by Joel Kotkin
2. Ibid., 119.
3. Ibid., 190–92.
4. Tertius Chandler and Gerald Fox, Three Thousand Years of Urban Growth (New York: Academic Press, 1974), 365.
5. Herodotus, The Histories, trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt (London: Penguin, 1954), 5.
6. Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City (Cambridge, Mass.: Technology Press, 1960), 4.
7. Henri Pirenne, Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1925), 55–57.
CHAPTER ONE: SACRED ORIGINS
1. A.E.J. Morris, History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolution (London: Longman, 1994), 1.
2. Ibid., 2–5; William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press, 1974), 27.
3. Werner Keller, The Bible as History (New York: William Morrow, 1981), 3.
4. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History (London: Penguin, 1957), 89.
5. Hans J. Nissen, The Early History of the Ancient Near East, 9000–2000 B.C. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 56.
6. Grahame Clark, World Prehistory: An Outline (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1961), 85–90.
7. Childe, op. cit., 92–96.
8. For example, in Sir Peter Hall’s magisterial and comprehensive work, Cities in Civilization (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998), there is virtually no sustained mention of religion in general, Islam, Christianity, or cathedrals in the making of urban history. Similarly, in Tony Hiss’s well-written The Experience of Place (New York: Knopf, 1990), there is loving treatment of parks, apartment houses, office buildings, and train stations, but little of places of worship.
9. Childe, op. cit., 137.
10. Mason Hammond, The City in the Ancient World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972), 35; Keller, op. cit., 8.
11. Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), 13.
12. Hammond, op. cit., 37–38.
13. Ibid., 28.
14. The Epic of Gilgamesh, trans. Andrew George (London: Penguin, 1999), 1; Keller, op. cit., 17.
15. Childe, op. cit., 102; Hammond, op. cit., 44.
16. Eliade, op. cit., 14.
17. Clark, op. cit., 107–9.
18. Robert W. July, A History of the African People (New York: Scribner’s, 1970), 14.
19. Childe, op. cit., 114–18.
20. A. Bernard Knapp, The History and Culture of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt (Belmont, Calif.: Wadworth Press, 1990), 109–10.
21. Clark, op. cit., 109–11; Morris, op. cit., 11–14.
22. Hammond, op. cit., 73.
23. Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 300–301.
24. Lewis Mumford, The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1961), 80.
25. Childe, op. cit., 129.
26. Clark, op. cit., 182–85.
27. Joseph Levenson and Franz Schurmann, China: An Interpretive History, from the Beginnings to the Fall of Han (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 19–22.
28. Morris, op. cit., 2.
29. Paul Wheatley, The Pivot of the Four Quarters: A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1971), 71.
30. Ibid., 175, 179.
31. G. C. Valliant, Aztecs of Mexico (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1944), 35, 44–45; Jeremy A. Sabloff, The Cities of Ancient Mexico: Reconstructing a Lost World (London: Thames and Hudson, 1989), 28, 41; Jorge E. Hardoy, “Two Thousand Years of Latin American Civilization,” in Urbanization in Latin America: Approaches and Issues, ed. Jorge E. Hardoy (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1975), 4; Rene Million, “The Last Years of Teotihuacán Dominance,” in The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, ed. Norman Yoffee and George L. Cowgill (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991), 108–12; Clark, op. cit., 225–30; Garcilasco de la Vega, The Incas, trans. Maria Jolas (New York: Orion Press, 1961), 57, 119.
32. J. Alden Mason, The Ancient Civilizations of Peru (London: Penguin Books, 1957), 40–48.
33. Sabloff, op. cit., 28; Million, op. cit., 108–12; Clark, op. cit., 225–30; de la Vega, op. cit., 57, 119.
34. Sabloff, op. cit., 134–35, 144–45.
CHAPTER TWO: PROJECTIONS OF POWER—
THE RISE OF THE IMPERIAL CITY
1. Hammond, op. cit., 56–57; Knapp, op. cit., 156.
2. Knapp, op. cit., 85–92; H.W.F. Saggs, The Greatness That Was Babylon: A Sketch of the Ancient Civilization of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley (New York: Hawthorn Publishers, 1962), 61.
3. Saggs, op. cit., 50–53.
4. Knapp, op. cit., 97–100.
5. Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 300–301.
6. Hammond, op. cit., 52.
7. Saggs, op. cit., 72; Knapp, op. cit., 151.
8. Herodotus, op. cit., 70–71; Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 301.
9. Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 300.
10. Hammond, op. cit., 51–55; Knapp, op. cit., 224–25; Mumford, op. cit., 111.
11. Romila Thapar, A History of India, vol. 1 (New York: Penguin, 1990), 55–61; Clark, op. cit., 190–91.
12. Clark, op. cit., 226–28.
13. Hardoy, op. cit., 6–10; Clark, op. cit., 224.
14. Wheatley, op. cit., 7, 182.
15. Sen-Dou Chang, “Historical Trends of Chinese Urbanization,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 53, no. 2 (June 1963): 109–17; Morris, op. cit., 2.
16. Laurence J. C. Ma, Commercial Development and Urban Change in Sung China, Michigan Geographical Society, 1971.
17. Alfred Schinz, Cities in China (Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 1989), 10–15; Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 302.
18. Paul Wheatley and Thomas See, From Court to Capital: A Tentative Interpretation of the Origins of the Japanese Urban Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 70–75, 110–15.
19. Ibid., 131–33; Nicolas Fieve and Paul Waley, “Kyoto and Edo-Tokyo: Urban Histories in Parallels and Tangents,” in Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective:Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo, ed. Nicolas Fieve and Paul Waley (London: Routledge Curzun, 2002), 6–7.
CHAPTER THREE: THE FIRST COMMERCIAL CAPITALS
1. T. R. Fehrenbach, Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico (New York: Macmillan, 1979), 42; Sabloff, op. cit., 41; Elman R. Service, Origins of the State and Civilization: The Process of Cultural Evolution (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975), 221–31; Wheatley, op. cit., 371; July, op. cit., 28–29.
2. Victor F. S. Sit, Beijing: The Nature and Planning of a Chinese Capital City (New York: John Wiley, 1995), 6–28; Wheatley, op. cit., 126–27, 133, 176, 188–89; Levenson and Schurmann, op. cit., 99–100.
3. Michael Grant, The Ancient Mediterranean (New York: Scribner’s, 1969), 62–63.
4. Ibid., 74–76.
5. Sabatino Moscati, The World of the Phoenicians, trans. Alastair Hamilton (New York: Praeger, 1968), 99, 101.
6. Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 300.
7. Childe, op. cit., 140.
8. Isaiah 23:8; Hammond, op. cit., 89–91.
9. Herodotus, op. cit., 126.
10. Gerhard Herm, The Phoenicians: The Purple Empire of the Ancient World (New York: William Morrow, 1975), 79–81, 88–89.
11. Hammond, op. cit., 75–86.
12. Knapp, op. cit., 190–91; Grant, op. cit., 77–78; Clark, op. cit., 161; Herodotus, op. cit., 299.
13. Moscati, op. cit., 10.
14. Ibid., 123–26.
15. Ibid., 116–21; Herm, op. cit., 129.
16. Herm, op. cit., 144–60.
17. Ibid., 214; Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 302.
18. Moscati, op. cit., 131–35; Grant, op. cit., 125, 129–30.
19. Moscati, op. cit., 135.
CHAPTER FOUR: THE GREEK ACHIEVEMENT
1. Knapp, op. cit., 198; Gordon Childe, The Dawn of European Civilization (New York: Knopf, 1925), 24–28; Grant, op.
cit., 63, 88.
2. Knapp, op. cit., 202–4.
3. Childe, The Dawn of European Civilization, 42–43.
4. Mumford, op. cit., 120–23.
5. Grant, op. cit., 108–10; Clark, op. cit., 150–51.
6. Grant, op. cit., 136–37.
7. Ibid., 192.
8. G.E.R. Lloyd, “Theories of Progress and Evolution,” in Civilization of the AncientMediterranean, ed. Michael Grant and Rachel Kitzinger (New York: Scribner’s, 1988), 27.
9. Aristotle, The Politics, trans. Carnes Lord (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 90.
10. Oswyn Murray, “Greek Forms of Government,” in Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean, 439–53.
11. Ibid., 439.
12. Hall, op. cit., 35; Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 300–301.
13. Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 75–78; Alison Burford, “Crafts and Craftsmen,” in Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean, 367.
14. Peter Walcott, “Images of the Individual,” 1284–87, and Stanley M. Burstein, “Greek Class Structures and Relations,” 529–31, in Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean; Hall, op. cit., 61; Aubrey de Sélincourt, The World of Herodotus (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 193–97.
15. Hall, op. cit., 41; Mumford, op. cit., 163; McNeill, op. cit., 105.
16. Clark, op. cit., 162.
17. Thomas D. Boyd, “Urban Planning,” in Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean, 1693–94; Mumford, op. cit., 149–51.
18. M. M. Austin, “Greek Trade, Industry, and Labor,” in Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean, 727.
19. Ibid., 725–34.
20. Edith Hamilton, The Greek Way (New York: W. W. Norton, 1930), 137.
21. Grant, op. cit., 168–80, 208–10; J. B. Ward-Perkins, Cities of Ancient Greece and Italy: Planning in Classical Antiquity (New York: George Braziller, 1974), 16.
22. R. Ghirshman, Iran (New York: Penguin, 1954), 86, 130–33, 203–5; Knapp, op. cit., 256–59.
23. Hall, op. cit., 66–67; Hamilton, op. cit., 142–46; Ghirshman, op. cit., 196–99; Austin, op. cit., 747.
24. Ghirshman, op. cit., 208–9.
25. Hall, op. cit., 38.
26. Curtin, op. cit., 80.
27. Michael Grant, From Alexander to Cleopatra: The Hellenistic World (New York: Scribner’s, 1982), 107–10; Ghirshman, op. cit., 211.
28. Boyd, op. cit., 1696.
29. Mumford, op. cit., 190–97.
30. Grant, From Alexander to Cleopatra, 40–44.
31. Ibid., 37–40, 194–96, 198–203.
32. Burstein, op. cit., 545–46.
33. Samuel Sandmel, Judaism and Christian Beginnings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 30–31.
34. Grant, From Alexander to Cleopatra, 80–88; Piggot, op.cit., 4, 22.
CHAPTER FIVE: ROME—THE FIRST MEGACITY
1. Petronius, The Satyricon, trans. J. P. Sullivan (New York: Penguin, 1986), 11–13.
2. Morris, op. cit., 37–38; Jéròme Carcopino, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, trans. E. O. Lorimer (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), 16–20; Hall, op. cit., 621; Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 302–3.
3. Mumford, op. cit., 237.
4. McNeill, op. cit., 104.
5. Carcopino, op. cit., 174.
6. John E. Stambaugh, The Ancient Roman City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 7–8.
7. Ibid., 11–12.
8. Massimo Pallottino, The Etruscans, trans. J. Cremona (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975), 95–97.
9. F. E. Adcock, Roman Political Ideas and Practice (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964), 16.
10. Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, The Ancient City: A Study on the Religion, Laws, and Institutions of Greece and Rome (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), 17–52.
11. Ibid., 132–34.
12. Ibid., 182.
13. Ibid., 91.
14. Stambaugh, op. cit., 12, 18–19; Clark, op. cit., 164–66.
15. Stambaugh, op. cit., 33–35.
16. Keith Hopkins, “Roman Trade, Industry and Labor,” in Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean, 774; Stambaugh, op. cit., 36–37; Morris, op. cit., 44.
17. Morris, op. cit., 45; Stambaugh, op. cit., 44–45.
18. Stambaugh, op. cit., 51.
19. E. J. Owens, The City in the Greek and Roman World (London: Routledge, 1991), 121–40, 150–52, 159.
20. Herbert Muller, The Uses of the Past: Profiles of Former Societies (London: Oxford University Press, 1952), 219–20.
21. Carcopino, op. cit., 20–27, 65.
22. Ibid., 45–51.
23. Petronius, op. cit., 129.
24. Morris, op. cit., 46–47; Stambaugh, op. cit., 150–53.
25. Stambaugh, op. cit., 144–45.
26. Morris, op. cit., 39–44.
27. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1 (New York: Modern Library, 1995), 8.
28. Robert Lopez, The Birth of Europe (New York: M. Evans and Company, 1967), 15.
29. Charles Ludwig, Cities in New Testament Times (Denver: Accent Books, 1976), 12.
30. J.P.V.D. Balsdon, Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), 224–25.
31. Childe, The Dawn of European Civilization, 267–73; Grant, The Ancient Mediterranean,293; Curtin, op. cit., 99–100.
32. Gibbon, op. cit., 33.
33. G. W. Bowerstock, “The Dissolution of the Roman Empire,” in The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, 169; Grant, The Ancient Mediterranean, 297–99; Richard P. Saller, “Roman Class Structures and Relations,” in Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean, 569.
34. Muller, op. cit., 218.
35. Michael Grant, The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition (London: Routledge, 1994), 55–56; Muller, op. cit., 221.
CHAPTER SIX: THE ECLIPSE OF THE CLASSICAL CITY
1. Karl Marx, Das Kapital, trans. David Fernbach (New York: Vintage, 1977), vol. 1, 232; vol. 2, 730; Michael Grant, The Fall of the Roman Empire (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1997), 103, 126–29.
2. Balsdon, op. cit., 203.
3. Grant, The Fall of the Roman Empire, 103, 139.
4. McNeill, op. cit., 115–19.
5. Muller, op. cit., 228.
6. Ludwig, op. cit., 79–81, 85; Wayne A. Meeks, “Saint Paul of the Cities,” in Peter S. Hawkins, Civitas: Religious Interpretations of the City (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986), 17–23; Sandmel, op. cit., 337, 405.
7. Matthew 10:23.
8. Owens, op. cit., 47.
9. Grant, The Fall of the Roman Empire, 291.
10. Jacob Burckhardt, The Age of Constantine the Great (New York: Doubleday, 1956), 207; McNeill, op. cit., 122; Lopez, op. cit., 25.
11. Saint Augustine, The City of God, trans. Marcus Dods (New York: Modern Library, 1993), 476–77.
12. Joseph A. Tainter, The Collapse of Complex Societies (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 127–50; Childe, What Happened in History, 275.
13. Morris, op. cit., 44.
14. Dunbar von Kalckreuth, Three Thousand Years of Rome, trans. Caroline Fredrick (New York: Knopf, 1930), 141–43; Cyril Mango, Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome (New York: Scribner’s, 1980), 21.
15. George L. Cowgill, “Onward and Upward with Collapse,” in The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, 270.
16. Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 304.
17. Craig Fisher, “The Medieval City,” in Cities in Transition: From the Ancient World to Urban America, ed. Frank J. Coppa and Philip C. Dolce (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1974), 22.
18. Vito Fumagalli, Landscapes of Fear: Perceptions of Nature and the City in the Middle Ages, trans. Shayne Mitchell (Cambridge, Eng.: Polity Press, 1994), 68.
19. Mango, op. cit., 75.
20. July, op. cit., 46; Michael Grant, From Rome to Byzantium: The Fifth Century (London: Routledge, 1998), 11–13: Mango, op
. cit., 74; Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 304–6.
21. The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, trans. E.R.A. Stewart (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), 130.
22. Pirenne, op. cit., 2–3; Childe, What Happened in History, 279; Steven Runciman, “Christian Constantinople,” in Golden Ages of the Great Cities, ed. C.M. Bowra (London: Thames and Hudson, 1952), 64, 70–72; 77–78.
23. Muller, op. cit., 17.
24. Mango, op. cit., 68, 92.
25. Burckhardt, op. cit., 334; Morris, op. cit., 62; Dimitri Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 48.
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE ISLAMIC ARCHIPELAGO
1. Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 270.
2. Geoffrey Barraclough, The Crucible of Europe: The Ninth and Tenth Centuries in European History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 61.
3. Henri Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, trans. Bernard Miall (Cleveland: Meridian Books, 1957), 166.
4. Richard Hodges, Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982), 31, 181; David C. Douglas, The Norman Achievement, 1050–1100 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 189.
5. Paul Wheatley, The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 41.
6. Philip K. Hitti, Capital Cities of Arab Islam (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1973), 4–8.
7. Wheatley, The Places Where Men Pray Together, 12, 18.
8. Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, trans. Franz Rosenthal (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1969), 97.
9. Hitti, op. cit., 14; Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), 120.
10. Hitti, op. cit., 18–19.
11. Ibn Khaldun, op. cit., 74.
12. Grant, The Ancient Mediterranean, 192.
13. Stefano Bianca, Urban Form in the Arab World: Past and Present (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2000), 25–36.
14. Hitti, op. cit., 61.
15. Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, 154–55; Mango, 91–97.
16. Wheatley, The Places Where Men Pray Together, 35–38.
17. Hourani, op. cit., 124–25.
18. Wheatley, The Places Where Men Pray Together, 39.
19. Hitti, op. cit., 154–55; Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (Boston: Little, Brown, 2002), 66.