18. Stephen Lynn King, History and Biographical Sketches of the 46th Tennessee Infantry, CSA (Bowling Green, KY: S. I. King, 1992); Edwin H. Rennolds, A History of the Henry Co., Commands Which Served in the C. S. Army (Jacksonville, FL: Sun Publishing, 1904), 182–185, 195. For Taliaferro’s military record, see National Archive Catalogue ID 586957, Compiled Service Records of Confederate General and Staff Officers and Nonregimental Enlisted Men, M331, RG 109, NA, available online on Fold3.com. For evidence of Taliaferro’s land purchases in McLennan County, see McLennan County, Texas, Archives, Tax Rolls, 1878–1905, Assessment Roll of Property in McLennan County, Owned by Residents Rendered for Taxation by Owners or Agents Thereof, for the Year 1883, p. 26. Taliaferro owned 200 acres valued at $2,000; another 96 acres worth $288 was entered in his wife’s name. See Tax Office, McLennan County, http://co.mclennan.tx.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/275.
19. “comely”: St. Louis G-D, September 18, 1886, 3; Herbert Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925 (New York: Vintage, 1977), 75–76; 1870 FMC, Waco.
20. Tennessee State Marriages, 1760–2002, Ancestry.com; Rebecca A. Kosary, “‘To Punish and Humiliate the Entire Community’: White Violence Perpetrated Against African-American Women in Texas, 1865–1868,” and James M. Smallwood, “When the Klan Rode: Terrorism in Reconstruction Texas,” in Kenneth W. Howell, ed., Still the Arena of Civil War: Violence and Turmoil in Reconstruction Texas, 1865–1874 (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2012), 327–353, 215; Carrigan, Making of a Lynching Culture, Appendix A; Barry A. Crouch, The Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Texans (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992); “Letter of the Secretary of War (Texas),” Executive Documents of the Senate of the United States, no. 6, 39th Cong, 2nd sess., 1866–1867 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1867), 142–144; Cases 77–89, M821, reel 32, BRFAL, RG 105, NA (reported by Philip Howard).
21. “drum-head”: Report of William H. Sinclair, Galveston, December 23, 1866, M821, reel 8, BRFAL, RG 105, NA; René Hayden, Anthony E. Kaye, Kate Masur, Steven F. Miller, Susan E. O’Donovan, Leslie S. Rowland, and Stephen A. West, eds., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867, Series 3, vol. 2, Land and Labor, 1866–1867 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press), 178–184.
22. “lofty spirit”: Brevet Major General C. C. Andrews quoted in Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction (39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865–1866) (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1866), 125; Carrigan, Making of a Lynching Culture, 116, 123, 96, 124–125, 138–139, 142; Kosary, “To Punish,” in Howell, ed., Still the Arena of Civil War, 338.
23. Barry A. Crouch, “‘To Enslave the Rising Generation’: The Freedmen’s Bureau and the Texas Black Code,” in Paul A. Cimbala and Randall Miller, eds., The Freedmen’s Bureau in Reconstruction: A Reconsideration (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 261–287.
24. “traded a good mule… reaped the harvest”: Parsons, ed., Life, 8; Dallas MN, July 20, 1897; “Catalogue of the Trustees, Officers and Students of Baylor University (Male Department) (Waco Registrar’s Office, 1866). Parsons is listed under the “preparatory class” for 1866–1867. For a history of Waco Lodge 92 of the Freemasons, see www.wacomasonic.org/about-us. See also Carolyn Ashbaugh to Mrs. Lucie Price, Chicago, December 14, 1973, Lucie Clift Price Papers, 1838–1938, DBCAH. Carolyn Ashbaugh is the author of Lucy Parsons: American Revolutionary (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2013 [1976]).
25. “To the same old persecuting”: Andrew J. Evans quoted in Carl J. Moneyhon, “‘Texas Out-Radicals My Radicalism’: Roots of Radical Republicanism in Reconstruction Texas,” in David O’Donald Cullen and Kyle G. Wilkison, eds., The Texas Left: The Radical Roots of Lone Star Liberalism (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2010), 21; “the reconstruction measures… go into politics”: Parsons, ed., Life, 9. On Germans in Texas politics during this period, see Walter Kamphoefner, “New Perspectives on Texas Germans and the Confederacy,” in Grear, ed., Fate of Texas, 105–120.
26. Terry G. Jordan, “Germans,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, n.d., www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/png02; Rudolph L. Biesele, “German Attitude Toward the Civil War,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, n.d., www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/png01; Walter L. Buenger, Secession and the Union in Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984); Nicholas K. Roland, “‘Our Worst Enemies Are in Our Midst’: Violence in the Texas Hill Country, 1845–1881,” PhD diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2017.
27. St. Louis G-D, September 18, 1886, 3; Texas Marriages, 1817–1965, Ancestry.com.
28. “all his cash”: St. Louis G-D, September 18, 1886, 3.
29. “The colored are well united”: D. F. Davis to E. M. Wheelock, Waco, 1866, M822, reel 11, BRFAL, RG 105, NA; correspondence of James D. Scarlett from Waco in the spring of 1869, Letters Received, M822, reel 8, BRFAL, RG 105, NA. See also Alwyn Barr, “Early Organizing and the Search for Equality: African American Conventions in Late Nineteenth-Century Texas,” in Debra A. Reid, ed., Seeking Inalienable Rights: Texans and Their Quests for Justice (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2009), 1–16; James Smallwood, Time of Hope, Time of Despair: Black Texans During Reconstruction (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1981).
30. “Until the present generation”: Sub-Assistant Commissioner’s or Agent’s Monthly Report, M822, reel 11, BRFAL, RG 105, NA.
31. “sort of a custom”: St. Louis G-D, September 19, 1886, 6; Charles Haughn to Lt. E. Morse, Waco, September 30, 1868, Records of the Superintendent of Education for the State of Texas, Letters Received, M822, reel 6, BRFAL, RG 105, NA; “young bloods… shape”: Martha Downs quoted in Waco EN, April 3, 1889, 4: “black hair”: Horace Stuart Cummings, Dartmouth College Sketches of the Class of 1862 (Washington, DC: Rothrock, 1884), 50–51; Carrigan, Making of a Lynching Culture, 100.
32. Barry A. Crouch, Dance of Freedom: Texas African Americans During Reconstruction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007); “The life”: Gregg Cantrell, “Racial Violence and Reconstruction Politics in Texas, 1867–1868,” SHQ 93 (January 1990): 346; Carrigan, Making of a Lynching Culture, 116, 123.
33. “love of display”: James J. Emerson to William G. Kirkman, Waco, July 14, 1867, Letters Received, M821, reel 5, BRFAL, RG 105, NA; Robert Crudup to Judge Evans, July 28, 1868, Box 401-862, folder 862-13, Reconstruction Records of the Texas Adjutant General’s Department, Texas State Library and Archives, Austin, Texas (Reconstruction Records, TSLA, hereafter); Randolph B. Campbell, “Reconstruction in McLennan County, Texas, 1865–1876,” Prologue 27 (Spring 1995): 17–35.
34. See, for example, the report David F. Davis submitted for April 30, 1866, “Report of School for Freedmen,” M822, reel 11, BRFAL, RG 105, NA; Executive Documents, 147; “what I have”: Davis’s April 1866 Monthly Report, M822, reel 11, BRFAL, RG 105, NA; “he was proud”: Columbus DE, September 17, 1886, 5.
35. “hug fast… old ideas”: Davis quoted in Campbell, “Reconstruction,” 26; Cummings, Dartmouth College Sketches, 7.
36. “Mr. Davis”: Charles Haughn to Lt. E. Morse, Waco, September 30, 1868, Letters Received, M822, reel 6, BRFAL, RG 105, NA.
37. William M. Sleeper and Allan D. Sanford, Waco Bar and Incidents of Waco History (Waco: Hill Printing, 1941), 129–130.
38. “My political career… associates”: Parsons, ed., Life, 9; “multitude of ignorant”: ibid., 216; “incessant talker”: Dallas MN, May 7, 1886, 1.
39. Duty, “Home Front,” 222; Parsons, ed., Life, 217–218; “A violent agitator”: Waco Day, May 6, 1886; “he was always on hand”: Galveston DN, May 15, 1886.
40. “Africanization”: Baum, Shattering of Texas Unionism, 174; “all at once”: quoted in Jack Noe, “Representative Men: The Post-Civil War Political Struggle over Texas’s Commissioners to the 1876 Centennial Exhibition,” SHQ 120 (October 2016): 166; “many old army friends”: W. H. Parsons to Editor, San Antonio Express, October 7, 186
9, and “the Republican Party”: N. Patten to Newcomb, Patten’s Mills, August 18, 1869, both in Box 2F105, General Correspondence Folder, 1869, James P. Newcomb Sr., Papers, 1833–1911, DBCAH; “Negro subordination… subserved”: Broadside for “Negro Slavery, Its Present, Past and Future,” Vandale Collection, DBCAH.
41. Parsons, ed., Life, 216.
42. Ibid., 216–217.
43. Houston WT, March 11, 1869, 1.
44. Ibid.
45. Parsons, ed., Life, 9.
46. Journal of the Reconstruction Convention, Which Met at Austin, Texas, June 1, 1868 (Austin: Tracy, Siemering, 1870); San Saba (TX) News, September 3, 1893; “no rebel officers”: David F. Davis to Gov. Davis, Waco, March 22, 1870, Papers of Governor Edmund. J. Davis, TSLA (Davis Papers, TSLA, hereafter).
47. Carl H. Moneyhon, Republicanism in Reconstruction Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980), 138; Alwyn Barr, “Black Legislators of Reconstruction Texas,” CWH 32 (December 1986): 340–352.
CHAPTER 2: REPUBLICAN HEYDAY
1. “cheaper Goods”: Waco DE, October 6, 1875, 1; St. Louis G-D, September 18, 1886, 3.
2. “scourged”: St. Louis G-D, September 18, 1886; 1870 FMC, Waco. See also “The Negro’s Romance: Poor Old Oliver Gathings and His Pretty Mulatto Wife Whom Albert Parsons Stole Away,” Columbus DE, September 17, 1886, 5.
3. 1870 FMC, Waco.
4. Ibid.; “most intense”: Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, at the First Sess., 39th Cong. (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1866), 37; Dorothy Waties Renick, “This Place We Call Home: A Serial History of Waco and McLennan County,” Waco TH, May 4, 1924, 2.
5. Carl H. Moneyhon, Republicanism in Reconstruction Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980).
6. Alwyn Barr, “African American Conventions in Late Nineteenth-Century Texas,” in Debra A. Reid, ed., Seeking Inalienable Rights: Texans and Their Quests for Justice (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2009), 2–3; General Correspondence Folder, August-September 1870, in Newcomb Papers, DBCAH.
7. “enemies… Republicans”: Box 2014/110-7, Folder 93, Davis Papers, TSLA; “being an Ex Rebel… laborers are few”: ARP to Newcomb, Austin, September 9, 1870, Box 2F105, General Correspondence Folder, August-September 1870, Newcomb Papers, DBCAH.
8. “we suffered”: Petition of November 8, 1870, in Box 2F105, General Correspondence Folder, October-November 1870, Newcomb Papers, DBCAH; “the Parsons faction”: Flint quoted in Randolph B. Campbell, Grass-Roots Reconstruction in Texas, 1865–1880 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), 183; “too vain”: ARP to Newcomb, Waco, May 1, 1871, Box 2F105, General Correspondence Folder, April-May 1870, Newcomb Papers, DBCAH; San Saba (TX) News, September 23, 1892. See also the petition of September 27, 1870, sent from Waco to Davis (signed by ARP and three others, including Shep Mullins) in Box 2014/110-17, folder 211, Davis Papers, TSLA.
9. Senate Journal of the 12th Legislature of the State of Texas (Austin: J. G. Tracy, 1871), 19.
10. “for the purpose”: ibid., 159–160, 28, 32.
11. Ibid., 47, 369, 428, 404.
12. “black mail”: ibid., 316. See also 519.
13. H.P.M.N. Gammel, The Laws of Texas, 1822–1897, vol. 6, General Laws of the Twelfth Legislature of the State of Texas, Called Session, April 26–August 15, 1870, 1266, 1253, 1608–1609.
14. “a set of men”: The [Austin] Reformer, September 23, 1871, 2; “Report of the Special Joint Committee of the Thirteenth Legislature for Investigation into the Official Conduct and Accounts of the Superintendent of Public Instruction and of His Subordinates (Austin: John Cardwell, 1873), 144.
15. Davis to Col. A. R. Parsons, September 29, 1871, Box 2014/110-31, Letter Press Books, July 10, 1871–November 11, 1872, Davis Papers, TSLA. For the Romeo Hill quotations, see the correspondence from Romeo Hill to Joseph Welch for May 25, 1869, May 29, 1869, August 2, 1869, and May 31, 1870, in M822, reel 6, BRFAL, NA.
16. “not an ‘ornamental’… whites”: Lucy E. Parsons, ed., Life of Albert R. Parsons with Brief History of the Labor Movement in America (Chicago: Mrs. Lucy E. Parsons, 1889), 218; William D. Carrigan, The Making of a Lynching Culture: Violence and Vigilantism in Central Texas, 1836–1916 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006), 101–102; James M. Smallwood, “When the Klan Rode: Terrorism in Reconstruction Texas,” in Kenneth W. Howell, ed., Still the Arena of Civil War: Violence and Turmoil in Reconstruction Texas, 1865–1874 (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2012), 214–242; Waco Day, November 1, 1887; Joint Committee on Reconstruction, xix.
17. Campbell, Grass-Roots Reconstruction, 23.
18. “Stop the Madman!”: Tony E. Duty, “The Home Front—McLennan County in the Civil War,” Texana 12 (1974): 224–231. See also Robert M. Kisselburgh, “Enforcers or Conspirators: Texas District Court Judges’ Impact on Lawlessness During Reconstruction,” master’s thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004.
19. Marriage Records A, December 26, 1870–March 24, 1878, Marriage Certificate Registry, Office of the County Clerk, McLennan County, Texas. Information on Ancestry.com indicates that the marriage took place in Cherokee County, Texas. See also Charles F. Robinson II, “Legislated Love in the Lone Star State: Texas and Miscegenation,” SHQ 108 (July 2004): 65–87; Galveston DN, September 26, 1887. The text of the Honey v. Clark decision can be found at E. M. Wheelock, Reports of Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the State of Texas, vol. 37 (Houston: E. H. Cushing, 1874), 686–709.
20. San Antonio Express, August 22, 1873; Dallas DH, August 22, 1873, 2; Anne Bailey, Between the Enemy and Texas: Parsons’s Texas Cavalry in the Civil War (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1989), 206; Moneyhon, Republicanism, 190; “as infernal”: quoted in Donaly Brice, “Finding a Solution to Reconstruction Violence: The Texas State Police,” in Howell, ed., Still the Arena of Civil War, 203; W. C. Nunn, Texas Under the Carpetbaggers (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962), 259–260; Jack Noe, “Representative Men: The Post–Civil War Political Struggle over Texas’s Commissioners to the 1876 Centennial Exhibition,” SHQ 120 (October 2016): 162–187.
21. Cincinnati CT, September 20, 1873; NYT, September 23, 1873; Dale Baum, The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State During the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 239. The Texas Farmer and Stock Raiser (Austin) published its first and only issue in November 1873.
22. “precious cargo… hospitalities”: Dallas WH, September 27, 1873; CT, September 25, 1873, 1. On Chicago during this period, see William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992).
23. “the largest and best”: NYT, September 27, 1873, 5; CT, September 25, 1873, 1; ibid., September 26, 1873, 2.
24. NYT, September 23, 1873, 4, 5; ibid., September 24, 1873, 1; ibid., September 27, 1873, 5; CT, September 21, 1873, 2; ibid., September 26, 1873, 8; ibid., September 25, 1873, 5; W. R. Poage, McLennan County Before 1980 (Waco: Texian Press, 1981), 114.
25. Moneyhon, Republicanism, 190–192.
CHAPTER 3: A LOCAL WAR
1. “Black Marias”: Perry R. Duis, Challenging Chicago: Coping with Everyday Life, 1837–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006), 27; Carolyn Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons: American Revolutionary (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2013 [1976]), 17.
2. “It consists… politicians”: CT, December 23, 1873, 1; ibid., 4; ibid., September 10, 1872, 2; Chicago Times, December 21, 1873, 3; Karen Sawislak, Smoldering City: Chicagoans and the Great Fire, 1871–1874 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 265–267; James Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing That Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Anchor Books, 2007), 47–49; John B. Jentz and Richard Schneirov, Chicago in the Age of Capital: Class, Politics and Democracy During the Civil War and Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012), 155–167.
3. CT, December 23, 1873, 1; Sawislak, Smoldering, 269.
4. “I found”: Lucy E. Parsons, ed., Life of Albert R. Parsons with Brief History of the Labor Movement in America (Chicago: Mrs. Lucy E. Parsons, 1889), 10.
5. “I decided”: ibid., 10; Bessie Louise Pierce, A History of Chicago, vol. 3, The Rise of a Modern City, 1871–1893 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 21. I am grateful to Nick Roland for suggesting possible links between Chicago and Austin, and between German immigrants and Albert Parsons. See John Morris, “Chicago’s Forgotten Turner Halls: Turnverein Vorwaerts,” Chicago Patterns, April 4, 2016, http://chicagopatterns.com/chicagos-forgotten-turner-halls-vorwaerts-turnverein.
6. Sawislak, Smoldering, 114–115; KL, November 6, 1886; David Roediger, “Albert Parsons—The Anarchist as Trade Unionist,” in David Roediger and Franklin Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1986), 31–33.
7. Christiane Harzig, “Chicago’s German North Side, 1880–1900: The Structure of a Gilded Age Ethnic Neighborhood,” in Hartmut Keil and John B. Jentz, eds., German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1983), 127–144.
8. William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992); Sawislak, Smoldering, 163, 4; Pierce, History of Chicago, 58–61, 146–147, 171, 176.
9. “the poor”: Mary Field Parton, ed., The Autobiography of Mother Jones (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1925), 2.
10. Edith Abbott, The Tenements of Chicago: 1908–1935 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 25; Report of the Board of Health of the City of Chicago, for the Years 1870–73 (Chicago: Bulletin Printing Company, 1874), 13, 65, 136, 139; Pierce, History of Chicago, 53–54, 240; “Great Rebuilding”: Sawislak, Smoldering, 163, 190, 204, 206; Donald L. Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 113, 193.
11. Pierce, History of Chicago, 123; Hartmut Keil and John B. Jentz, eds., German Workers in Chicago: A Documentary History of Working-Class Culture from 1850 to World War I (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 71–72, 80, 109, 111; “self-dependence”: CT, December 23, 1873, 4.
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