by Norman Stone
New York Committee (trade), 155, 156
Nicholas, Grand Duke, 20, 24, 25, 27, 52, 53 n., 58, 96, 119, 174, 187, 192, 198
Nicholas II, Tsar, 17, 20, 24, 51, 143, 198, 204;
Stavka, 187, 190, 191–3
Nivelle offensive, 236
Niemen river, 33, 95, 187
Niemen Armee, 171, 184, 185
Nobel company, 203
Nordbahn, 78
November Revolution, 218
Novo-Alexandriya, 98, 99
Novogeorgievsk (fortress), 30, 32, 55, 95, 104, 149, 174, 175, 179;
fall of, 180–2
Novogródok, 189
Nuremberg, 164
Nurses, 169 n.
Oberbefehlshaber Ost, 269
Obolenski, Prince, 163
Obruchev, 33
Observers, 106, 114, 125–7, 132, 177, 183, 204, 226, 249, 253, 265
Octobrists, 196, 199, 202, 203
Odessa, 140, 141, 157, 202
Officers, 21, 52–3, 192–3;
officer-men relationships, 112, 165, 167–8, 271, 274, 276
Officers’ corps, 19
Okna, 252, 253
Oldenburg, Prince, 197
Olsufievs, 293 n.
Olokhov, 143, 174, 175, 225
Oltenia, 279
Olyka, 250
Opalin, 181
Opatów, 97, 168
Opolcheniye, 166, 168, 214 n., 216
Oranovski, 67, 172
Orenburg regiment, 118
Orlov, 95 n.
Orlov-Davydov, 292
Orsha, 192
Osowiec (fortress), 30, 32, 117, 118, 119, 149, 174, 181, 182, 183
Ostroleka, 182
Paic, 242
Palatinate, 218
Paléologue, 221
Palitsyn, F. F., 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 175, 193 n.
Pan-Slavism, 35, 37
Pares, Bernard, 144
Paris, 42
Paul, Grand Duke, 225, 261
Paulings, 158
Peasants, 20, 219, 285, 293—4
Peninsular War, 265
Pernau, 186
Peter Ferdinand, Archduke, 87
Petrograd, 101, 153, 157, 166, 169, 185, 187, 195, 199, 201, 202, 204, 206, 234, 246, 282, 284, 292, 296;
factories, 160 n.
Petropavlovski (fortress), 25
Petrozavodsk, 158
Pflanzer-Baltin, 251, 252, 253, 254, 258
Pflug, 68, 117, 226, 237
‘Phalanx’, 270, 271
Pinsk, 182, 184, 189, 257, 260
Platsdarmy, 238, 241
Plehve, 22, 86, 87, 88
Pleshkov, 228, 230, 236, 237
Pless, 128, 139, 185
Plevna, 64, 224
Ploiesti, 280
Plotnikov, 199
Podborze, 80
Poincaré, R. N. L., 37
Pokrovski, 156
Poland, 32, 33, 41, 42, 54, 70, 99, 107, 111, 116, 172 ff., 195, 209, 218, 269, 298;
Russo-Polish war, 236
Polivanov, 26, 31, 183, 187, 191, 197, 198, 199
Poltava, 292
Port Arthur, naval battle, 17, 23
Ports, Russian, 157 ff.
Posen (fortress), 55
Postawy Woods, 230, 236
Postovski, 53, 58
Potiorek, 74, 77, 79
Poznania, 96
Prague, 77, 126
Prince Igor, 53 n.
Pripyat river, 177, 178, 182, 188, 232, 234, 245, 246, 258, 268, 271, 273
Prisoners-of-war, 87, 91, 106, 120, 139–40, 158, 165, 168, 174, 246, 253, 259–60, 281
Prittwitz, 60, 61, 67, 82
Prodameta, 200–3 passim, 205, 206, 208
Produgol, 200
Prodvagon, 200
Progressive Bloc, 194, 196, 202
Providence Russe, 206
Provisional Government, 195, 218, 282–3, 289, 290
Prussia: reserve army, 212;
troops, 64;
War Ministry, 39
Prussian Guard, 138
Prut river, 253
Przasnysz, 119, 180
Przemyśl, 53 n., 78, 79, 90, 95, 96, 111, 120, 122, 140, 141, 181;
retreat from, 100;
surrender, 114–16;
taken by Austro-Germans, 142
Pskov, 185
Pultusk (fortress), 180
Pustovoytenko, 192
Putilov, 162, 196, 200;
factories, 150, 157, 211
Putnik, 79
Pyot, Captain, 163, 197, 202
Quarter-Master-General, 27, 52
Radetzky, 242, 254
Radko-Dmitriev, 21, 129, 136–140, 226
Radymno, 140, 236
Ragoza, 228, 260
Raguzo-Suszczewski, 153
RAOAZ company, 151, 152, 199
Rasputin, 192
Rattel, 28
Rauch, 262
Rawa Ruska, 89, 90
Rawka river, 108
Red Army, 166, 197 n., 210, 216, 231;
conscription, 214;
Tsarist officers, 28, 233
Refugees, 183–4
Reichstag, 39, 40
Remington, 152
René, Prince, 242
Reni, 279
Rennenkampf, 27, 48, 58, 60, 62, 66, 67, 68, 95 n., 104, 106, 144
Rerberg, 132
Reval, 203
Revdinskoye factory, 197 n.,
Rifles, 150, 160
Riga, 172, 184, 187, 198, 282.
‘ Riga-Schaulen group’, 59
Rîmnicu-Sǎrat, 280
Rödiger, 22, 26
Rodno, 187
Rodzyanko, 196
Romania, 37, 76, 93, 108, 120, 138, 140, 222, 263, 284;
army, 128, 264–5, 274, 277;
border, 247;
railways, 279;
sacked, 277;
War on Austria 264–5, 270–8
‘Romanian Marne’, 280
Rominte river, 60
Ronzhin, 28, 52, 135
Roshchakovski, 159 n.
Rostov-on-the-Don, 203
Rovaniemi, 159 n.
Rovano, 239
Rovno, 53, 190, 242, 247
Rozan (fortress), 180
Rozwadów, 178.
Ruščuk, 280
Russian army, 29, 37–40, 44, 50–1, 58–62, 67, 68, 74, 98, 104, 185, 212, 222, 223, 260, 300–1;
III, 100 ff, 130–1;
V, 184, 187;
IX, 84, 87, 251;
X, 67, 96, 116 ff., 187;
new I, 100;
new II, 189;
new (1916) 227, 231, 233;
of the Danube, 279;
Guard, 112, 116, 142, 177, 179, 186, 255–6, 261–2, 270, 271;
artillery, 210, 229, 240;
cavalry, 36, 50, 90, 95 n., 97–8, 101, 117–18, 172, 188–9, 228, 236, 279;
conscription, 212, 213, 214, 285, 292;
losses, 107, 118, 140, 178, 180, 182, 185, 187, 215, 230, 261;
mobilisation, 41–3, 45, 48, 72, 75, 76;
retreat from Poland, 176–81, 182 ff.;
supplies, 39, 49, 51, 104, 170, 204, 212, 222,
for cavalr 135–6
Russian Bank for Foreign Commerce, 207
Russian navy, 24, 172, 279;
Fleets, 17, 18,
Black Sea, 29, 31, 222
Russian railways, 32–3, 40–3, 95, 133–5, 156–7, 188, 205, 298–300
Russian satellite states, 218
Ruthene troops, 122, 126, 127, 136, 241, 262, 272
Ruzski, 27, 28, 85, 87–90 passim, 94–101 passim, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 186, 187, 189, 198, 226
Ryabushinski, 199, 203, 206, 210
Rzhevski, 26
Saar, 218
St. George order, 136
Saint Petersburg, 50. See also Petrograd
Saint-Sauveur, comte de, 153
Sakharov, 239, 279
Salonica, 221, 243, 276
Sa
lza, 85
Samara, 203
Sambor, 78, 79
Samsonov, 48, 58, 62–6 passim, 68, 87, 95 n.
‘Samuszyn-Schlinge’, 252
San river, 72, 78, 79, 81, 91, 95, 96, 98, 99, 108, 128–129, 138–141, 176
Sandetski, 169
Sannikov, 251
Sapozhnikov, General, 151
Saratov, 203
Savant, 48
Savvitch, 222
Sazonov, 42, 195, 218
Scheffer, 106, 107, 168
Scheidemann, 98
Schlieffen, A. von, 40, 41
Schlieffen Plan, 40, 43, 44, 265
Schneider-Creusot, 150
Schulenburg, 172
Schwarz, 31, 175
Search-lights, 226
Seeckt, 128, 135, 142, 254
Serbia, 42, 44, 185, 190, 191;
army, 71, 221;
campaign, 72–6, 79, 243
Sereth river, 190
Sergey, Grand Duke, 152, 155 n., 161
Sestroretski, 160
Shakhovskoy, Prince, 162
Shanin, Teodor, 294
Shcherbachev, 199, 222, 224, 236, 237, 239, 246, 251, 273
Shcherbatov, Prince, 183
Shell: orders, 151 ff.;
price, 124, 196–7;
production, 151, 199 ff., 211;
shortage, 144 ff, 165, 195, 223–4, 232;
stocks, 132–3, 139, 140, 143, 188, 231
Shetinin factory, 210
Shtukaturov, 170–1
Shuvayev, 27, 191
Shuvalov, 106
Siberian Corps, 104, 112, 116, 142, 177, 179, 180, 229, 257
Siberian Division, 137, 140, 181
Sidorin, 104
Sidorov, 153, 209
Siedlce, 108
Sievers, 117, 226
Silesia, 80, 90, 96, 101, 128
Silistria, 276
Simbirsk, 297
Sirelius, 228, 229, 230
Siret river, 281
Skoda, 122
Slavs, 113, 122, 125, 240, 269
Slonim, 184, 189
Slovenes, 243
Slyusarenko, 106
Smirnov, General, 112, 168, 228, 255
Smolensk, 33
Smorgon, 189
Smyslovski, 161
Socec, 280
Soldau, 63, 64
Solodovnikov, 197
Somme, 131, 132, 258, 266, 267, 270
Soós, 87
Sopanow, 247, 151
Sormovski factory, 162
‘Southern Army Group’, 277
Soviet, 205, 215, 282–3;
economy, 201
Special Council, 198–9, 201, 203, 204–6, 207, 208, 284, 287
Stalin, J., 283
Stalinism, 284, 301
Stamp, Sir Joseph, 290
Stanislav, 81
State Banks, 284, 287, 290
State factories, 146
State monopolies, 289
Stavka, 27, 28, 51–4, 58, 62, 84, 85, 86, 89, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 111, 116, 119, 129, 130, 134, 136, 137, 138, 142, 144, 146, 148, 149, 155 n., 156, 165, 172, 175, 179, 184, 185, 186, 196, 197, 198, 217, 222, 226, 227, 232, 233, 246, 270, 271, 272, 274, 278, 279, 280, 282, 300. See also Nicholas II
Stavropol, 293
Stellungskrieg, 94
Stettin, 37, 218
Stevens Commission, 300
Steyr, 123
Stock Exchange, Russia, 27, 208, 284, 290
Stogov, 34
Stokhod river, 259, 260, 267, 271, 272, 262, 263, 266
Stolypin, 232
Stolzmann, 111, 242
Straub, 74–7 passim, 128
Strauss, 242
Stremoukhov, 87
Strumilin, 206
Struve, 297
Stryj, 79
Strypa river, 251;
battle, 222, 232, 233, 235, 236
Styr river, 133, 191, 242, 250, 255, 256, 260, 261, 270
Südarmee, 111, 113, 120, 139, 140, 141, 245, 251, 253, 154, 259, 260, 263, 266, 270, 273
Sukhodoly, 90
Sukhomlinov, 24 ff., 28–31, 32–5 passim, 51, 52, 58, 95 n., 148, 149, 161, 174, 175, 194–7 passim, 201, 226, 233;
fall of, 198
Sukhomlinovshchina, 192, 225
Sukhomlinovtsy, 27, 28, 195 n.;
Sukhomlinovites, 85
Surén, 183
Sventsiany, General, 188, 189, 192, 227
Sventsiany– Vilna, 244
Sveshnikov, 175
Svir, 189
Sweden, 159 n.
Szawli, 172
Szúrmay, 250, 259
Tanks, 236
Tannenberg, battle, 44, 58, 59, 62, 68;
assessed, 66–7
Tarachkov, 131
Tarnopol, 183, 247
Tatars, 252
Taxation, 289–90
Technology, army, 19, 28, 50–1, 233
Tereshchenko, 199
Territorials, 214 n., 216
Tersztyánszki, 114, 259
Teschen, 113, 120, 128, 242
Theakston, 201
Thiepval, 133
Thorn (fortress), 54, 100
Tiflis, 198
Tirpitz, 39
Tisza, Count, 76, 124, 139, 243
Tolstoy, Count, 22
Toruń, 101, 133
Trans-Siberian railway, 157, 158, 293
Transylvania, 140, 276, 277
Trawniki, 33, 177
Trench-systems, 92, 108, 117, 135, 177, 179, 223, 237, 238, 241
Tretyakov, 199
Trieste, 37, 129, 218
Troops: condition of, 90, 113–14, 120–21, 155 ff., 170–1, 176, 182 ff., 225, 229–30, 260, 262, 280;
disintegration of, 300–1;
sickness, 82, 190–1;
wounded, 101, 169
Trotski, 233
Trubetskoy, 184
Trysten, 262
Tsarevich, 233
Tsaritsyn, 151, 152
Tsarist régime, 17, 21–2, 27, 36, 144, 194, 208, 218, 233, 284, 289, 290, 294
Tsurikov, 28
Tsushima, Straits of, naval battle, 17
Tukkum, 281
Tula, 285, 293;
factory, 146, 160, 162
Turkestan, 20, 288
Turkestan Corps, 257
Turkestan Rifle Brigade, 225
Turkey, 23, 109, 120, 125, 127, 185, 218, 280;
railways, 265;
troops, 260, 263, 276
Turnu Rosu pass, 278
Turya river, 247
Tutracǎia, 276
Tyulin, 188, 189
U-Boats, 267–8
Ukraine, 140
Uleaborg, 159 n.
United States of America, 159, 204, 208;
printing Russian money, 288 n.;
trade with Russia, 150, 209, 299;
wargoods, 151–6, 161
Universities, 187, 217
Upart, 148, 223, 231
Urals, 197 n., 205
Urziceni, 280
Ushakov, 28
Uzsok Pass, 113
Vankov, General, 162, 163, 197, 202, 203, 211
Vannovski, 22
Varun-Sekret, 196
Vasiliev, 106
Vaux, 31
Velichko, 233
Verdun, 31, 93, 131, 227, 232, 244, 245, 258, 266
Vernander, 27
Vickers, 150, 151–2, 155
Vienna, 71, 75, 78, 125, 128, 242, 269
Viennese Rifle Division, 259
Vilna, 133, 147, 187–90 passim, 228, 260
Vistula river, 30, 31, 33, 41, 42, 61, 62, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 107, 108, 112, 148, 174, 181, 182
Vladimir Volynski, 135, 255, 256
Vladivostok, 157
Volhynia, 34, 190, 221, 247, 251, 258, 259, 266, 282
Vologda, 157
Vorobiev, 209
Vosges, 245
Voyeykov, 26, 225
Voyshin-Murdas-Zhilinski, 85
; Vtorov, 211
Vvedenski, 201
Vyatka, 203
Vyazma, 33
Vyshneradski, 162, 196, 199, 208
Wages and prices, 195, 197 n., 199, 205 ff., 219, 288–9, 297
Wallachia, 274, 277, 278, 279
Waplitz, 64
War Council, 149, 160
War-aims, 219–20
War-industries committees, 156, 201 ff.
War-loans 290–1
Warsaw, 32, 34, 54, 63, 67, 84, 96, 98, 99, 101, 175, 179, 183;
entered by Germans, 191;
Military District, 49, 94
Watter, 182
Wereszyca river, 89, 90, 142
Western Powers, 127, 131, 147, 185, 221, 246, 264, 276, 282
Westinghouse, 152
White Army, 28
White Sea, 158, 159 n.
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 76, 90, 139, 185, 242, 268, 269
Willenberg, 64, 65, 66
Winchester rifles, 152
Windischgrätz, 120
Wireless, 51, 101
Wisloka, river, 137, 138
Wogau, 205
Wolf-Schneider-Arno, O., 100 n,
Women and children, 162, 183
Woyrsch, 184, 188, 245
Wroclawek, 105, 168
Wyldbore-Smith, 155
Yanushkevitch, 26, 48, 52, 54, 84, 85, 136, 171, 175, 185, 187
Yekaterinoslav, 203
Yengalychev, Prince, 175, 192
Yepanchin, 117, 118, 168
Yermolov, 156
Yusupovs, 292
Zareb, 127
Zakutovski, 229, 230
Zamość, battle, 86, 87
Zasanie barracks, 53
Zayonchkovski, 235, 274, 276, 277, 278
Zemgor, 156, 169, 195, 199, 201, 203, 204, 211
Zhilinski, 26, 48, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 95, 212, 221, 227, 231, 232
Zhmerinka, 82
Zimnicea, 277
Zlota Lipa river, 88, 263
Zuyev, 28
* Reichskriegsministerium: Sanitätsbericht über das Deutsche Heer im Weltkrieg vol. 2 (Berlin 1935) p. 2 and ‘Tafel’ 5.
* To start with, the atmosphere was quite different. As in all European armies, it was one of uplift. Officers in Stavka did without drink; women were forbidden in the staff compound; religious services were held every day. In the same style, Conrad von Hötzendorf, on the Austro-Hungarian side, slept on straw in the Zasanie barracks in Przemysl; Hindenburg, on the German side, promised to write to his wife every day—all of it no doubt evidence as to how widespread was the supposition that this would be a short war. The strain of lengthening war soon told, however. By the end of 1914, wine was being served to Stavka, and vodka to senior officers. The Grand Duke told Stavka’s chaplain to have the choir sing pieces from Prince Igor instead of Masses. What happened as regards women is not documented. Hindenburg managed to write about 1,500 letters to his wife in the war. The Austrians solved their problem by moving to comfortable villas in Moravia, and having their wives live there—although that was not enough for Conrad, who continued to write long, though not daily letters to other men’s wives.14
* Zhilinski blamed Rennenkampf for not helping Samsonov, and then for running away during the battle of the Masurian Lakes. Rumours were also put about that Rennenkampf had been profiteering in matters of army supply, and a commission was set up to examine them. Rennenkampf mobilised the cavalry mafia in his defence, sent coded telegrams to friends at court (Orlov) and Zhilinski then found that he was being blamed for what had happened. The Grand Duke sent a telegram to the Tsar, saying that Zhilinski had panicked. Zhilinski was thereupon dismissed, Rennenkampf confirmed in office. But the Sukhomlinov system saved Zhilinski, who re-appeared—to the Allies considerable bewilderment—as Russian representative at Chantilly.