, 41–42, 82, 157, 158, 180, 221, 234, 260, 273
equated with wealth, 257, 258
Golden Hind, 215, 216
Golden Horde, 125, 130
Gossypium hirsutum, See cotton.
grain, 73, 345. See also corn; corn laws
Greece’s importing of, 43
metals exchanged for, 25, 26, 29. See also metals
shipping, 90, 340
transport costs, 324, 325, 340
granite, 28
Great Bitter Lake, 36, 37
Great Depression, 338, 354, 355
Great Lakes, 326, 330
“great ship” trade, 193
Greater Antilles, 267–68, 269
Greece
ancient, 44
dependence on imported grain, 43
barley production, 46
geography, 44, 51
soil, 44, 46
Greek merchants, Ptolemaic, 38
Greeks, 35, 48. See also Athens
Groom, Nigel, 62, 66
gross domestic product (GDP), 349, 354, 373–75, 380, 383, 384
Grotius, Hugo, 229
ground transport. See land transport
Gujarat and Gujaratis, 104, 105, 106, 173, 180, 181, 194, 212, 231, 232, 252, 253, 290
Gulf of Corinth, 47
Gulf of Suez, 36, 37, 181
Gutzlaff, Karl Friedrich August, 292, 295, 296
Habsburg Empire, 190, 217
hadith, 71
Hairun of Ternate, Sultan, 196
hajj, 69, 72, 73, 97, 147, 178, 182
Halley, 329
Hamilton, Alexander, 268, 319, 372
Han Empire, 4, 11, 16, 30, 42, 78, 113, 116, 134, 150, 200
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