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The Eastern Front 1914-1917

Page 46

by Norman Stone


  Bohemia, 73, 124, 218

  Böhm-Ermolli, 114

  Bolfras, 128

  Bolimów, 112

  Bolsheviks, 22, 25, 167, 211, 224, 231, 233, 291, 297, 299;

  Revolution, 282 ff., 301

  Bontch-Bruyevitch, 27, 28, 85, 116, 135, 198

  Boots, army, 49, 107, 159, 245

  Borisov, V., 192

  Boroević, 113, 114

  Bosnian crisis, 29, 33

  Bothmer, 245, 254

  Bounties, 287

  Bratislava, 78

  Break-through, 133–4, 137, 178, 224, 236–8, 249 ff., 256

  Breslau (battleship), 222

  Brest-Litovsk, 32, 33, 34, 177, 182, 188, 282

  Brinken, 68

  British army, 49, 93, 107, 131, 185, 221, 232, 234, 244, 251, 270;

  artillery, 210;

  cavalry, 133;

  conscription, 154, 214;

  contingents in French army, 40;

  in Romania, 280

  Brody, 260, 273

  Bruchmüller, 179

  Brudermann 81, 82, 85, 88

  Brusilov, 137, 149 n., 171, 190, 192, 224, 227, 233; 234, 236, 238–41, 246, 249, 251, 252 ff., 260, 261, 263, 266, 267, 270, 271, 273, 281

  Brzeziny, 106

  Bucharest, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280

  Budapest 76, 77, 78, 95, 120, 122, 269

  Bug river, 180, 183

  Bug-Armee, 178

  Bukovina, 99, 113, 114, 120, 129, 133, 138, 139

  Bulgakov, 118

  Bulgaria, 108, 185, 221, 243, 253, 254, 255, 260, 266, 273, 276, 277, 280, 284;

  troops, 278, 279

  Bullets, 149n.

  Bussche-Haddenhausen, 220

  Bzura river, 108

  Bzura-Rawka, 112

  Canada, 158

  ‘Canadian Purchasing Syndicate’, 153

  Carpathian campaigns, 79, 82, 97, 99, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 119–125 passim,129, 135–6, 234, 263, 278, 279

  Caucasus, 27, 93, 121, 138, 197, 299

  Caucasus Corps, 120, 130, 138, 139, 140, 141, 174

  Central Asians, 213, 232

  Central Powers, 42, 70, 93, 97, 99, 109, 111, 112, 129, 130, 139, 172, 177, 209, 218, 221, 243, 258, 259, 264–7, 269, 270, 271, 274, 278, 279, 280, 298

  Cernavoda, 279

  Chablons, 251

  Champagne, 132

  Chantilly, 95 n., 282

  Cherson, 133

  Chicherin, 22

  Cholm, 53, 85, 134, 147, 165, 172, 178, 181

  Churin, 179

  Chyrów, 79

  Clergue, 153

  Clerk, Sir George R., 109, 152

  Coal, 157, 160, 163, 195, 200, 202, 208

  Collard, Count, 82

  Cologne, 40

  Commerce and Industry, 199

  ‘Commission internationale de revitaillment’, 155

  Communications (trade), 159

  Congress of the United Gentry, 293

  Conrad von Hötzendorf, 42, 53 n, 70–82 passim, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 96–9 passim, 109, 111, 113, 114, 121, 125–8 passim, 141, 176–7, 178, 183, 188, 190, 242, 243, 245, 246, 255, 258, 259, 260, 266, 268, 269, 278

  Constanta, 279

  Constantinople, 18, 35, 174, 218

  Constitutional Democrats, 194, 196, 199, 202, 203

  Corfu, 221

  Cossacks, 17, 87, 113, 135, 183, 235, 253

  Cottage industries, 20, 285, 297

  Council for State Defence, 24

  Council of Ministers, 150, 157–8, 160, 183, 195

  Courland, 171–2, 176–7, 182, 184, 185, 186, 191, 281

  Cracow, 77, 81, 82, 95, 96, 100, 108

  Cramon, 122, 128

  Croats, 243, 251

  Cyrillic, 151

  Czechs, 123, 126, 127, 128, 240, 243, 262, 272

  Danilov, 25, 33, 34, 35, 41, 52, 53, 54, 82, 83, 84, 106, 111, 112, 116, 138, 183

  Danube river, 277, 278, 279

  Darcy, 201

  Dardanelles, 120–1, 174, 218, 26

  Dauerstellung, 189

  Davydov, 199

  Decembrists, 22

  Defence expenditure, 18, 28–9

  Denikin, 21

  Desertions, 240–1, 253

  Diesel engines, 161

  Dimsha, 23

  Dittmar, von, 201

  Dniéprovienne, 206

  Dniester river, 72, 79, 81, 113, 121, 136, 139, 142, 222, 247, 253, 258–61 passim, 266–70 passim, 277, 279

  Dobrogea, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280

  Dobrorolski, 48, 137

  Douaumont, 31

  Dragomirov, General, 23, 27, 28, 53, 85, 137, 167

  Dreadnought, 24

  Drewenz river, 64

  Dreyer, 200

  Dubno, 82, 251, 255

  Dug-outs, see French-systems

  Dukla Pass, 137, 138

  Duma, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 185, 187, 194, 196, 198, 204, 282

  Dunajec river, 91, 100

  Dunajec-Biala Lines, 108, 120, 130

  Dux factory, 210

  Dvina river, 157, 234

  Dvinsk, 174, 187, 228

  East Prussia, 27, 33, 34, 35, 41, 44, 49, 59, 61, 66, 67, 70, 72, 82, 97, 100, 107, 109, 111–12, 116, 120, 172, 174;

  invasion of, 48, 51, 54–5

  Economic growth, 159–60, 200, 284

  Eichhorn, 116, 188, 189

  ‘Ekonomiya’ saw-mill, 157

  Elworthy railway-works, 203

  Entente countries, 93, 110, 195, 204, 221, 264, 268

  Erdelyi, 205, 208

  Eugen, Archduke, 259

  Eugene, Prince, 242

  Evert, 22, 86, 187, 191, 227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 236, 246, 255–8 passim, 260, 261, 266, 270, 282

  Fabeck 107

  Factories, 200–1, 205, 210

  Factory Inspectorate, 284

  Falkenhayn, Erich von, 107, 109, 111, 114, 119, 121, 122, 123, 127, 129, 139–42, 176–80

  passim, 182, 184, 185, 188–91

  passim, 221, 235, 240, 243, 244, 245, 253, 254, 258, 259, 260, 266–9

  passim, 278

  Finns, 213

  First World War, 18, 31, 44, 50–1, 118, 119, 146, 200, 208, 213, 215, 216, 218–20, 229, 231, 235, 244, 247, 265, 284–5, 287, 301

  Flamanda, 277

  Flanders 92, 107, 108, 131, 134

  Foch, F., 235

  Food: production, 124–5;

  Shortage, 291–2. See also Grain

  Fokó, 252

  Fortresses, 38, 148–9, 174–5, 181, 186

  France, 30, 37, 44, 92, 109, 219–20, 221, 287;

  industrial contracts, 152, 153, 159 n.;

  loans to Russia, 17, 42;

  trade with Russia, 150;

  war declared on, 43

  François, General von, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70

  Franconia, 164

  Franco-Russian General Staff discussions, 45

  Franz, 193 n.

  Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 42, 90

  Franz Joseph, Emperor, 75, 76

  French army, 23, 32, 33, 34, 37–8, 40, 54, 93, 132, 185, 221, 231, 232, 234, 244, 270;

  artillery, 210;

  conscription, 39–40, 212–13, 217;

  losses, 48;

  military mission to Romania, 280

  French Technical Mission, 163

  Friedrich, Archduke, 90, 269

  Friedrichstadt, 187

  Fuzes, 145, 151–2, 161, 162, 163

  Gagarin, Prince V. F., 293 n.

  Gǎlăţi, 279

  Galicia, 35, 44, 55, 70, 72–82 passim, 84, 85, 88, 96, 97, 107, 174, 177, 183, 190, 222, 223, 245, 247, 255, 258, 263, 265, 273, 282;

  loss of, 129, 132, 137, 140, 143–4, 171, 172

  Gallipoli, 221

  Gallwitz, 147, 177, 180, 182–5 passim

  Gas, 112, 228

  General Staff, 19 ff., 24, 25–6, 29, 45, 72, 94, 224

  General Staff Academy, 19, 22, 45

  Generalgouvernement, 185

  Genning
s, 107

  Germany army, 23, 29, 32, 37 ff., 40, 44, 50, 51, 53 ff., 96, 99, 104;

  VIII, 44, 48, 59–61, 67, 68, 70, 82;

  IX, 96, 180;

  X, 68, 228;

  artillery, 39, 145, 229, 230;

  cavalry, 106;

  conscription, 213, 214;

  mobilisation, 42–3, 45, 48–9, 75, 76;

  withdrawal from Austrian front, 245

  German navy, 39;

  submarines, 159, 222, 267–8

  Germano-Bulgarian force, 279

  Germany, 18, 21, 30, 33, 34, 35, 191, 219–21;

  economic discontent, 267;

  invasion of, 44, 48, 49, 101, 107;

  munitions, 163 n.;

  peace with, 176, 218, 283;

  railways, 32, 41; 134;

  trade with Russia, 150, 154, 209, 286, 298

  Gerngross, 26

  Gerok, 107

  Geysmans, 85

  Glavny Shtab, 19, 20, 25–6, 27, 215, 216

  Gliniany, 79

  Gnila-Lipa river, 88

  Goeben (battleship), 222

  Gold, 153–4, 286–8

  Golovin, General, 25, 54, 88, 251, 273

  Goltz, 64

  Gorbatovski, 172

  Goremykin, 195

  Gorizia, 267

  Gorky, 283

  Gorlice, 140, 147, 178, 179, 228, 235, 265

  Grabbe, 184

  Grain, 295–7, 299

  Graudenz (fortress), 55

  Grazhdanin, 26, 283

  Great Britain, 35, 37, 42, 219, 221;

  factory inspectors, 152;

  Foreign Office, 144 n., 152;

  loan to Russia, 287;

  munitions, 151;

  naval convention, 18;

  shell-price, 196–7;

  taxes, 289 n., 290;

  trade with Russia, 121, 150, 153 ff., 161, 209. See also British army

  Great Powers, 50, 109

  ‘Great Programme’, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 40, 42, 145, 213

  Greece, 109, 221, 243, 276

  Grenadier Corps, 226

  Grey, Sir E., 155

  Grigoriev, 186

  Grodno (fortress), 30, 32, 55, 62, 174, 187, 188

  Groener, 129

  Gryazovetski, 169

  Guchkov, 196, 198, 199

  Guliewicz, 58

  Gumbinnen, battles, 61

  Gunners, 62, 64, 223, 229–30

  Gurko, 112

  Gutor, 28

  Gyllenschmidt, 256

  Habsburg Monarchy, 37, 71, 93, 122, 126

  Haig, Douglas, 131

  Halicz, 260, 263, 273

  Hanbury-Williams, General, 151

  Hart, B. Liddell, 278

  Heeresgruppe Prinz Leopold, 185

  Heeresgruppe Mackenson, 177

  Heinrich, Archduke, 242

  Hell, 262, 271

  Hermannstadt, 276, 278

  Heydebreck, 180

  ‘Higher Attestations Committee’, 25

  Hindenburg, Paul von, 53 n., 61, 66, 96, 111, 185, 254, 268, 269

  Hitler, A., 71, 255

  Hoffmann, 100 n., 267, 271

  Hospitals, 49, 107, 169, 203, 215

  Hötzendorf, Conrad von, see Conrad von Hötzendorf

  Hughes apparatus, 51, 246

  Hungary, 76, 111, 125–6, 134, 264, 265, 273;

  railways, 79, 140;

  troops, 251

  Huns, 49, 50

  Hutier, 189

  Ignatiev, Count, 48, 225, 234, 261

  Industry, 205, 209–10;

  profit-making, 206 ff.

  Industrialists, 282

  Infantry manuals, 223

  Inflation, see Wages and prices

  Insterburg, 116

  ‘Intendantstvo’, 39

  Ipatiev, 28, 163

  Ireland, 214

  Isakagorka, 157

  Isonzo river, 244, 246, 267

  Italy, 37, 73, 108, 109, 111, 120, 174, 219, 221, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 258, 259, 266, 269, 282;

  intervention, 128, 139

  Ivangorod (fortress) 30, 97, 98, 99, 149, 174, 175, 181, 186

  Ivanov, 27, 51, 85–8 passim, 90, 94–8 passim, 101, 107, 108, 111, 120, 121, 122, 131, 135, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 148, 174, 175, 190, 222, 224, 232;

  dismissal, 233–4

  Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 202, 297

  Ivanovo-voznesenskoye tovarishchestvo mekhanisheskikh izdeliy, 203

  Izhevski factory, 160, 162

  Izvolski, 233

  Jagow, 42, 76

  Japan: Russo-Japanese war, 17, 18, 19–20, 22, 49, 225, 235

  Jaroslau, 79, 141, 142

  Jaroslawice, 80

  Jazlowiec, 251

  Jews, 18, 26, 39, 82, 184, 213, 289

  Joffre, J. J. C.,44, 54, 96, 185, 246, 273, 274

  Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke, 87, 90, 190, 241, 242, 250

  Kaiser corps, 240

  Kaledin, 239, 246, 256, 257

  Kaluga, 192

  Kamenev, 28, 283

  Kampfstellung, 252

  Kapnist, Count, 192

  Karbyshev, 233

  Karl, Archduke, 269

  Karl, Emperor, 124

  Karpatenkorps, 263, 266

  Kazatin 82

  Kaznakov, 184, 189

  Kelchevski, 252

  Kerenski, 280, 283, 284, 300

  Kexholm Guard, 49

  Khan of Nakhichevan, 50

  Khanzin, 148

  Kiev, 34, 140, 166, 190, 198, 202, 203;

  Military District, 94

  King’s Norton, 151, 152

  Kirey, 28, 233

  Kitchener Lord, 155

  Klembovski, 222, 232, 233, 238

  Klyuer, 31, 34, 53

  Knox (attaché), 155 n.

  Kochubey, 58, 168

  Kock, 181

  Kola peninsula, 158

  Kolomensky factory, 161

  Komarow, battle, 87

  Kondratiev, 27

  Kondratovitch, 229

  Kondzerovski, 52, 53, 138, 148, 192, 193 n.

  Königsberg (fortress) 54, 55, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68

  Kornilov, 21, 137

  Korolkov, 147

  Körösmezö, 139

  Kostevitch, Captain, 155

  Kotten, von, 26

  Kovno (fortress), 30, 32, 55, 60, 95, 96, 117, 118, 149, 171, 172, 174, 179, 180, 183, 184, 186, 187

  Kowel, 134, 181, 183, 277;

  offensives, 256, 261–3, 270–4, 276, 279

  Kraewel, 260

  Kralowetz, 114

  Kraśnik, 85, 90, 178, 180

  Krasnostaw, 87, 178, 180, 236

  Kriegsüberwachungsamt, 127

  Krobatin, 75

  Kronstadt, 29, 274, 278

  Krovlya, 205, 206

  Krupp, heavy cannon, 38

  Krupy, 250

  Kseshinskaya, 153

  Kuban, 299

  Kulak, 294 n., 297

  Kundmann, 250

  Kurken defile, 65

  Kurlov, 28

  Kuropatkin, A. N., 17, 226, 228, 230, 232, 235, 257, 266, 277

  Kusmanek, 114

  Kutno, 105

  Kuvaka (liquor), 26

  Kuvayevskaya manufaktura, 203

  Kuzmin-Karavayev, 23, 161

  Labour, 162, 195;

  strikes, 200, 282, 284–5;

  railwaymen, 300;

  mobility, 285, 299

  Laguiche, 246

  Laiming, 108

  Landsturm, 55, 64, 81, 84, 100

  Landwehr, 55, 61, 62, 64, 84, 80, 258

  Landwehrkorps, 101

  Langlois, 132, 191, 226, 265

  Language problems, 123, 126–7

  Lapps, 159 n.

  Lasdehnen forest, 117

  Laszczów, 86

  Lauenstein, 172

  Latvians, 49, 189

  Lebedev factory, 210

  Lechitski, 58, 224, 239, 246, 251, 252, 253, 259, 260, 261, 263, 273, 274, 277

  Leitmeritz, 77

  Lemke, 192, 193 n
., 233

  Lenin, V. I., 22, 283, 284, 301

  Leopold, Prince, 188, 189

  Leopold of Bavaria, 269

  Lesh, 108, 225

  Letters, soldiers’, 165, 169, 300

  Libau (fortress), 172

  Lichnowsky (ambassador), 42

  Lida, 182, 189

  Liège, 175

  Linsingen, 107, 111, 188, 241, 242, 245, 254, 262, 263

  Litvinov, 179, 180

  Litvinov-Falinski, 162, 196, 210

  Litzmann, 168, 262

  Liverpool, 154

  Lódz offensive, 105 ff., 108, 134, 189

  Logishin, 189

  Lomza, 181

  Lorraine, 44

  Lötzen (fortress), 62, 68

  ‘Lowicz detachment’, 106, 107

  Lublin, 85, 86, 89, 147, 178, 180, 181

  Ludendorff, Erich, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66–7, 68, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 129, 133, 171, 172, 176, 178, 179, 184, 185, 187–91 passim, 235, 268, 283

  Lutsk, 190, 238, 239, 247, 250, 255, 256

  Lvov, Prince, 293 n.

  Lwów, 77, 79, 81, 88, 89, 91, 96, 98, 140, 178, 260, 274;

  captured, 142;

  evacuation,165

  Macedonia, 258

  Mackay, 153

  Mackensen, August von, 60, 64, 65, 98, 128, 129, 139, 140, 142, 143, 147, 174, 176–80 passim, 182–5 passim, 221, 235, 236, 254, 269, 276, 278, 280

  Maklakov, 194

  Manchurian Armies, 49

  Manchurian campaigns, 17, 226

  Manikovski, 162, 211

  Mannerheim, 97, 255

  Manpower, 45, 55, 93, 166, 212 ff., 225, 232, 234, 265–6, 270, 284 ff.

  March Revolution, 232, 283, 292

  Martiny Corps, 240

  Marwitz, 122, 259, 260, 262, 266, 271, 272

  Masalski, Prince, 229, 230

  Masurian Lakes, battle, 44, 68–9, 95 n., 168

  Materialschlachten, 235

  Maubenge, 175

  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duke of, 261

  Med, 205

  Menonites, 213

  Mensheviks, 283, 289

  Meshcherski, Prince, 26, 199

  Metz, 245

  Mézières, 128

  Mezölaborcz, 113

  Middle East, 219

  Mikhailovitch, Sergey, Grand Duke, 24, 32

  Mileant, 27, 58

  Minenwerfer, 130, 136

  Minsk, 33, 53

  Mitau, 184, 281

  Mogiliev, 192–3, 234

  Moldavia, 277, 279, 280

  Molodechno, 189

  Moltke, Helmuth, 37, 38, 42, 44, 61, 72, 76

  Morale, see Troops

  Moravia, 53 n.

  Morgen, 104, 187

  Moscow, 101, 166, 198, 203, 204, 296;

  industrialists, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202

  Murmansk, 158

  Myasoyedov affair, 26, 197–8

  Myshlayevski, 26

  Namur, 175

  Narev river, 82, 132, 147, 174–7, 179, 180, 228;

  retreat, 181

  Narotch, Lake, 189, 257;

  battle, 222, 227, 228, 230–1, 232, 235, 247, 255, 260

  Nazimov, 189

  N.C.O.s, 39, 45, 167–8, 213

 

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