220 Unschuld-1, p. 251.
221 AOCA, p. 7.
222 Unschuld-1, p. 251; Mao’s personal role in the resurrection of traditional medicine is a subject shrouded in rumor, exacerbated by the secrecy maintained by all members of his inner circle. In my research I have uncovered two reports from respected figures in the acupuncture world (Dr. Maurice Mussat in France and Shen-ping Liang, Vice-President of the American Association of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine) claiming that Mao was successfully treated with acupuncture for a serious medical problem (Parkinson’s disease was one speculation) just at the time when TCM was first emerging as an official government supported system of health care, and that Mao’s experience was a crucial factor in this development. Neither source, however, was able to offer any corroboration, both being based on lost newspaper and magazine articles, as related to me in personal communications. Contemporary historians in China are unaware of this episode, and doubt its authenticity–personal commun-ciations from both Cai Jing-feng and the late Li Zhi-sui, Mao’s personal physician who emphatically denied that Mao received acupuncture treatment.
223 Mark Seem (Am J. Ac., 1986) has claimed that the English phrase, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) did not even exist until the publication of the Essentials of Chinese Acupuncture (which was written in 1964, but not published until 1979 or 1980 - see Maciocia, J. Chin Med. (U.K.), 1982. Although Seem’s claim is not literally true (the phrase occurring at least in these prior publications: Basic Acupuncture Techniques (1973), A Barefoot Doctor’s Manual (1974) and An Outline of Chinese Acupuncture (1975) the latter being compiled by the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine!), I still concur with his major point, that among Western practitioners of acupuncture, “TCM” did not become a familiar label until after Essentials of Chinese Acupuncture was published. Earlier English language books on acupuncture, such as those by Lawson-Wood and Felix Mann in the 1950’s and 1960’s used the phrase Chinese medicine to translate zhong yi, and only after the Chinese began publishing their own English texts did the word traditional become incorporated in this phrase.
224 Unschuld-2, p. 17.
225 Sivin, pps. 3-4.
226 Leon Hammer has published the following anecdote in Dragon Rises, Red Bird Flies (p. xxiv): On my way to Beijing airport at the end of a three-months stay, a Chinese doctor explained to me that in the early nineteen-sixties, responding to a drive by the World Health Organization to encourage the use and spread of indigenous health systems, the Chinese government brought together a group of acceptable Chinese physicians and ordered them to create “Traditional Chinese medicine” so that, under the auspices of that organization, it could be taught to the Chinese people and to foreigners. Thus ended the practice of ”following a master for many years in relative servitude, and the thousands of blossoms on the tree of this medicine fell away until one was left. Anyone in the West who believes they have the ‘real’ Chinese medicine is living in a dangerous world of fantasy.”The Chinese themselves have stated that “acupuncture was set up as a major course as early as the 1950’s when the higher education of TCM was established.”- Fu. The recently published work by Dale and Cheng provides some interesting information on contributions of twentieth century acupuncturists in China, pps. 107-115.
227 Wang-2, p. 329; Huard and Wong-2, pps. 217-219; Jarricot, H. and Wong, M. in Niboyet-4, pps. 136, 141 (in French). Some of the following material on Zhu Lian is from Liaw.
228 Flaws-1, p. 60.
229 Kaptchuk, in JCM, 17 (Jan. 1985) p. 26 stated, “The treatments that are now being used in China I think come from the 1930’s, with a modification in the last ten years from that guy Chang Tan An who was the innovator of modern acupuncture in China.” Liaw, p. 74, notes that Cheng had established an Institute of Acupuncture in Jiangsu as early as 1933. It was only after this first Institute was destroyed in a Japanese bombing raid, that he established a second Institute in Chengdu.
230 Huard and Wang-2, p. 217; Liaw, personal communication. One of the books Cheng translated was the twelve year clinical record of cases treated by Sawada Ken, whose work I will describe in the next chapter, as recorded by his student Bunshi Shirota.
231 According to Liaw, p. 74, after the establishment of the People’s Republic, most of Cheng’s students went to Hong Kong. Two of them will be discussed again in Chapter Five. The first is Chuang Yu-min, whom Liaw claims to have been a direct disciple of Cheng (p. 84). The second is Dr. James Tin-Yao So, founder of the New England School of Acupuncture, whose own teacher, Zhang Tian-qi was a direct student of Dr. Cheng. Dr. So published several books that are cited in the bibliography, and was one of the teachers Worsley visited in Hong Kong according to a personal communication from Bob Duggan, but this material awaits development in Chapter Five.
232 Palos, pps. 80, 103, 111-15, 122.
233 Huard and Wong-2, pps. 150, 219. Liaw.
234 Kaptchuk-2, pps. xxxiii-xxxiv.
235 ibid. p. xxxv.
236 Flaws et al. pps. 129, 134-135. This prescription translates as “All-inclusive Great Tonifying Decoction.”
237 Peng, p. 43.
238 Tany, p. 203; Small, p. 147.
239 Unschuld-1, p. 261.
240 Sivin, p. 145; Crozier, p. 45.
241 Shudo, p. 4.
242 Chuang-2, pps. 67-69; Hsu and Peacher, pps. 118-121.
243 Some of the methodologies which were not incorporated into LA per se were nevertheless preserved in Worsley’s out of print Acupuncturists Therapeutic Pocket Book, affectionately known as the “little black book’.
244 Worsley has written two volumes of a text called Traditional Acupuncture, but these cover only the areas of Meridian and Point location and of traditional diagnosis, and in no way purport to be a comprehensive text on LA.
245 Also reported as being spelled Hsiue, Hsiu, Hsui, Shiu and Shsiu at different times, and as being pronounced “Shoo” or “Su.”
246 With Bob Duggan, c. 1973 and with Charles Fox, 1978. Both related to me in person. Also a similar account appears in Trad. Acup. Soc. J. 1, March, 1987, p. 1, by Worsley’s son John.
247 The Acupuncture Association Newletter (U.K.) of October, 1966, contains a letter from Wu Wei-P’ing conferring on Worsley and Stemp the authority to examine candidates for the intermediate level of proficiency in acupuncture under Wu’s seal. The examination for doctorate level was not delegated at that time, and Wu signed the letter as “your Patron and Master.” The photographs, in addition to recording the ritual “bow” to both Wu and his parents, also document the presence of many of the prominent teachers of Chinese medicine at this ceremony, including Eric (Hsi-yu) Tao and Tsui Chieh, both of whom will be discussed in this chapter. In addition, other attendees whom Worsley met included Lee Huan-hsin (Director of the Chinese Medicine Research Institute), Wang Chen-xian (President of the Acupuncture Association of Taipei), Chang Kwai-fu (President of the Acupuncture Association of Taichung), Tsao Cheng-chang, Lin Xue-nu, Wu Hai-feng, Li Shu-yu, Chen Kuo-chen, Dai Yun-jiang, Tu Chuan-fu and Hsi, Y.F. A final participant will be introduced at the end of this chapter. I am indebted to Eric Tao and Luying Liaw for identifying the individuals shown, and to the College of Traditional Acupuncture (U.K.) for making these photographs available.
248 The translations from French are my own.
249 p. 42.
250 p. 37.
251 p. 38.
252 p. 45.
253 p. 50.
254 p. 51.
255 p. 47.
256 p. 71.
257 p. 60.
258 p. 72.
259 p. 73
260 p. 74.
261 p. 74.
262 pps. 74-75.
263 p. 92.
264 L’Acupuncture et la Médecine d’Extrême Orient, cited in the bibliography under Ohsawa.
265 My account of macrobiotics and the life of George Ohsawa is based mainly on the writings of Kotzsch.
266 Gaier, pps. 235-238.
267 Fujikawa, pps.
55-56.
268 Goethe, Faust, Modern Library, New York, p. 66 as cited in Kotzsch-2, p. 263.
269 Ohsawa-2.
270 Ido No Nippon, May, 1958.
271 The biographical details on Soulié de Morant are largely drawn from the articles by Choain, Jacquemin and Tim, all of which are in French, and from his own publications cited in the bibliography.
272 Artaud, pps. 127-151; 224-227.
273 Per the schema of the Mai Jing via the Yi Xue Ru Men.
274 Soulié de Morant-1, p. 66.
275 Yang, ZJDC III p. 324.
276 Yang, ZJDC IX.
277 Li, YXRM p. 43; Yang, ZJDC II p. 20.
278 Master of Heart in Yang, ZJDC VIII, and Envelope of Heart or Ming Men as the exit of sexual energy in gametes in Li, YXRM I p. 17.
279 And on passages from Yang, ZJDC XII.
280 In the bibliography of L’Acuponcture Chinoise on p.95, Soulie de Morant lists separately two works which were really the same: Tchenn tsiou ta tsiuann by lang Tsi-che and Tchenn tsiou ta Tchreng by Iang Ko-sien.
281 This account is derived in large part from articles and letters in Ido No Nippon, an important Japanese acupuncture journal published by Mr. Tobe Soshichiro, who provided excerpts from back issues dating to the 1950’s. Translation into English was generously provided by Ms. Chieko Maekawa, who helped unravel this tale. Additional details on Mme. Hashimoto were provided by her grand-daughter, Hashimoto Mariko, currently the third generation of her family practicing acupuncture at the same location in Tokyo.
282 Biographical details on Yanagiya were again supplied by Mr. Tobe, with additional material provided by Mrs. Masako Yanagiya, his second wife. Translations from Japanese were done by Chieko Maekawa.
283 Fujikawa, pp. 1-2; Ozaki, p. 2.
284 Reader et. al., p. 34.
285 Chieko Maekawa, personal communication, 1993.
286 Reader, p. 39.
287 ibid. p. 124.
288 Fujikawa, p. 3.
289 My account of Japanese medical history is to a great extent based on the work of Norman Ozaki, to be found in his doctoral thesis. Shinichiro Yamada and Hirohisa Oda of the Meiji College of Oriental Medicine also contributed to my understanding of this material.
290 Ozaki, pps. 50-51.
291 Ozaki, pps. 51-52.
292 Ozaki, pps. 198-204.
293 Ozaki, pps. 204-210.
294 Ozaki, pps. 218-224. The term which Todo used to describe the “healing crisis” was “meigen” ().
295 Ozaki, pps. 225-226.
296 Fujikawa, p. 28.
297 Ozaki, pps. 61-67.
298 Hirohisa Oda, personal communciation, 1992.
299 Shinichiro Yamada, personal communciation, 1992.
300 Miki Shima, personal communication, 1993.
301 Matsumoto and Birch, p. 197.
302 Miki Shima, personal communciation, 1993.
303 My information on Sawada is based on personal communications from Liaw Luying and Miki Shima between 1993 and 1995.
304 Shudo, p. 5.
305 Shudo, p. 6.
306 Sa Am was the pen-name of an anonymous Buddhist monk who wrote extensively on the practical application of Five Element theory in acupuncture treatment. In addition to influencing the Meridian Therapy school started by Yanagiya, his work was also incorporated into two contemporary styles of Korean acupuncture, Constitutional Acupuncture and Hand Acupuncture developed by Drs. Kuon Dowon and Yoo Tae-Woo respectively.
307 Matsumoto and Birch, p. 198.
308 Fukushima, p. 101.
309 Honma, 1949, referring to the Zang Organs specifically.
310 Matsumoto and Birch, p. 96; Honma, 1949; Hashimoto, 1961 (English 1966).
311 Fukushima, p. 98.
312 Matsumoto and Birch, p. ix.
313 Fukushima, p. 165.
314 ibid. p. 67.
315 Shudo, p. 1.
316 Fukushima, p. 146. Akashi ( ) is equivalent to the Chinese word zheng usually translatted as “pattern” as in the “Eight Principles for Discriminating Patterns.” Meridian Therapy was systematized prior to TCM.
317 personal communication, Dr. J. Bischko, 1992.
318 Monnier, p. 49.
319 ibid. p. 49. The information on Prince Buu-Loc is from Liaw.
320 Tim, p. 100.
321 The account of Yanagiya’s encounter with De la Fuye is based on material from Ido No Nippon articles donated by Tobe and translated by Maekawa.
322 Firebrace, pps. 48-49.
323 Biographical data on Dr. Schmidt are largely derived from personal correspondence with him, supported by the 1974 doctoral thesis by J. Schmidt (no relation) which was kindly translated from German by Klaus Maaser. His demise was not mentioned in any English language publication, however the Japanese acupuncture journal Ido No Nippon devoted a 1995 issue to him in tribute.
324 In fact, it was these seminars in which Schmidt taught many non-physicians which led to his “falling out” with Felix Mann, as related to me by Dr. Mann.
325 Personal communication from Joyce and Denis Lawson-Wood, 1985.
326 Flaws-2, pps. 6-7.
327 My biographical sketch of Felix Mann is mainly derived from two sources: the Preface to his 1987 Textbook of Acupuncture and an interview I conducted with him in 1992.
328 The following account of the emergence of acupuncture in England is based on interviews and/or correspondence with as many of the participants as I could locate, including the following: Denis and Joyce Lawson-Wood, Felix Mann, Sidney and Pat Rose-Neil, Kenneth Basham, Nicholas Sofroniou, Dick Van Buren, Malcolm Stemp, Heribert Schmidt, Royston Low, Harry Cadman, Joseph Goodman, William Wright, Eric Welton-Johnson, Keith Lamont and Jacques Lavier. A later stratum of participants who also contributed material includes John D’Ambrosio, Geoff Foulkes, Tony Evans, Roger Newman-Turner and Stuart Watts.
329 Credit for the transmission of the Five Element tradition to England must also be given to Sofroniou and through him to Lawson-Wood who transmited the Japanese Five Element tradition of Honma, much as Ohsawa had transmitted that of Hashimoto to France and Germany. Also Schmidt transmitted similar material from Yanagiya and the Meridian Therapists after him to all of Europe.
330 Lavier in Wu, W.P.-1, p. 11.
331 My biographical sources for Lavier include his daughter Marie-Christine, Dr. Paul Lepron, Claude Gregory, and the following written portraits: The preface by René Alquié to Lavier’s Nei Tching Sou Wen, the preface by René Brunet to Wu Wei-p’ing’s Chinese Acupuncture, and the preface by Louis Lécussan to Lavier’s Bio-”Enérgetique Chinoise.
332 Charles Fox, a jounalist whom I cited earlier as one of Worsley’s interviewers, was himself treated extensively by Wu, and took that opportunity to interview Wu as well. I have listened to the original tape recordings of that interview as well as discussing Fox’s recollections. Cecil Chen, an official of the British College of Acupuncture, came from the same region of China (Shanghai) as Wu, and related Wu’s personal history to me. Finally, Eric Tao, whom I will discuss shortly was a close colleague of Wu’s in Taiwan. These three all were emphatic in their belief that Wu did not practice, nor was likely to have taught anything similar to the Five Element transfer methodology described by Lavier.
333 Personal communication from Dr. Lepron, 1992.
334 Personal communication from Dr. Van Buren, 1992.
335 A copy of the original London course syllabus belonging to one of the participants, Dr. Paul Bird, was kindly provided to me by Vivienne Brown. It describes AE on pps. 84-85 and Five Element transfers on pps. 81-83 and 85-86.
336 Flaws-2, pps. 5-7.
337 Yang and Li, pps. 143-144.
338 Lavier-3, pps. 155-164. In French. This text also describes the Five Element transfer method on pps. 137, and 185-188.
339 All of these teachings are to be found in the 1963 course syllabus and the 1966 text cited above.
340 Lavier-5, p 49.
341 Lavier-3, pps. 67-97.
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342 See Kespi’s excellent text, cited in the bibliography.
343 Personal communication via Dr. Joseph Helms.
344 Dr. Leung was mentioned previously as having been visited by Worsley, when Leung was chairman of the Chinese Acupuncture and Osteopathy Institute in Hong Kong. Leung was a teacher, although probably only playing a minor role, for Lavier and Worsley. He played a more prominent part in the training of Laville-Mery and Faubert, to be introduced later. Leung later moved to Vancouver, Canada, where he established the North American College of Acupuncture. Evidence of his impact on Worsley can be found in the system of Near, Middle and Distal points which appear in Worsley’s out of print Acupuncturists Therapeutic Pocket Book, pps. B 16-19. The complete system, called Leung’s method of points prescription, of which Worsley’s version is a synopsis, can be found in the Clinical Manual of the North American College of Acupuncture (NACA), pps. 204-211, compiled by Dr. Leung. Leung’s use of the Five Element Command Points is quite different from that taught in LA as can be seen in his article in the Am. J. Acup. cited in the bibliography, in which many uses of these points are described, but none involving energy transfers.
345 A scholar of contemporary Chinese acupuncture, Luying Liaw, who has read all of Chuang’s works in Chinese, has assured me that they contain no mention of the transfer methodology.
346 Chuang’s biography is derived from his two English publications just mentioned.
347 Personal communication from Luying Liaw.
348 A true Master, with whom I have had the good fortune to study during several visits to Korea.
349 Mann-1, p. 92.
350 Sources include Shudo Denmei, Sorimachi Taiichi and Tajima Sensei, all practitioners in Japan.
351 Personal communcation from Richard Yennie.
352 Personal communication from Bob Duggan.
353 Galen Fisher, who was treated by Nagayama later went on to study LA and remarked to me on their similarities.
354 In his interview with Charles Fox, Worsley was mildly critical of Nagayama’s treatment style, so in the balance he’s probably a less likely source for the origin of the transfer methodology.
In the Footsteps of the Yellow Emperor Page 23