by Joel Kotkin
27. Mumford, op. cit., 467–68.
28. Sven Beckert, The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 47.
29. Kaelble, op. cit., 36–37; Paul H. Wilken, Entrepreneurship: A Complete and HistoricalStudy (Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing, 1979), 207.
30. Beckert, op. cit., 51.
31. Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 1–4; Lawrence R. Larsen, “Chicago’s Midwest Rivals: Cincinnati, St. Louis and Milwaukee,” in Chicago History (Fall 1976): 144.
32. Teaford, op. cit., 66.
33. Charles and Mary Beard, The Rise of American Civilization, vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan, 1950), 176–206; Teaford, op. cit., 4, 49, 52–54; Hughes, op. cit., 268–69.
34. Larsen, op. cit., 141–47; Bessie Louise Pierce, A History of Chicago: 1848–1871, vol. 2 (New York: Knopf, 1940), 117.
35. Teaford, op. cit., 11, 19.
36. J. A. Dacus and James M. Buel, A Tour of St. Louis, or the Inside Life of a Great City (St. Louis: Western Publishing Company, 1878), 406–13.
37. Teaford, op. cit., 68.
38. Lees, op. cit., 166–69; Teaford, op. cit., 113–17; Samuel Hays, The Response to Industrialism(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 22–24, 71–72.
39. Beard and Beard, op. cit., 748; Beckert, op. cit., 297.
40. Jane Allen Shikoh, “The Higher Life in the American City of the 1900s: A Study of Leaders and Their Activities in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston and Buffalo,” PhD dissertation in Department of History, Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University, October 1972, 5–8, 81–85.
41. Lees, op. cit., 1.
42. Frederick Law Olmsted, “Selected Writings on Central Park,” in Empire City: New York City Through the Centuries, 278–79.
43. C.A.E. Goodhart, The New York Money Market and the Finance of Trade: 1900–1913 (Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1969), 9–10.
44. Robert Bruegmann, “The Paradoxes of Anti-Sprawl Reform,” uncorrected draft for The Twentieth Century Planning Experience, ed. Robert Freestone (London: Routledge, 1999).
45. Max Page, The Creative Destruction of Manhattan: 1900–1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 5; Empire City: New York City Through the Centuries, 404.
46. Emanuel Tobier, “Manhattan’s Business District in the Industrial Age,” in Power, Culture, and Place: Essays on New York, ed. John Mollenkopf (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988), 85–87.
47. Beard and Beard, op. cit., 787.
48. Tyler Cowen, In Praise of Commercial Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 120.
49. Hall, op. cit., 522; Fred A. McKenzie, The American Invaders (New York: reprinted by Arno Press, 1976), 9; William R. Taylor, In Pursuit of Gotham: Cultureand Commerce in New York (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 74–76.
50. Anton C. Zijderveld, A Theory of Urbanity: The Economic and Civic Culture of Cities (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 2.
51. Beard and Beard, op. cit., 780–82.
52. John Dos Passos, Manhattan Transfer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), 305.
53. Paul Crowell and A. H. Raskin, “New York: The Greatest City in the World,” in Our Fair City, ed. Robert S. Allen (New York: Vanguard, 1947), 58.
54. Teaford, op. cit., 76; John G. Clark, David M. Katzman, Richard D. McKinzie, and Theodore Watson, Three Generations in Twentieth Century America: Family, Community, and Nation (Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1977), 403.
55. Robert M. Fogelson, Downtown: Its Rise and Fall, 1880–1950 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 112–66.
56. Crowell and Raskin, op. cit., 37.
57. Fogelson, op. cit., 2.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: INDUSTRIALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS
1. G. C. Allen, Appointment in Japan: Memories of Sixty Years (London: Athlone Press, 1983), 2–5.
2. Ibid., 37.
3. C. E. Elias, Jr., James Gillies, and Svend Riemer, eds., Metropolis: Values in Conflict(Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing, 1965), 11–12.
4. Dhamar Kumar, The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 2, 1757–1970 (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1982), 568–69.
5. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1962), 59.
6. Carl Mosk, Japanese Industrial History (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2001), 50.
7. Thomas O. Wilkinson, The Urbanization of Japanese Labor: 1868–1955 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1965), 22–23.
8. Mosk, op. cit., 55, 201–2; Richard Child Hill and Kuniko Fujita, “Japanese Cities in the World Economy,” and Hachiro Nakamura, “Urban Growth in Prewar Japan,” in Japanese Cities in the World Economy, ed. Kuniko Fujita and Richard Child Hill (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 5, 30; Glenn T. Trewartha, Japan: A Geography (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), 161.
9. Marius B. Jansen, The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5: The Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 731; Hachiro Nakamura, op. cit., 30.
10. Mosk, op. cit., 174–75; Wilkinson, op. cit., 45.
11. Allen, op. cit., 124–25.
12. Nishiyama Matsunosuke, Edo Culture: Daily Life and Diversions in Urban Japan, 1600–1868, trans. and ed. Gerald Groemer (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), 9.
13. Mosk, op. cit., 217.
14. Beatrice M. Bodart-Bailey, “Urbanisation and the Nature of the Tokugawa Hegemony,” in Japanese Capitals in Historic Perspective, 175, 199.
15. Wilkinson, op. cit., 77–78.
16. Ibid., 122–23.
17. John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986), 31.
18. Evelyn S. Colbert, The Left Wing in Japanese Politics (New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1952), 33; George Oakley Totten III, The Social Democratic Movement in Prewar Japan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), 106–7, 259.
19. Robert J. C. Butow, Tojo and the Coming of the War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1969), 146–48; Dower, op. cit., 228–29; Sheldon Garon, Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), 82–83.
20. Carola Hein, “Visionary Plans and Planners: Japanese Traditions and Western Influences,” in Japanese Capitals in Historic Perspective, 309–42.
21. Jeffry M. Diefendorf, “The West German Debate on Urban Planning,” “The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective,” Conference of the German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C., March 25–27, 1999; Klaus P. Fischer, Nazi Germany: A New History (New York: Continuum, 1995), 116–17; Gottfried Feder, “Das Program der N.S.D.A.P.,” in Joachim Remak, The Nazi Years: A Documentary History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1969), 30.
22. Philipp Oswald, “Berlin: A City Without Form,” Tas Skorupa, http://www. urban-os.com/think-pool/one?think_id=3164; Engels, op. cit., 333; Helen Meller, European Cities 1890–1930s: History, Culture and The Built Environment (New York: John Wiley, 2001), 10; Morris, op. cit., 166–67; Richie, op. cit., 141, 144.
23. Lees, op. cit., 119–21; Richie, op. cit., 163, 167.
24. Georg Simmel, “The Metropolis and Mental Life,” in The Sociology of Georg Simmel, trans. Kurt H. Wolff (New York: Free Press, 1950), 410–13.
25. Heinrich Class, “Wenn ich der Kaiser war,” in Remak, op. cit., 8–9; William Appleman Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York: Random House, 1969), 204.
26. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and E fects of National Socialism, trans. Jean Steinberg (New York: Praeger, 1970), 45; Carl E. Schorske, Fin de Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (
New York: Knopf, 1979), 5–6.
27. Program of the National Socialist German Workers Party, in Remak, op. cit., 27–29.
28. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany, 1933–1945 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 220–22.
29. Roger Eatwell, “Fascism: A Three Dimensional Approach,” final draft, for inclusion in Il fascismo e I suoi unterpreti, ed. Alessandro Campi (Rome: Antonio Pellicani, 2000).
30. Klaus Fischer, op. cit., 367; Richie, op. cit., 407, 432, 437.
31. W. Bruce Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia(New York: Basic Books, 2002), 1–3.
32. Roger P. Bartlett, Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia 1762–1804 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 1–2; 94–95.
33. Reginald E. Zelnik, Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia: The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg, 1855–1970 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1971), 221.
34. Ibid., 23, 27; Riasanovsky, op. cit., 309.
35. Daniel R. Brower, The Russian City Between Tradition and Modernity, 1850–1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 9, 13–14, 23, 202, 221; Nicholas Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), 134–35.
36. Anatole G. Mazour, The First Russian Revolution, 1825: The Decembrist Movement, Its Origins, Development, and Significance (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1961), 261–72; Zelnik, op. cit., 17.
37. Laura Engelstein, Moscow 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982), 13, 27; Lincoln, op. cit., 9; Zelnik, op. cit., 240–41; Riasanovsky, History of Russia, 470–74.
38. Lincoln, op. cit., 242.
39. William J. Chase, Workers, Society, and the Soviet State: Labor and Life in Moscow, 1918–1929 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 6–7; Paul E. Lydolph, Geography of the U.S.S.R., (New York: John Wiley, 1964), 275.
40. Chase, op. cit., 24–25.
41. Ibid., 73.
42. Lincoln, op. cit., 231–33.
43. Ibid., 260–61; William Henry Chamberlin, Russia’s Iron Age (Boston: Little, Brown, 1935), 5.
44. Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, trans. Harold Shukman (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991), 234.
45. Dmitri Volkogonov, Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime, trans. Harold Shukman (New York: Free Press, 1998), 184–85.
46. Chamberlin, op. cit., 51–53.
47. Lyndolph, op. cit., 275.
48. N. S. Khrushchev, Socialism and Communism: Selected Passages 1956–63 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Press, 1963), 18, 43.
49. Volkogonov, Autopsy for Empire, 280; “The Environmental Outlook in Russia,” National Intelligence Council, January 1999.
50. Nicolas Berdyaev, The Origin of Russian Communism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960), 182.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: THE SEARCH FOR A “BETTER CITY”
1. Dana W. Bartlett, The Better City: A Sociological Study of a Modern City (Los Angeles: Neuner Company Press, 1907), 1.
2. Carey McWilliams, Southern California Country: An Island on the Land (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), 213.
3. Dana W. Bartlett, op. cit., 37, 211.
4. Ibid., 191.
5. David Gebhard and Harriette von Breton, Los Angeles in the Thirties: 1931–1941 (Los Angeles: Peregrine Smith, 1975), 28; Rybczynski, op. cit., 143.
6. John D. Weaver, El Pueblo Grande: Los Angeles from the Brush Huts of Yangna to the Skyscrapers of the Modern Megalopolis (Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie Press, 1973), 38–39.
7. Greg Hise, Magnetic Los Angeles: Planning the Twentieth-Century Metropolis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 10–11.
8. Weaver, op. cit., 48–51.
9. Gebhard and von Breton, op. cit., 26; Richard Longstreth, City Center to Regional Mall: Architecture, the Automobile, and Retailing in Los Angeles, 1920–1950 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997), 13.
10. Greg Hise and William Deverell, Eden by Design: The 1930 Olmsted-Bartholomew Plan for the Los Angeles Region (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 6–8, 22, 39–51.
11. Hildy Median, “L.A. Job Growth Beats Most Major Cities,” Los Angeles Business Journal, May 26, 1997.
12. Tobier, op. cit., 78.
13. Rudolf Hartog, “Growth Without Limits: Some Case Studies of 20th Century Urbanization,” International Planning Studies 4, no. 1 (1999): 98.
14. Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 16–191.
15. Klaus Fischer, op. cit., 25; Frank J. Poppa, “The Pre-Industrial City,” in Cities in Transition, 43–45; Hale, op. cit., 143; Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 20–21.
16. Meller, op. cit., 1, 8.
17. Morris, op. cit., 110.
18. Girouard, op. cit., 268–83.
19. Ibid., 280–83; D. A. Reeder, “A Theater of Suburbs: Some Patterns of Development in West London, 1801–1911,” in The Study of Urban History, ed. H. J. Dyos (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1968), 253.
20. Girouard, op. cit., 268–69, 282–83; Fishman, op. cit., 75.
21. H. G. Wells, Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought (London: Chapman and Hall, 1902), 33–62.
22. Carl E. Schorske, “The Idea of the City in European Thought,” in The Historianand the City, ed. Oscar Handlin and John Burchard (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1963), 105–6.
23. Thomas Carlyle, Selected Writings, ed. Alan Shelston (Middlesex, Eng.: Penguin, 1971), 64–65; Fishman, op. cit., 34–61.
24. William Peterson, “The Ideological Origins of Britain’s New Towns,” in New Towns and the Suburban Dream, ed. Irving Lewis Allen (Port Washington, N.Y.: University Publications, 1977), 62–65; Schorske, op. cit., 108.
25. A. Digby Baltzell, Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Press, 1989), 196–209; John Modell, “An Ecology of Family Decisions: Suburbanization, Schooling and Fertility in Philadelphia, 1880–1920,” Journal of Urban History 6, no. 4 (August 1980): 397–417.
26. Teaford, op. cit., 238–42.
27. Jackson, op. cit., 176.
28. Scott Donaldson, The Suburban Myth (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), 3.
29. Jackson, op. cit., 172.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: SUBURBIA TRIUMPHANT
1. Jackson, op. cit., 7; Donaldson, op. cit., 4.
2. Fred Siegel, The Future Once Happened Here: New York, D.C., L.A., and the Fate of America’s Big Cities (New York: Free Press, 1997; uncorrected proof), x.
3. Robert Moses, “Are Cities Dead?,” in Metropolis: Values in Conflict, 53.
4. Jon C. Teaford, Post-Suburbia: Government and Politics in the Edge Cities (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 10.
5. Ralph G. Martin, “A New Life Style,” in Louis H. Masotti and Jeffrey K. Hadden, Suburbia in Transition (New York: New Viewpoints, 1974), 14–21; William H. Whyte, The Organization Man (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1957), 331.
6. Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zybeck, and Jeff Sperk, Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream (New York: North Point Press, 2000), xii, 59.
7. Lewis Mumford, The Urban Prospect (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1968), 221; Donaldson, op. cit., 202.
8. William M. Dobriner, Class in Suburbia (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1963), 140.
9. Jackson, op. cit., 42; William H. Whyte, “The Anti-City,” in Metropolis: Values in Conflict, 69; Clark et al., op. cit., 469; Hise, op. cit., 7.
10. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, 232–44; Clark et al., op. cit., 418.
11. John J. Harrigan, Political Change in the Metropolis (Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), 36–37
.
12. Mumford, The Urban Prospect, 207.
13. Himmelfarb, op. cit., 225–33.
14. Louis M. Hacker, The Course of American Economic Growth and Development (New York: John Wiley, 1970), 351.
15. Meller, op. cit., 16, 51; Le Corbusier, The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning, trans. Frederick Etchells (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971), 1–7; Rybczynski, op. cit., 158–59; Le Corbusier, “The Fairy Catastrophe,” in Empire City: New York City Through the Centuries, 611–13.
16. Jones, op. cit., 99.
17. Mariana Mogilevich, “Big Bad Buildings,” The Next American City 3 (2003); Robert W. Gilmer, “The Urban Consolidation of American Oil: The Case of Houston,” Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Houston branch, June 6, 1998.
18. Robert Fitch, The Assassination of New York (London: Verso, 1993), xi–xiv.
19. Witold Rybczynski and Peter Linneman, “Shrinking Cities,” Wharton Real Estate Review (Fall 1997); William Kornblum, “New York Under Siege,” in The Other City: People and Politics in New York and London, ed. Susanne Macgregor and Arthur Lipow (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1995), 37; Jack Newfield and Paul Du Brul, The Abuse of Power: The Permanent Government and the Fall of New York (New York: Viking, 1977), 18–24.
20. Kate Stohr, “Shrinking Cities Syndrome,” The New York Times, February 5, 2004; “London Comes Back to Life,” The Economist, November 9, 1996.
21. Eric Sandweiss, introduction, in Where We Live: A Guide to St. Louis Communities, ed. Tim Fox (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1995), 2.
22. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland, 244, 255.
23. Anna Segre, “Turin in the 1980s,” in Europe’s Cities in the Late 20th Century, ed. Hugh Clout (Utrecht: Royal Dutch Geographical Society, 1994), 106; Gunter Glebe, “Düsseldorf: Economic Restructuring and Demographic Transformation,” in Europe’s Cities in the Late 20th Century, 127.
24. Jack Rosenthal, “The Outer City: An Overview of Suburban Turmoil in the United States,” in Masotti and Hadden, op. cit., 269.
25. James R. Scobie, Buenos Aires: Plaza to Suburb, 1870–1910 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 191; Charles S. Sargent, The Spatial Evolution of Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina 1870–1930 (Tempe: Center for Latin American Studies, Arizona State University, 1974), 123–25.