12. “army”: Socialist [Chicago], July 26, 1879, 2.
13. “There is a silver lining”: CT, October 1, 1873, 4; David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), 15, 183, 433, 434, 439.
14. Sawislak, Smoldering, 12, 261.
15. “baser elements… manner”: Address and Reports of the Citizens’ Association of Chicago, 1874–1876 (Chicago: Hazlett and Reed, 1877), 4–6; Sawislak, Smoldering, 12, 152, 261; Richard Schneirov, “Chicago’s Great Upheaval of 1877: Class Polarization and Democratic Politics,” in David O. Stowell, ed., The Great Strikes of 1877 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 79; Jentz and Schneirov, Chicago, 179–186.
16. “You have but to combine”: CT, February 2, 1874, 4.
17. Charles Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United States: From Personal Visit and Observation (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1875); John Merriman, Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune (New York: Basic Books, 2014).
18. CT, September 10, 1872, 2; Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
19. CT, January 4, 1872, 4; ibid., December 26, 1872, 6; ibid., April 18, 1880, 18; Pierce, History of Chicago, 48, 237; St. Clair Drake, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1970), 50.
20. James Dorsey, Up South: Blacks in Chicago’s Suburbs, 1719–1983 (Lima, OH: Wyndham Hall Press, 1986), 25–32; Margaret Garb, Freedom’s Ballot: African American Political Struggles in Chicago from Abolition to the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014).
21. “ladies’ man”: Green, Death in the Haymarket, 62; Michael J. Schaak, Anarchy and Anarchists: A History of the Red Terror, and the Social Revolution in America and Europe, Communism, Socialism, and Nihilism in Doctrine and Deed, the Chicago Haymarket Conspiracy and the Detection and Trial of the Conspirators (Chicago: F. Schulte, 1889), 160; William Scharnau, “Thomas J. Morgan and the United Labor Party of Chicago,” JISHS 66 (Spring 1973): 41–47.
22. “wholesale hunger”: Parsons, ed., Life, xvi.
23. DI-O, June 17, 1875, 3; “keeps a house… dealt with”: ibid., July 27, 1876, 8.
24. “difficulty in getting”: Van Patten quoted in Howard H. Quint, The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1953), 19; “practically the only”: Parsons, ed., Life, xv.
25. “We hold”: Keil and Jentz, eds., German Workers in Chicago, 360–362.
26. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 22, 40; Pierce, History of Chicago, 244; CT, April 28, 1878, 3; ibid., August 1, 1879, 3.
27. “pretext for many”: Schaak, Anarchy and Anarchists, 45; “at large”: ibid., 59; CT, January 1, 1877, 4; Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 6–8, 14; Paul Buhle, “German Socialists and the Roots of American Working-Class Radicalism,” in Keil and Jentz, eds., German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 224–235.
28. “there is no help… employees”: CT, July 26, 1877, 4; John P. Lloyd, “Labor’s Rebellion: Albert Parsons, Joseph Medill, and the Legacy of the Civil War in the Strike of 1877 in Chicago,” JIH 10 (Autumn 2007): 166–190; Michael Bellesiles, 1877: America’s Year of Living Violently (New York: New Press, 2010); CT, June 30, 1877, 4; NYT, July 23, 1877, 5; CT, July 23, 1877, 3; Schneirov, “Chicago’s Great Upheaval,” 76–104.
29. “We want work… to that end”: CT, July 22, 1877, 8; Jentz and Schneirov, Chicago, 194–213.
30. CT, July 23, 1877, 3.
31. “Grand Army… hang them”: CT, July 24, 1877, 5; ibid., July 25, 1877, 7; Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 30; Schneirov, “Chicago’s Great Upheaval,” 84.
32. “discharged… street”: Parsons, ed., Life, 11–13; CT, July 25, 1877, 7.
33. “to be near… threatened to strike”: Parsons, ed., Life, 13–14; CT, July 24, 1877, 5; ibid., July 25, 1877, 7; “originating… conspirator”: DI-O, August 3, 1877, 3.
34. Schaak, Anarchy and Anarchists, 59; Schneirov, “Chicago’s Great Upheaval,” 94.
35. “unsexed… Amazons”: DI-O, July 27, 1877, 1; “Chicago’s workers”: Keil and Jentz, eds., German Workers in Chicago, 231; see also ibid., 161–162, 231–232.
36. “The city was alive”: DI-O, July 27, 1877, 1; NYT, July 31, 1877, 5; “seat of local war”: ibid., July 28, 1877, 1; Richard Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics: Class Conflict and the Origins of Modern Liberalism in Chicago, 1864–1897 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 69–76.
37. “Judge Lynch”: quoted in Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 18; Pierce, History of Chicago, 250–252; Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 20; “this formidable army”: NYT, July 27, 1877, 1; “tramp army… rebellion”: Bellesiles, 1877, 116–120, 167; NYT, July 28, 1877, 1.
38. Address and Reports of the Citizens Association of Chicago, 44, 89; “had entered… overwork”: CT, October 7, 1877, 3; Sam Mitrani, The Rise of the Chicago Police Department: Class and Conflict, 1850–1894 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013), 131–132.
39. “My enemies”: KL, October 23, 1886; “Partners in business”: Medill quoted in Lloyd, “Labor’s Rebellion,” 172.
40. “the First”: Alarm, June 27, 1885; “was the tocsin”: Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labour: An Autobiography (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1925), 46; Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), 36–37.
41. “it was during the great… discontent”: Lucy Parsons, “The Principles of Anarchism,” c. 1905–1910, in Gail Ahrens, ed., Lucy Parsons: Freedom, Equality and Solidarity. Writings and Speeches, 1878–1937 (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2004), 29.
CHAPTER 4: FAREWELL TO THE BALLOT BOX
1. “[I] sold suits”: Illinois v. August Spies et al., testimony of ARP, vol. N, 138, Chicago Historical Society, Haymarket Affair Digital Collection (hereinafter CHS, HADC); “No audience”: Lizzie Holmes quoted in Lucy E. Parsons, ed., Life of Albert R. Parsons with Brief History of the Labor Movement in America (Chicago: Mrs. Lucy E. Parsons, 1889), 191. The Joseph Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan Special Collections Library in Ann Arbor includes the text of a “calling card” for “Parsons & Co., Manufacturers of Ladies and Children’s Clothing, Factory 306 Mohawk St., Chicago,” call no. SVF, title “Anarchism—Parsons, Lucy,” “Inglis, Agnes—Anarchism.”
2. “a martyr”: CT, October 7, 1877, 3; Michael J. Schaak, Anarchy and Anarchists: A History of the Red Terror, and the Social Revolution in America and Europe, Communism, Socialism, and Nihilism in Doctrine and Deed, the Chicago Haymarket Conspiracy and the Detection and Trial of the Conspirators (Chicago: F. Schulte, 1889), 66; “greed”: Allan Pinkerton, Strikers, Communists, Tramps, and Detectives (New York: Arno Press, 1969 [1878]), 265; “viciousness… punishment”: ibid., 388.
3. Socialist, November 23, 1878, 8; ibid., December 14, 1878, 8; ibid., July 19, 1879, 8.
4. CT, April 7, 1878, 8; “Go to the polls”: Schaak, Anarchy and Anarchists, 67; Richard Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics: Class Conflict and the Origins of Modern Liberalism in Chicago, 1864–1897 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 86.
5. “had no difficulty”: CT, April 6, 1878, 7; “Force, as represented”: ibid., April 26, 1878, 7; “We intend to carry”: ibid.; “What Communism”: ibid., April 28, 1878, 4; ibid., June 17, 1878, 5.
6. DI-O, August 5, 1878, 8.
7. “swarthy”: quoted in Bruce Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs: A Social History of Chicago’s Anarchists, 1870–1900 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 60; LE, March 1, 1884; Socialist, March 15, 1878, 8; Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 19, 22.
8. Rima Lunin Schultz and Adele Hast, eds., Women Building Chicago, 1790–1990: A Biographical Dictionary (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 842–843, 762, 608; Meredith Tax, The Ris
ing of Women: Feminist Solidarity and Class Conflict, 1880–1917 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 40–48; Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, and Paul Boyer, eds., Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 187–188; David R. Roediger and Philip S. Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (New York: Verso, 1989), 166; “Work of the Sex,” Chicago Times, September 2, 1894.
9. “From her meek”: CT, August 7, 1886, 2; Chicago Times, September 2, 1894; Dorothy Richardson, “Trades-Unions in Petticoats,” Leslie’s Monthly Magazine 77 (March 1904): 489–500.
10. Biographical information from FMC, Marriage and Birth Records, Military Records, on Ancestry.com and Wikitree, www.wikitree.com/wiki/Hunt-7409 and www.wikitree.com/wiki/Hunt-8007.
11. Lucifer the Light-Bearer, May 28, 1898; Cleveland DH, December 22, 1862; New York Herald, December 6, 1857. Biographical information based on Erin Dwyer, “From the Pen of a Kicker: The Life and Circle of Lizzie Swank Holmes,” master’s thesis, Tufts University, 2006.
12. Wendy Hayden, Evolutionary Rhetoric: Sex, Science and Free Love in Nineteenth-Century Feminism (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013), 47–49; Gina Misiroglu, ed., American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History (New York: Routledge, 2008), 75.
13. Blaine McKinley, “Free Love and Domesticity: Lizzie M. Holmes, Hagar Lyndon (1893) and the Anarchist-Feminist Imagination,” JAC 13 (Spring 1990): 55–62.
14. “can frill”: DI-O, December 11, 1875, 6; Lizzie Swank Holmes, “Women Workers of Chicago,” American Federationist 12 (August 1905): 509; Tax, Rising, 45–46; Carolyn Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons: American Revolutionary (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2013 [1976]), 50.
15. “Can Women… virtuous”: DI-O, September 2, 1878, 8; CT, July 28, 1879, 7; Socialist, March 15, 1878, 3.
16. “prohibition”: Socialist, June 21, 1879, 1; “their rightful”: ibid., August 16, 1879, 2.
17. Buhle, Women, 16–17.
18. CT, June 17, 1878, 5; Buhle, Women, 16–17.
19. “harmony of employer… earned it”: Socialist, December 7, 1878, 2; “But alas”: ibid., January 25, 1879, 5.
20. “Hints to Young Housekeepers… aristocracy”: Socialist, February 1, 1879, 3; “Hear, ye who love”: ibid., February 15, 1879, 6.
21. CT, September 29, 1878, 8.
22. Illinois, Cook County Birth Certificates, 1878–1922 (available on Ancestry.com); Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 269n.9. A copy of the birth certificate was obtained from the Cook County (Illinois) Clerk, Bureau of Vital Records, Genealogy Office, Chicago, Illinois.
23. Parsons, ed., Life, 18–19; “Causes of General Depression in Labor and Business. Chinese Immigration. Investigation by a Select Committee of the House of Representatives… Testimony taken at Chicago, San Francisco, and Other Cities” [December 10, 1879] (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1879), 192–200; DI-O, October 27, 1879, 3; Journal of United Labor 1 (May 15, 1880), 3.
24. “communistic proclivities”: DI-O, August 5, 1878; ibid., July 2, 1879, 6; CT, January 31, 1879, 8; “secret”: ibid., July 29, 1878, 8.
25. “who are invited… Union is strength”: CT, November 10, 1879, 8; “feasibility” DI-O, April 12, 1880, 3; “the slaves of Chicago… slavery”: CT, April 12, 1880, 8; “They preferred”: Swank Holmes, “Women Workers,” 509; “A great deal”: LE, August 18, 1884.
26. Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, 86, 94; “those lordly”: Socialist, September 14, 1878, 2.
27. “stinking lard”: Socialist, May 10, 1879, 4; “The Chinese… must go”: ibid., May 24, 1879, 1.
28. Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, 67–68; Parsons, ed., Life, 16; “My experience”: ibid., 28; “that every law”: ibid., 18, xx–xxi; Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 18.
29. “doggedly”: Parsons, ed., Life, 16; John B. Jentz and Richard Schneirov, Chicago in the Age of Capital: Class, Politics and Democracy During the Civil War and Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012), 213.
30. Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, 89–91.
31. Socialist, December 7, 1878, 1; Truth, November 17, 1883, 1.
32. “a new… value of life”: Socialist, July 12, 1879, 1; “gory-red banner”: DI-O, July 5, 1879, 7; Roediger and Foner, Our Own Time, 138.
33. “Experience has taught”: Philip Van Patten to George A. Schilling, Detroit, August 2, 1880, Box 1, Folder 1, George A. Schilling Papers, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, Illinois (Schilling Papers hereafter).
34. Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, 68, 80; “We all feel”: Morgan quoted in Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 40; John R. Commons, David J. Saposs, Helen L. Sumner, E. B. Mittelman, H. E. Hoagland, John B. Andrews, and Selig Perlman, eds., History of Labour in the United States, vol. 2 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966 [1921–1935]), 289–290; Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, 86.
35. “The Communist”: CT, August 1, 1879, 3; “the blood”: Socialist, March 22, 1879, 3; “The Reds”: ibid., March 23, 1879, 7; Schaak, Anarchy and Anarchists, 67–68; Buhle, Women, 16–17.
36. “to avoid”: Van Patten quoted in Christine Heiss, “German Radicals in Industrial America: The Lehr-und-Wehr Verein in Gilded Age Chicago,” in Hartmut Keil and John B. Jentz, eds., German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1983), 216; ibid., 206–223; “the International”: testimony of John F. Waldo, vol. M, 169, CHS, HADC.
37. “A. R. Parsons has suffered”: AZ, November 1, 1880. See translations on “Foreign Language Press Survey,” Newberry Library Online, http://flps.newberry.org/#filters/keyword/arbeiter%20zeitung?page=1.
38. “Chicago Commune… mob”: DI-O, August 30, 1880, 1.
39. AZ, August 3, 1880.
40. Christiane Harzig, “Chicago’s German North Side, 1880–1900: The Structure of a Gilded Age Ethnic Neighborhood,” in Keil and Jentz, eds., German Workers in Industrial Chicago.
41. KL, October 8, 1887, 13.
42. “a thorough lady”: ibid.; “a long period”: Parsons, ed., Life, 193; James Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing That Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Anchor Books, 2007), 54.
43. Carolyn Ashbaugh to Mrs. Price, Chicago, November 15, 1973, Price Papers, DBCAH; Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 41, 269n.15.
44. Journal of United Labor 2 (April 1882), 217; Report on Condition of Woman and Child Labor Wage-Earners in the United States, vol. 10, History of Women in Trade Unions, 61st Cong., 2nd sess., Doc. 645 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1911), 127, 129; Joanne J. Meyerowitz, Women Adrift: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880-1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 28–29; Tax, Rising, 49; Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 49.
45. “grand demonstration”: DI-O, August 22, 1881, 8; “The Cannstatt Festival Immense Crowd at Ogden’s Grove,” Illinois Staats Zeitung, September 1, 1879, at Foreign Language Press Survey, http://flps.newberry.org/article/5418474_8_0067; Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 43; Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 59; Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, 85–86; Hartmut Jentz and John B. Keil, eds., German Workers in Chicago: A Documentary History of Working-Class Culture from 1850 to World War I (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 11, 204, 210–212.
46. “anarchists… fish”: Philip Van Patten, “Socialism and the Anarchists,” Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement (December/January 1881): 3.
47. Albert Parsons, Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Bases as Defined by Some of Its Apostles (Chicago: Mrs. A. R. Parsons, 1887), 93; “We are called”: Alarm, April 18, 1885.
48. Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terrorism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 41–50; Frederic Trautmann, The Voice of Terror: A Biography of Johann Most (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980); M
ichael R. Johnson, “Albert R. Parsons: An American Architect of Syndicalism,” MQ (Winter 1968): 195–206.
49. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 74–75, 83; Green, Death in the Haymarket, 93; Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, 86–87, 88, 91, 98, 101; Commons et al., History of Labour, 99.
50. “Autobiography of Samuel Fielden,” Anarchy Archives, http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/haymarket/Fielden.html.
51. Trautmann, Voice, 219; David Roediger and Franklin Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1986), 14.
52. “the embryonic groups”: Parsons, Anarchism, 110; “so exceedingly”: Parsons, ed., Life, xxi.
53. Parsons, ed., Life, 19–22; Truth, November 17, 1883, 1; “Dynamite: Plain”: ibid., April 21, 1883, 3; “Dynamite Will”: ibid., June 23, 1883, 3.
54. “inevitable”: Parsons, Anarchism, 52; Parsons, ed., Life, xv; Keil and Jentz, eds., German Workers in Chicago, 250–251; “a scientific subject”: Socialist, May 24, 1879, 1.
55. LE, March 1, 1884; “extravagance”: ibid., June 7, 1884; “agents”: ibid., May 3, 1884.
56. Keil and Jentz, eds., German Workers in Chicago, 105–115; LE, March 1, 1884.
57. “Mrs. A. R. Parsons… wage-workers’ cause”: CT, April 4, 1884, 7; “blood and thunder”: ibid., May 21, 1884, 3.
58. Commons et al., History of Labour, 360; Keil and Jentz, eds., German Workers in Chicago, 258–259; “agitation trips”: Parsons, ed., Life, 190; “to be forewarned”: ibid., 126–128.
CHAPTER 5: A FALSE ALARM?
1. William Salisbury, The Career of a Journalist (New York: B. W. Dodge, 1908), 110; Chicago DN, March 13, 1886.
2. “Pinkerton Army”: Alarm, October 17, 1885; “I say”: testimony of Andrew C. Johnson, vol. J, 398, CHS, HADC.
3. “bathed in a sea”: Alarm, May 2, 1885; CT, April 29, 1885, 2.
4. “A new board”: CT, April 29, 1885; “buy a Colt’s”: Michael J. Schaak, Anarchy and Anarchists: A History of the Red Terror, and the Social Revolution in America and Europe, Communism, Socialism, and Nihilism in Doctrine and Deed, the Chicago Haymarket Conspiracy and the Detection and Trial of the Conspirators (Chicago: F. Schulte, 1889), 80; Milwaukee DS, April 29, 1885, 2.
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