by Norman Stone
Bohemia, 73, 124, 218
Böhm-Ermolli, 114
Bolfras, 128
Bolimów, 112
Bolsheviks, 22, 25, 167, 211, 224, 231, 233, 291, 297, 299;
Revolution, 282 ff., 301
Bontch-Bruyevitch, 27, 28, 85, 116, 135, 198
Boots, army, 49, 107, 159, 245
Borisov, V., 192
Boroević, 113, 114
Bosnian crisis, 29, 33
Bothmer, 245, 254
Bounties, 287
Bratislava, 78
Break-through, 133–4, 137, 178, 224, 236–8, 249 ff., 256
Breslau (battleship), 222
Brest-Litovsk, 32, 33, 34, 177, 182, 188, 282
Brinken, 68
British army, 49, 93, 107, 131, 185, 221, 232, 234, 244, 251, 270;
artillery, 210;
cavalry, 133;
conscription, 154, 214;
contingents in French army, 40;
in Romania, 280
Brody, 260, 273
Bruchmüller, 179
Brudermann 81, 82, 85, 88
Brusilov, 137, 149 n., 171, 190, 192, 224, 227, 233; 234, 236, 238–41, 246, 249, 251, 252 ff., 260, 261, 263, 266, 267, 270, 271, 273, 281
Brzeziny, 106
Bucharest, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280
Budapest 76, 77, 78, 95, 120, 122, 269
Bug river, 180, 183
Bug-Armee, 178
Bukovina, 99, 113, 114, 120, 129, 133, 138, 139
Bulgakov, 118
Bulgaria, 108, 185, 221, 243, 253, 254, 255, 260, 266, 273, 276, 277, 280, 284;
troops, 278, 279
Bullets, 149n.
Bussche-Haddenhausen, 220
Bzura river, 108
Bzura-Rawka, 112
Canada, 158
‘Canadian Purchasing Syndicate’, 153
Carpathian campaigns, 79, 82, 97, 99, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 119–125 passim,129, 135–6, 234, 263, 278, 279
Caucasus, 27, 93, 121, 138, 197, 299
Caucasus Corps, 120, 130, 138, 139, 140, 141, 174
Central Asians, 213, 232
Central Powers, 42, 70, 93, 97, 99, 109, 111, 112, 129, 130, 139, 172, 177, 209, 218, 221, 243, 258, 259, 264–7, 269, 270, 271, 274, 278, 279, 280, 298
Cernavoda, 279
Chablons, 251
Champagne, 132
Chantilly, 95 n., 282
Cherson, 133
Chicherin, 22
Cholm, 53, 85, 134, 147, 165, 172, 178, 181
Churin, 179
Chyrów, 79
Clergue, 153
Clerk, Sir George R., 109, 152
Coal, 157, 160, 163, 195, 200, 202, 208
Collard, Count, 82
Cologne, 40
Commerce and Industry, 199
‘Commission internationale de revitaillment’, 155
Communications (trade), 159
Congress of the United Gentry, 293
Conrad von Hötzendorf, 42, 53 n, 70–82 passim, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 96–9 passim, 109, 111, 113, 114, 121, 125–8 passim, 141, 176–7, 178, 183, 188, 190, 242, 243, 245, 246, 255, 258, 259, 260, 266, 268, 269, 278
Constanta, 279
Constantinople, 18, 35, 174, 218
Constitutional Democrats, 194, 196, 199, 202, 203
Corfu, 221
Cossacks, 17, 87, 113, 135, 183, 235, 253
Cottage industries, 20, 285, 297
Council for State Defence, 24
Council of Ministers, 150, 157–8, 160, 183, 195
Courland, 171–2, 176–7, 182, 184, 185, 186, 191, 281
Cracow, 77, 81, 82, 95, 96, 100, 108
Cramon, 122, 128
Croats, 243, 251
Cyrillic, 151
Czechs, 123, 126, 127, 128, 240, 243, 262, 272
Danilov, 25, 33, 34, 35, 41, 52, 53, 54, 82, 83, 84, 106, 111, 112, 116, 138, 183
Danube river, 277, 278, 279
Darcy, 201
Dardanelles, 120–1, 174, 218, 26
Dauerstellung, 189
Davydov, 199
Decembrists, 22
Defence expenditure, 18, 28–9
Denikin, 21
Desertions, 240–1, 253
Diesel engines, 161
Dimsha, 23
Dittmar, von, 201
Dniéprovienne, 206
Dniester river, 72, 79, 81, 113, 121, 136, 139, 142, 222, 247, 253, 258–61 passim, 266–70 passim, 277, 279
Dobrogea, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280
Dobrorolski, 48, 137
Douaumont, 31
Dragomirov, General, 23, 27, 28, 53, 85, 137, 167
Dreadnought, 24
Drewenz river, 64
Dreyer, 200
Dubno, 82, 251, 255
Dug-outs, see French-systems
Dukla Pass, 137, 138
Duma, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 185, 187, 194, 196, 198, 204, 282
Dunajec river, 91, 100
Dunajec-Biala Lines, 108, 120, 130
Dux factory, 210
Dvina river, 157, 234
Dvinsk, 174, 187, 228
East Prussia, 27, 33, 34, 35, 41, 44, 49, 59, 61, 66, 67, 70, 72, 82, 97, 100, 107, 109, 111–12, 116, 120, 172, 174;
invasion of, 48, 51, 54–5
Economic growth, 159–60, 200, 284
Eichhorn, 116, 188, 189
‘Ekonomiya’ saw-mill, 157
Elworthy railway-works, 203
Entente countries, 93, 110, 195, 204, 221, 264, 268
Erdelyi, 205, 208
Eugen, Archduke, 259
Eugene, Prince, 242
Evert, 22, 86, 187, 191, 227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 236, 246, 255–8 passim, 260, 261, 266, 270, 282
Fabeck 107
Factories, 200–1, 205, 210
Factory Inspectorate, 284
Falkenhayn, Erich von, 107, 109, 111, 114, 119, 121, 122, 123, 127, 129, 139–42, 176–80
passim, 182, 184, 185, 188–91
passim, 221, 235, 240, 243, 244, 245, 253, 254, 258, 259, 260, 266–9
passim, 278
Finns, 213
First World War, 18, 31, 44, 50–1, 118, 119, 146, 200, 208, 213, 215, 216, 218–20, 229, 231, 235, 244, 247, 265, 284–5, 287, 301
Flamanda, 277
Flanders 92, 107, 108, 131, 134
Foch, F., 235
Food: production, 124–5;
Shortage, 291–2. See also Grain
Fokó, 252
Fortresses, 38, 148–9, 174–5, 181, 186
France, 30, 37, 44, 92, 109, 219–20, 221, 287;
industrial contracts, 152, 153, 159 n.;
loans to Russia, 17, 42;
trade with Russia, 150;
war declared on, 43
François, General von, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70
Franconia, 164
Franco-Russian General Staff discussions, 45
Franz, 193 n.
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 42, 90
Franz Joseph, Emperor, 75, 76
French army, 23, 32, 33, 34, 37–8, 40, 54, 93, 132, 185, 221, 231, 232, 234, 244, 270;
artillery, 210;
conscription, 39–40, 212–13, 217;
losses, 48;
military mission to Romania, 280
French Technical Mission, 163
Friedrich, Archduke, 90, 269
Friedrichstadt, 187
Fuzes, 145, 151–2, 161, 162, 163
Gagarin, Prince V. F., 293 n.
Gǎlăţi, 279
Galicia, 35, 44, 55, 70, 72–82 passim, 84, 85, 88, 96, 97, 107, 174, 177, 183, 190, 222, 223, 245, 247, 255, 258, 263, 265, 273, 282;
loss of, 129, 132, 137, 140, 143–4, 171, 172
Gallipoli, 221
Gallwitz, 147, 177, 180, 182–5 passim
Gas, 112, 228
General Staff, 19 ff., 24, 25–6, 29, 45, 72, 94, 224
General Staff Academy, 19, 22, 45
Generalgouvernement, 185
Genning
s, 107
Germany army, 23, 29, 32, 37 ff., 40, 44, 50, 51, 53 ff., 96, 99, 104;
VIII, 44, 48, 59–61, 67, 68, 70, 82;
IX, 96, 180;
X, 68, 228;
artillery, 39, 145, 229, 230;
cavalry, 106;
conscription, 213, 214;
mobilisation, 42–3, 45, 48–9, 75, 76;
withdrawal from Austrian front, 245
German navy, 39;
submarines, 159, 222, 267–8
Germano-Bulgarian force, 279
Germany, 18, 21, 30, 33, 34, 35, 191, 219–21;
economic discontent, 267;
invasion of, 44, 48, 49, 101, 107;
munitions, 163 n.;
peace with, 176, 218, 283;
railways, 32, 41; 134;
trade with Russia, 150, 154, 209, 286, 298
Gerngross, 26
Gerok, 107
Geysmans, 85
Glavny Shtab, 19, 20, 25–6, 27, 215, 216
Gliniany, 79
Gnila-Lipa river, 88
Goeben (battleship), 222
Gold, 153–4, 286–8
Golovin, General, 25, 54, 88, 251, 273
Goltz, 64
Gorbatovski, 172
Goremykin, 195
Gorizia, 267
Gorky, 283
Gorlice, 140, 147, 178, 179, 228, 235, 265
Grabbe, 184
Grain, 295–7, 299
Graudenz (fortress), 55
Grazhdanin, 26, 283
Great Britain, 35, 37, 42, 219, 221;
factory inspectors, 152;
Foreign Office, 144 n., 152;
loan to Russia, 287;
munitions, 151;
naval convention, 18;
shell-price, 196–7;
taxes, 289 n., 290;
trade with Russia, 121, 150, 153 ff., 161, 209. See also British army
Great Powers, 50, 109
‘Great Programme’, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 40, 42, 145, 213
Greece, 109, 221, 243, 276
Grenadier Corps, 226
Grey, Sir E., 155
Grigoriev, 186
Grodno (fortress), 30, 32, 55, 62, 174, 187, 188
Groener, 129
Gryazovetski, 169
Guchkov, 196, 198, 199
Guliewicz, 58
Gumbinnen, battles, 61
Gunners, 62, 64, 223, 229–30
Gurko, 112
Gutor, 28
Gyllenschmidt, 256
Habsburg Monarchy, 37, 71, 93, 122, 126
Haig, Douglas, 131
Halicz, 260, 263, 273
Hanbury-Williams, General, 151
Hart, B. Liddell, 278
Heeresgruppe Prinz Leopold, 185
Heeresgruppe Mackenson, 177
Heinrich, Archduke, 242
Hell, 262, 271
Hermannstadt, 276, 278
Heydebreck, 180
‘Higher Attestations Committee’, 25
Hindenburg, Paul von, 53 n., 61, 66, 96, 111, 185, 254, 268, 269
Hitler, A., 71, 255
Hoffmann, 100 n., 267, 271
Hospitals, 49, 107, 169, 203, 215
Hötzendorf, Conrad von, see Conrad von Hötzendorf
Hughes apparatus, 51, 246
Hungary, 76, 111, 125–6, 134, 264, 265, 273;
railways, 79, 140;
troops, 251
Huns, 49, 50
Hutier, 189
Ignatiev, Count, 48, 225, 234, 261
Industry, 205, 209–10;
profit-making, 206 ff.
Industrialists, 282
Infantry manuals, 223
Inflation, see Wages and prices
Insterburg, 116
‘Intendantstvo’, 39
Ipatiev, 28, 163
Ireland, 214
Isakagorka, 157
Isonzo river, 244, 246, 267
Italy, 37, 73, 108, 109, 111, 120, 174, 219, 221, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 258, 259, 266, 269, 282;
intervention, 128, 139
Ivangorod (fortress) 30, 97, 98, 99, 149, 174, 175, 181, 186
Ivanov, 27, 51, 85–8 passim, 90, 94–8 passim, 101, 107, 108, 111, 120, 121, 122, 131, 135, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 148, 174, 175, 190, 222, 224, 232;
dismissal, 233–4
Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 202, 297
Ivanovo-voznesenskoye tovarishchestvo mekhanisheskikh izdeliy, 203
Izhevski factory, 160, 162
Izvolski, 233
Jagow, 42, 76
Japan: Russo-Japanese war, 17, 18, 19–20, 22, 49, 225, 235
Jaroslau, 79, 141, 142
Jaroslawice, 80
Jazlowiec, 251
Jews, 18, 26, 39, 82, 184, 213, 289
Joffre, J. J. C.,44, 54, 96, 185, 246, 273, 274
Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke, 87, 90, 190, 241, 242, 250
Kaiser corps, 240
Kaledin, 239, 246, 256, 257
Kaluga, 192
Kamenev, 28, 283
Kampfstellung, 252
Kapnist, Count, 192
Karbyshev, 233
Karl, Archduke, 269
Karl, Emperor, 124
Karpatenkorps, 263, 266
Kazatin 82
Kaznakov, 184, 189
Kelchevski, 252
Kerenski, 280, 283, 284, 300
Kexholm Guard, 49
Khan of Nakhichevan, 50
Khanzin, 148
Kiev, 34, 140, 166, 190, 198, 202, 203;
Military District, 94
King’s Norton, 151, 152
Kirey, 28, 233
Kitchener Lord, 155
Klembovski, 222, 232, 233, 238
Klyuer, 31, 34, 53
Knox (attaché), 155 n.
Kochubey, 58, 168
Kock, 181
Kola peninsula, 158
Kolomensky factory, 161
Komarow, battle, 87
Kondratiev, 27
Kondratovitch, 229
Kondzerovski, 52, 53, 138, 148, 192, 193 n.
Königsberg (fortress) 54, 55, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68
Kornilov, 21, 137
Korolkov, 147
Körösmezö, 139
Kostevitch, Captain, 155
Kotten, von, 26
Kovno (fortress), 30, 32, 55, 60, 95, 96, 117, 118, 149, 171, 172, 174, 179, 180, 183, 184, 186, 187
Kowel, 134, 181, 183, 277;
offensives, 256, 261–3, 270–4, 276, 279
Kraewel, 260
Kralowetz, 114
Kraśnik, 85, 90, 178, 180
Krasnostaw, 87, 178, 180, 236
Kriegsüberwachungsamt, 127
Krobatin, 75
Kronstadt, 29, 274, 278
Krovlya, 205, 206
Krupp, heavy cannon, 38
Krupy, 250
Kseshinskaya, 153
Kuban, 299
Kulak, 294 n., 297
Kundmann, 250
Kurken defile, 65
Kurlov, 28
Kuropatkin, A. N., 17, 226, 228, 230, 232, 235, 257, 266, 277
Kusmanek, 114
Kutno, 105
Kuvaka (liquor), 26
Kuvayevskaya manufaktura, 203
Kuzmin-Karavayev, 23, 161
Labour, 162, 195;
strikes, 200, 282, 284–5;
railwaymen, 300;
mobility, 285, 299
Laguiche, 246
Laiming, 108
Landsturm, 55, 64, 81, 84, 100
Landwehr, 55, 61, 62, 64, 84, 80, 258
Landwehrkorps, 101
Langlois, 132, 191, 226, 265
Language problems, 123, 126–7
Lapps, 159 n.
Lasdehnen forest, 117
Laszczów, 86
Lauenstein, 172
Latvians, 49, 189
Lebedev factory, 210
Lechitski, 58, 224, 239, 246, 251, 252, 253, 259, 260, 261, 263, 273, 274, 277
Leitmeritz, 77
Lemke, 192, 193 n
., 233
Lenin, V. I., 22, 283, 284, 301
Leopold, Prince, 188, 189
Leopold of Bavaria, 269
Lesh, 108, 225
Letters, soldiers’, 165, 169, 300
Libau (fortress), 172
Lichnowsky (ambassador), 42
Lida, 182, 189
Liège, 175
Linsingen, 107, 111, 188, 241, 242, 245, 254, 262, 263
Litvinov, 179, 180
Litvinov-Falinski, 162, 196, 210
Litzmann, 168, 262
Liverpool, 154
Lódz offensive, 105 ff., 108, 134, 189
Logishin, 189
Lomza, 181
Lorraine, 44
Lötzen (fortress), 62, 68
‘Lowicz detachment’, 106, 107
Lublin, 85, 86, 89, 147, 178, 180, 181
Ludendorff, Erich, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66–7, 68, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 129, 133, 171, 172, 176, 178, 179, 184, 185, 187–91 passim, 235, 268, 283
Lutsk, 190, 238, 239, 247, 250, 255, 256
Lvov, Prince, 293 n.
Lwów, 77, 79, 81, 88, 89, 91, 96, 98, 140, 178, 260, 274;
captured, 142;
evacuation,165
Macedonia, 258
Mackay, 153
Mackensen, August von, 60, 64, 65, 98, 128, 129, 139, 140, 142, 143, 147, 174, 176–80 passim, 182–5 passim, 221, 235, 236, 254, 269, 276, 278, 280
Maklakov, 194
Manchurian Armies, 49
Manchurian campaigns, 17, 226
Manikovski, 162, 211
Mannerheim, 97, 255
Manpower, 45, 55, 93, 166, 212 ff., 225, 232, 234, 265–6, 270, 284 ff.
March Revolution, 232, 283, 292
Martiny Corps, 240
Marwitz, 122, 259, 260, 262, 266, 271, 272
Masalski, Prince, 229, 230
Masurian Lakes, battle, 44, 68–9, 95 n., 168
Materialschlachten, 235
Maubenge, 175
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duke of, 261
Med, 205
Menonites, 213
Mensheviks, 283, 289
Meshcherski, Prince, 26, 199
Metz, 245
Mézières, 128
Mezölaborcz, 113
Middle East, 219
Mikhailovitch, Sergey, Grand Duke, 24, 32
Mileant, 27, 58
Minenwerfer, 130, 136
Minsk, 33, 53
Mitau, 184, 281
Mogiliev, 192–3, 234
Moldavia, 277, 279, 280
Molodechno, 189
Moltke, Helmuth, 37, 38, 42, 44, 61, 72, 76
Morale, see Troops
Moravia, 53 n.
Morgen, 104, 187
Moscow, 101, 166, 198, 203, 204, 296;
industrialists, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202
Murmansk, 158
Myasoyedov affair, 26, 197–8
Myshlayevski, 26
Namur, 175
Narev river, 82, 132, 147, 174–7, 179, 180, 228;
retreat, 181
Narotch, Lake, 189, 257;
battle, 222, 227, 228, 230–1, 232, 235, 247, 255, 260
Nazimov, 189
N.C.O.s, 39, 45, 167–8, 213