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by Bernstein, William L

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  ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

  Figure 1-1, Expedition of Queen Hatshepsut, reproduced with permission from Torgny Säve-Söderbergh, The Navy of the Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty (Uppsala: Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, 1946), 14.

  Figure 6-1, Population of Medieval England. Source Data: British Population History from the Black Death to the Present Day Michael Anderson ed., (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 77.

  Figure 10-1, Imports to Dutch East India Company at Amsterdam. Source Data: Kristoff Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic Trade, 1620–1740 (’s-Gravenhage, Holland: Martinus-Nijhoff, 1981), 14.

  Figure 10-2, Annual Transatlantic Slave Trade. Source Data: David Eltis and David Richardson, “Prices of African Slaves Newly Arrived in the Americas, 1673–1865: New Evidence on Long-Run Trends and Regional Differentials,” in David Eltis, ed., Slavery in the Development of the Americas (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 188–189.

  Figure 11-1, Price of Wheat in England 1700–1850. Source Data: Donald Grove Barnes, A History of the English Corn Laws (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1961), 297–8.

  Figure 12-1, Break-Even Point between Sail and Steam. Computed from Charles K. Harley, “British Shipbuilding and Merchant Shipping: 1850–1890,” The Journal of Economic History 30, no. 1 (March 1970), 264.

  Figure 12-2, Annual World Ship Construction. Source Data: Gerald S. Graham, “The Ascendancy of the Sailing Ship 1850–1885,” The Economic History Review, 9, no. 1 (1956), 77.

  Figure 12-3, Schematic of Early Mechanical Refrigeration Unit. Courtesy of Lewis O’Brien.

  Figure 13-1, Wheat Prices in Liverpool vs. Chicago, 1850–1913. Source Data: C. Knick Harley, “Transportation, the World Wheat Trade, and the Kuznets Cycle, 1850–1913,” Exploration in Economic History 17, no. 3 (July 1980), 246–247.

  Figure 13-2, U.S. Import Tariffs on Dutiable Goods Under GATT. Source Data: Historical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Online Edition (Cambridge University Press, 2006) Table Ee424–430.

  Figure 13-3, Real Value of World Trade: 1720–2000. Source Data: W. W. Rostow, The World Economy (Austin: University of Texas, 1978), 669, and Angus Maddison, The World Economy (Paris: OECD, 2001), 362.

  Figure 14-1, Shares of Total National Income. Source Data: United States Census Bureau.

  Tables

  Table 10-1, Proportions of New World Slave Imports between 1500 and 1880, and Their Descendant Populations in 1950. Source Data: Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 91.

  Table 13-1, Stolper-Samuelson Categories. Adapted from Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 1–60.

  Table 13-2, GATT Rounds. Source Data: T. N. Srinivasan, Developing Countries and the Multilateral Trading System (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 9–11, and John H. Jackson, The World Trading System, 2nd ed. (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1997), 36–38.

  Table 14-1, Per Capita GDP in Nations Open and Closed to World Trade. Source Data: Jeffrey D. Sachs et al., “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995, no. 1 (1995): 22–38 and Angus Maddison dataset, http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/ horizontal-file_03-2007.xls.

  Maps

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  Incense Lands and Routes, based on Nigel Groom, Frankincense and Myrrh (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1981), 99, 192.

  The Black Death, Act II: A.D. 1330–1350, based on Elizabeth Carpentier, “Autour de la Peste Noir: Famines et Epidémies dans l’Histoire du XIVe Siècle,” Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilizations (1962), 1062–1092.

  Da Gama’s First Voyage, 1497–1499, based on Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 90–91.

  Dutch Empire in Asia at Its Height in the Seventeenth Century, based on Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 182–183.

  The Erie Canal and Saint Lawrence Systems in 1846, reproduced with kind permission from Cambridge University Press, Thomas F. McIlwraith, “Freight Capacity and Utilization of the Erie and Great Lakes Canals before 1850,” The Journal of Economic History 36, no. 4 (December 1976), 854.

  World Oil Flows, Millions of Barrels per Day, reproduced with kind permission from Jean-Paul Rodrigue, “Straits, Passages and Chokepoints: A Maritime Geostrategy of Petroleum Distribution,” Les Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec 48, no. 135 (December 2004): 364.

  INDEX

  Abbas I, Emperor, 231, 246

  Abbasids, 74, 75, 81, 88, 89, 117, 121, 122, 123

  Abraha, 69, 70

  Abreu, António de, 185

  Abu Jaffar, Caliph, 73

  Abu-Lughod, Janet, 106

  Abu Talib, 70

  Abu Ubaydah, 138

  Abyssinia, 69, 159, 182

  Acapulco, 202

  Aceh, 155, 191–92, 194, 197, 232

  Acre, 118, 119, 124, 127

  Actium, battle of, 8

  Adams, John Quincy, 321,

  Adams, Samuel, 242

  Aden, 17, 52, 53, 59, 87, 104, 136, 155, 181, 182, 194, 370

  Aegean Sea, 35, 46

  AFL-CIO, 366

  Africa, 273–74. See also specific countries

  Agnelli, Giovanni, 352

  agriculture, 9, 199, 302

  Akbar the Great, 216

  Akhbar Al-Sin wa’l-Hind (“An Account of

  China and India”), 81

  Al Qaeda, 369, 370

  Albuquerque, Afonso de, 104, 180–81, 182, 185

  Alcibiades, 44, 50

  Alexander the Great, 51, 60, 65

  Alexander VI, Pope, 168

  Alexandria, 4, 7, 36, 62, 66, 76, 86, 87, 94, 118, 125, 127, 128, 136, 147, 190, 329

  Amasis, 46

  Amboina, 185, 187

  American Revolution, 242

  American System, Alexander Hamilton’s, 319, 320, 322

  Amsterdam, 204, 209, 217–18, 243

  Anatolia, 16, 25, 30, 31, 32

  Anglo-Dutch wars, 238

  animal skins, 2, 22, 24

  animals. See also livestock domestication of, 14, 55–56, 133

  Anti-Corn Law League, 306, 308

  Antwerp, 190, 217, 218

  Arab religious beliefs, pre-Islamic, 67

  Arabia Felix, 58–59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 244, 247. See also Yemen

  Arabian desert, 58, 66. See also Arabs, desert

  Arabian Peninsula, 58–59, 138

  Arabs. See also Muslims; specific topics

  desert, 66–67. See also Arabian desert

  contact with Christians and Jews, 68

  pre-Islamic, 67

  Arellano, Alonso de, 201


  Armenia, 23

  Armour, Philip, 333, 336

  aromatics, 59–60, 62. See also incense; perfume

  Ashley, Lord, 273

  Astor, John Jacob, 290, 413n28

  Athens, 43

  drive for empire, 43, 44

  Augustus, 10. See also Octavian

  Aurelius, Marcus, 8, 11

  Australia, 198–99, 210, 211, 212, 264, 302, 315, 319, 330, 331, 336, 348, 379

  rabbits in, 132

  Austronesian expansion, 113, 115, 191

  automobiles, 352

  Ay, 227, 228, 229

  Ayalon, David, 122, 124

  Ayyubid dynasty, 123

  Aztecs, 131

  Bab el Mandeb, 11, 38, 52, 53, 116, 128, 137, 232, 368, 370

  Albuquerque, Afonso de, and, 181

  Portuguese and, 190

  Babullah, 196–97, 214

  Bactrian camels, 55, 57

  Baghdad, 81–91, 124, 147

  intellectual life, 81, 87

  plague in, 147

  Bairoch, Paul, 324, 372

  Baldwin, John, 322

  ballast goods, 40, 42, 90, 237, 266

  Baltimore clipper, 293

  Bandas and Bandanese, 113, 115, 185, 226

  bandits, 92–93, 102–3. See also piracy

  Bantam, 225, 229, 230, 232

  Barbados, 268–73, 276, 321

  barbers (bloodletters), 198, 203

  barley, 26, 28, 46, 301, 303

  Barsbay, Sultan, 129, 148

  Bastiat, Frédéric, 376

  Batavia, 210, 230, 235, 250

  Batavia, 211, 212

  Battle of the Masts, 73, 74

  Battuta. See Ibn Battuta

  Beale, Daniel, 291

  beef, 13, 336. See also livestock

  Beit-el-Fakih, 249

  Bell, Henry, 336

  Bell-Coleman Mechanical Refrigeration Company, 336

  bendara, 107

  Bengal, 252, 253, 283, 290

  Benjamin of Tudela, 87

  Bentinck, Lord William, 293, 299

  Berenice, 2, 38, 62

  Bering Strait, 12, 54–55, 371

  Bernays, Edward L., 336

  Bessemer, Henry, 326

  Bhagwati, Jagdish, 382