Friends Divided
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36.JA to Mercy Otis Warren, 25 Dec. 1787, PJA–MHS.
37.Notes of a Conversation Between A. Hamilton and TJ, 13 Aug. 1791, Ford, ed., Writings of TJ, 1:168–69.
38.JA to Washington, 17 May 1789, in The Papers of George Washington: Presidential Series, ed. Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1987– ), 2:313–14; TJ to BR, 4 Oct. 1807, PTJ, 41:471; AA to Cranch, 11 Oct. 1789, AFC, 8:421; AA to JA, 20 Oct. 1789, ibid., 8:426; T. H. Breen, George Washington’s Journey (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2016), 66, 17–18.
39.JA to John Trumbull, 9 Mar. 1790, PJA–MHS.
40.TJ to JM, 9 May 1791, PTJ, 20:293.
41.AA to Cranch, 3 Apr. 1790, AFC, 9:40.
42.George W. Corner, ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush: His “Travels Through Life” Together with His Commonplace Book for 1789–1813 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1948), 181.
43.JA to TJ, 2 Jan. 1789, Cappon, 1:234.
44.Rush assured JA that in his correspondence “you may rely upon secrecy whenever your letters are confidential.” BR to JA, 21 Feb. 1789, Letters of Rush, 1:502.
45.JA to BR, 4 Apr. 1790, Old Family Letters, 57; JA to BR, 19 June 1789, ibid., 40; JA to BR, 5 July 1789, ibid., 41; JA to BR, 28 July 1789, ibid., 48; JA to BR, 24 July 1789, ibid. 46–47; JA to BR, 9 June 1789, ibid., 37–38; JA, Diary, 1:355.
46.JA to BR, 4 Apr. 1790, Old Family Letters, 55–57.
47.TJ to Washington, 8 Mar. 1791, PTJ, 20:291.
48.TJ to Sir John Sinclair, 24 Aug. 1791, PTJ, 22:72; TJ to George Mason, 4 Feb. 1791, ibid., 19:241.
49.TJ to Mason, 4 Feb. 1791, PTJ, 19:241.
50.TJ to Mason, 4 Feb. 1791, PTJ, 19:241; TJ to Washington, 8 May 1791, ibid., 20:291; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., 15 May 1791, ibid., 20:416.
51.TJ to Jonathan B. Smith, 20 Apr. 1791, PTJ, 20:290. In this volume, the last he edited, Julian P. Boyd composed several lengthy notes, one of which was “Rights of Man: The ‘Contest of Burke and Paine in America,’” PTJ, 20:268–90.
52.Tobias Lear to Washington, 8 May 1791, quoted in Boyd, “Rights of Man,” PTJ, 20:277; TJ to Washington, 8 May 1791, ibid., 20:292.
53.TJ to T. M. Randolph Jr., 3 July 1791, PTJ, 20:296; JM to TJ, 12 May 1791, ibid., 20:294.
54.[JQA] Publicola, “Observations on Paine’s Rights of Man,” Boston Columbian Centinel, 8 June 1791.
55.Madison told TJ that Publicola was not Adams himself, but probably his son John Quincy Adams. JM to TJ, 13 July 1791, PTJ, 20:295–99.
56.TJ to JA, 17 July 1791, PTJ, 20:302.
57.JA to TJ, 29 July 1791, PTJ, 20: 305–7.
58.JA to Henry Knox, 19 June 1791, PJA–MHS. Abigail too was much offended by TJ’s note, blaming “envy and jealousy” for the incident. AA to Martha Washington, 25 June 1791, AFC, 9:218–19.
59.TJ to JA, 30 Aug. 1791, PTJ, 20:310–11.
60.TJ to Thomas Paine, 29 July 1791, PTJ, 20:308–9; TJ to Paine, 19 June 1792, ibid., 20:312.
61.TJ to JA, 25 Nov. 1791, Cappon, 1:252; TJ to JA, 1 Mar. 1793, ibid., 1:252–53.
62.S. W. Jackman, “A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–1793,” WMQ 18 (1961): 110.
63.Jack McLaughlin, Jefferson and Monticello: The Biography of a Builder (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), 248–55, 364; Annette Gordon-Reed and Peter S. Onuf, “Most Blessed of the Patriarchs”: Thomas Jefferson and the Empire of the Imagination (New York: Norton, 2016), 249.
64.National Gazette, 20 Feb. 1792.
65.Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 285.
66.TJ to Edmund Randolph, 17 Sept. 1792, PTJ, 24:387.
67.TJ, “Notes of Conversations with the President,” 28–29 Feb. 1792, in Ford, Writings of TJ, 1:174–78.
68.TJ to Washington, 23 May 1792, PTJ, 23:535–40.
69.TJ to Thomas Pinckney, 3 Dec. 1792, PTJ, 24:696.
70.JA to AA, 28 Dec. 1792, AFC, 9:360; TJ to Pinckney, 3 Dec. 1792, PTJ, 24:697.
71.JA to AA, 19 Dec. 1793, AFC, 9:477.
72.TJ to David Humphreys, 2 Jan. 1793, PTJ, 25:9.
73.On JA’s unpopularity in Virginia, see Archibald Stuart to TJ, 6 Dec. 1792, PTJ, 24:704–5. Governor George Clinton of New York was spreading rumors that Hamilton in 1787 had sought to establish a monarchical government in the United States and that JA at the same time had endorsed British overtures to help bring this about. There is no credible evidence for either plan, and TJ remained skeptical upon hearing the rumors. PTJ, 26:220–22n.
74.JA to AA, 3 Feb. 1793, AFC, 9:390.
75.TJ, “Notes of a Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet,” 5 July 1793, PTJ, 26:438.
76.JA to AA, 28 Dec. 1792, AFC, 9:360; JA to AA, 3 Feb. 1793, ibid., 9:390. TJ’s heavy lingering debts came not simply from his lavish style of living but also from the debts incurred when he inherited his father-in-law’s estate in 1774.
77.TJ to JM, 19 May 1793, Republic of Letters, 2:775.
78.JA to Henry Marchant, 4 May 1794, PJA–MHS.
79.JA to AA, 27 Jan, 1793, AFC, 9:381.
80.JA to AA, 17 Feb. 1793, AFC, 9:406.
81.JA to Charles Adams, 18 Mar. 1793, AFC, 9:419; TJ, “Notes on John Adams and the French Revolution,” 15 Jan. 1793, PTJ, 25:63–64; JA to Francis Van der Kemp, 11 Dec. 1793, PJA–MHS.
82.JA to John Stockdale, 12 May 1793, PJA–MHS; JA to C. Adams, 19 May 1794, AFC, 10:183.
83.TJ to William Short, 3 Jan. 1793, PTJ, 25:14. With its extreme statements, this letter led the Irish historian and journalist Conor Cruise O’Brien to say that “the twentieth-century statesman whom Thomas Jefferson of 1793 would have admired most is Pol Pot,” the brutal leader of the Khmer Rouge, which killed an estimated two million people in Cambodia in the 1970s. O’Brien, The Long Affair: Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution, 1789–1800 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 150.
84.Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 144.
85.James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 79.
86.TJ to JM, 28 Apr. 1793, PTJ, 25:619.
87.JA to Coxe, 25 Apr. 1793, PJA–MHS; TJ to JM, 11 Aug. 1793, PTJ, 26:652; Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 45.
88.Enoch Edwards to TJ, 28 Oct. 1793, PTJ, 27:276.
89.TJ to Angelica Schuyler Church, 27 Nov. 1793, PTJ, 27:449.
90.TJ to Washington, 31 July 1793, PTJ, 26:593.
91.JA to AA, 26 Dec. 1793, AFC, 9:484-85; JA to JQA, 3 Jan. 1794, AFC, 10:3–4.
92.JA to AA, 6 Jan. 1794, AFC, 10:29–30.
93.JA to TJ, 4 Apr. 1794, Cappon, 1:252, 253.
94.TJ to JA, 25 Apr. 1794, Cappon, 1:254.
95.JA to TJ, 11 May 1794, Cappon, 1:255.
96.JA to TJ, 31 Jan. 1796, Cappon, 1:259.
97.TJ to JA, 28 Feb. 1796, Cappon, 1:259–60.
98.“Documents Relating to the 1796 Campaign for Electors in Virginia,” PTJ, 29:194.
99.JA to Joseph Priestley, 12 May 1793, PJA–MHS.
100.Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), 71.
101.TJ to Coxe, 1 May 1794, PTJ, 28:67.
102.JA to AA, 9 Feb. 1794, AFC, 10:74.
103.JA to TJ, 30 June 1813, Cappon, 2:346–47.
104.TJ to Coxe, 1 May 1794, PTJ, 28:67.
105.JA to Jeremy Belknap, 18 Feb. 1793, PJA–MHS; JA to Stockdale, 12 May 1793, PJA–MHS.
107.TJ to Philip Mazzei, 8 Sept. 1795, PTJ, 28:457.
108.TJ to William Branch Giles, 27 Apr. 1795, PTJ, 28:337.
109.JA to C. Adams, 9 Jan 1794, AFC, 10:19–20; JA to C. Adams, 24 Feb 1794, ibid., 10:27–29; JA to C. Adams, 11 May 1794, ibid., 10:173–74.
110.JA to C. Adams, 24 Dec. 1794, AFC, 10:319–20. In December 1794 the Virginia congressman William Branch Giles proposed an amendment to the naturalization bill requiring aliens to renounce all hereditary titles before being granted American citizenship. AFC, 10:349n.
NINE: THE PRESIDENT VS. THE VICE PRESIDENT
1.TJ to David Humphreys, 18 Mar. 1789, PTJ, 14:679; James Wilson, “Lectures on Law” (1790–91), in The Works of James Wilson, ed. Robert Green McCloskey (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 1:288.
2.Diego de Gardoqui, quoted in Kathleen DuVal, Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution (New York: Random House, 2015), 339.
3.JA to AA, 5 Jan. 1796, AFC, 11:122; JA to AA, 20 Jan. 1796, ibid., 11:141; JA to AA, 7 Jan. 1796, ibid., 11:130; JA to AA, 2 Feb. 1796, ibid., 11:149.
4.JA to AA, 5 Jan. 1796, AFC, 11:122; JA to AA, 7 Jan. 1796, ibid., 11:131.
5.TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 13 Mar. 1789, PTJ, 14:650; JA to Jonathan Jackson, 2 Oct. 1780, PJA, 10:192.
6.JA to AA, 10 Feb. 1796, AFC, 11:171.
7.JA to AA, 10 Feb. 1796, AFC, 11:172.
8.TJ to JM, 27 Apr. 1795, Republic of Letters, 2:877; TJ to JM, 9 June 1793, ibid., 2:781.
9.TJ to Mary Jefferson Eppes, 3 Mar. 1802, PTJ, 36:676; Annette Gordon-Reed and Peter S. Onuf, “Most Blessed of the Patriarchs”: Thomas Jefferson and the Empire of the Imagination (New York: Norton, 2016), 74.
10.TJ to William Branch Giles, 31 Dec. 1795, PTJ, 28:566.
11.TJ to JM, 27 Apr. 1795, Republic of Letters, 2:877. Sometime later, someone crossed out “Southern” and substituted “Republican” on TJ’s copy of the letter. Madison’s recipient copy reads “Southern.” Since Jefferson later claimed that “the republicans are the nation,” it is likely that it was he who made the change. TJ to William Duane, 28 Mar. 1811, PTJ: RS, 3:8. See also TJ to JM, 27 Apr. 1795, in JM, Papers, ed. William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962–1991), 16:2n; and James Roger Sharp, “Unraveling the Mystery of Jefferson’s Letter of April 27, 1795,” JER 6 (1986): 411–18.
12.Joanne B. Freeman, “The Presidential Election of 1796,” in John Adams and the Founding of the Republic, ed. Richard Alan Ryerson (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001), 145.
13.Jeffrey L. Pasley, The First Presidential Contest: 1796 and the Founding of American Democracy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013), 224.
14.James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 149.
15.JA to AA, 18 Dec. 1796, AFC, 11:447; JA to Charles Adams, 30 Dec. 1796, ibid., 11:469; JA to Henry Knox, 30 Mar. 1797, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 336–37; Freeman, “The Presidential Election of 1796,” 148; JA to AA, 12 Dec. 1796, AFC, 11:444.
16.TJ to Benjamin Banneker, 30 Aug. 1791, PTJ, 22:97–98; TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), 159; Pasley, First Presidential Contest, 29, 263, 254.
17.JA, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America: A New Edition (London: John Stockton, 1794), 3:296; Pasley, First Presidential Contest, 283.
18.JA to AA, 9 Jan. 1797, AFC, 11:487.
19.JM to TJ, 19 Dec. 1796, Republic of Letters, 2:951.
20.JA to AA, 20 Dec. 1796, AFC, 11:451.
21.TJ, “Notes on Comments by John Adams,” 26 Dec. 1796, PTJ, 29:593.
22.AA to Elbridge Gerry, 31 Dec. 1796, AFC, 11:476; Gerry to AA, 7 Jan. 1797, ibid., 11:486; Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 158.
23.JA to AA, 9 Jan. 1797, AFC, 11:487; JA to AA, 27 Dec. 1796, ibid., 11:451.
24.AA to JA, 15 Jan. 1797, AFC, 11:499.
25.TJ to JM, 8 Jan. 1797, Republic of Letters, 2:955.
26.TJ to JM, 17 Dec. 1796, Republic of Letters, 2:950; TJ to JM, 1 Jan. 1797, ibid., 2:953.
27.Enclosure, TJ to JA, 28 Dec. 1796, Republic of Letters, 2:954.
28.JM to TJ, 15 Jan. 1797, Republic of Letters, 2:957.
29.TJ to John Langdon, 22 Jan. 1797, PTJ, 29:270.
30.TJ to JM, 15 Jan. 1797, Republic of Letters, 2:957; JA to AA, 1 Jan. 1796, AFC, 11:480–81; JA to AA, 3 Jan. 1796, ibid., 11:482.
31.TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 22 Jan. 1797, PTJ, 29:273–74.
32.JA to Benjamin Lincoln, 10 Mar. 1800, PJA–MHS; JA to BR, 19 Mar. 1812, Spur of Fame, 214; JM to TJ, 11 Feb. 1797, PTJ, 29:304–5. Actually, as vice president and president of the Senate, Adams had cast a crucial tie-breaking vote denying that the Senate’s consent was needed for presidential removals from office.
33.JA to BR, 23 Aug. 1805, Spur of Fame, 36; JA to BR, 19 Mar. 1812, ibid., 214; TJ to Gerry, 13 May 1797, PTJ, 29:362.
34.JA, “Correspondence Published in the Boston Patriot,” 1809, Works of JA, 9:284–86.
35.JA to Gerry, 6 Apr. 1797, PJA–MHS.
36.TJ, “The Anas, 1791–1806,” in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1892), 1:272–73; TJ, “Notes on Conversations,” post 13 Oct. 1797, PTJ, 29:551–52.
37.JA, “Correspondence Published in the Boston Patriot,” 9:285.
38.JA to AA, 5 Mar. 1797, AFC, 12:9; JA to AA, 9 Mar. 1797, ibid., 12:17.
39.JA, Inaugural Address, 4 Mar. 1797, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 330, 333.
40.JA to AA, 5 Mar. 1797, AFC, 12:10; JA to AA, 17 Mar. 1797, ibid., 12:33.
41.Paine to TJ, 1 Apr. 1797, PTJ, 29:340–44.
42.JA to BR, 23 Aug. 1805, Spur of Fame, 36; JA, “Correspondence Published in the Boston Patriot,” 9:284–86. Ironically, on this issue JA’s ministers were more High Federalist than Hamilton himself; he had actually suggested that Madison be part of a commission to negotiate with the French. Only someone with JM’s Republican credentials, Hamilton had said, could convince the French of America’s good faith.
43.TJ, “The Anas,” Ford, Writings of TJ, 1:273.
44.JA to AA, 13 Mar. 1797, AFC, 12:23.
45.JQA to JA, 4 Apr. 1796 and 3 Feb. 1797, Founders Online, National Archives; Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (New York: Free Press, 1975), 205–6.
46.JA, “Speech to Congress,” 16 May 1797, Works of JA, 9:114.
47.TJ to Peregrine Fitzhugh, 4 June 1797, PTJ, 29:416–17.
48.JA to Uriah Forrest, 28 June 1797, Works of JA, 8:546–47.
49.“Extract Printed in the New York Minerva,” 2 May 1797, PTJ, 29:86; for the original letter, see TJ to Mazzei, 24 Apr. 1796, PTJ, 29:82. See also François Furstenberg, When the United States Spoke French: Five Refugees Who Shaped a Nation (New York: Penguin Press, 2014), 358.
50.AA to JQA, 15 June 1797, AFC, 12:164-65.
51.JQA to AA, 29 July 1797, AFC, 12:224-25.
52.JA to Gerry, 3 May 1797, PJA–MHS.
53.AA to JQA, 3 Nov. 1797, AFC, 12:278.
54.AA to Thomas Boylston Adams, 16 July 1797, AFC, 12:207; TJ, “Notes on a Conversation with Benjamin Rush,” 5 Apr. 1798, PTJ, 30:248.
55.TJ to Edward Rutledge, 24 June 1797, PTJ, 29:455–56; TJ to Angelica Schuyler Church, 11 Jan. 1798, ibid., 30:23.
56.TJ to JM, 8 Feb. 1798, Republic of Letters, 2:1017.
57.TJ, “Notes on a Convers
ation with John Adams,” 15 Feb. 1798, PTJ, 30:113.
58.TJ to Gerry, 13 May 1797, PTJ, 29:363.
59.JA to JQA, 31 Mar. 1797, AFC, 12:56.
60.JA to Timothy Pickering, 23 Sept. 1799, PJA–MHS; JA to AA, 1 Jan. 1799, AFC–MHS.
61.George A. Billias, Elbridge Gerry: Founding Father and Republican Statesman (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), 274.
62.TJ to JM, 21–22 Mar. 1798, Republic of Letters, 2:1029; JM to TJ, 2 Apr. 1798, ibid., 2:1032.
63.AA to JQA, 4 Apr. 1798, AFC, 12:481, AA to Mary Cranch, 9 Apr. 1798, ibid., 12:491; AA to Cranch, 4 Apr. 1798, ibid., 12:485.
64.TJ to JM, 6 Apr. 1798, Republic of Letters, 2:1035; TJ to JM, 19 Apr. 1798, ibid., 2:1039; TJ to James Monroe, 5 Apr. 1798, PTJ, 30:247.
65.TJ to JM, 6 Apr. 1798, Republic of Letters, 2:1035; TJ to Peter Carr, 12 Apr. 1798, PTJ, 30:267; TJ to T. M. Randolph, 12 Apr. 1798, ibid., 30:269–70; TJ to T. M. Randolph, 19 Apr. 1798, ibid., 30:283.
66.“Address from the Grand Inquest of the United States of America, for the District of Pennsylvania,” 13 Apr. 1798, in James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1956), 97; “Address from the Inhabitants of Richmond,” 1 June 1798, PJA–MHS.
67.JA, “To the Second Battalion of Militia of Prince George County, Virginia,” 6 June 1798, in JA: Writings from the New Nation, 367; JA, “To the Grand Jury for Plymouth County, Massachusetts,” 28 May 1798, ibid., 366; JA, “To the Young Men of the City of Philadelphia, the District of Southwark, and the Northern Liberties, Pennsylvania,” 2 May 1798, in Works of JA, 9:188.
68.TJ, “Notes on JA’s Replies to XYZ Addresses,” ante 6 Oct. 1800, PTJ, 32:196–202; TJ to JM, 3 May 1798, ibid., 30:322; TJ to T. M. Randolph, 3 May 1798, ibid., 30:326. Jefferson sent his notes on Adams’s answers to the Philadelphia Aurora, believing that excerpts from them could benefit the Republican cause.
69.TJ to William G. Munford, 18 June 1799, PTJ, 31:128.
70.JA, “To the Society of the Cincinnati, South Carolina,” 15 Sept. 1798, PJA–MHS.
71.AA to Cranch, 13 May 1798, AFC–MHS.
72.TJ to JM, 17 May 1798, PTJ, 30:353; AA to JQA, 21 Apr. 1798, in Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 617; Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801 (New York: Scribner, 1966), 82; TJ to A. Church, 11 Jan. 1798, PTJ, 30:23.