Goddess of Anarchy

by Jacqueline Jones

  21. St. Paul Globe, July 11, 1897; “leading anarchistress”: CT, November 13, 1894, 6; “intemperate gall”: New Haven Register, January 7, 1893; CT, May 21, 1894, 7; Evansville C and P, April 12, 1894; CT, April 24, 1894, 1; New York Tribune, April 24, 1894; “that they were belched”: Donald L. McMurry, Coxey’s Army: A Study of the Industrial Army Movement of 1894 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1929), 232; Benjamin F. Alexander, Coxey’s Army: Popular Protest in the Gilded Age (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015), 42, 92; CT, April 28, 1894, 2.

  22. Firebrand, December 15, 1895.

  23. “You hideous murderers!… uproar”: CT, November 12, 1896, 4; “Her appearance… lightly”: Graham Taylor, Pioneering on Social Frontiers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930), 132.

  24. “It had been like”: A. J. Brigati, ed., The Voltairine de Cleyre Reader (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2004), 106; CT, November 10, 1899, 4; Paul Avrich, American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978).

  25. Firebrand, September 6, 1896; Ernesto A. Longa, Anarchist Periodicals in English Published in the United States (1833–1955): An Annotated Guide (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010); “the billows of discontent”: Rebel, October 20, 1895.

  26. “Nudity… considered immodest”: Lucifer article reprinted in Firebrand, January 26, 1896; “Sex Ethics… false modesty”: Firebrand, August 30, 1896; “The Sexual Organs… magnetism”: ibid., October 18, 1896; “it is not greater”: ibid., August 30, 1896; “Objections to Variety… sweetest words”: ibid., September 27, 1896.

  27. “We love… not an Anarchist”: Firebrand, September 27, 1896; “old prejudices”: ibid., November 22, 1896; Jessica Moran, “The Firebrand and the Forging of a New Anarchism: Anarchist Communism and Free Love,” Anarchist Library, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/jessica-moran-the-firebrand-and-the-forging-of-a-new-anarchism-anarchist-communism-and-free-lov.

  28. March through September 1893 issues of Lucifer; Blaine McKinley, “Free Love and Domesticity: Lizzie M. Holmes, Hagar Lyndon (1893), and the Anarchist-Feminist Imagination,” JAC 13 (Spring 1990): 55–62.

  29. CT, March 22, 1898, 12; CT, April 15, 1899, 4; “the cancer of trade”: Candace Falk, ed., Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, vol. 1, Made for America, 1890–1901 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 315.

  30. “red-mouthed”: Omaha MWH, January 20, 1898; “tattered creatures”: Falk, ed., Emma Goldman, 1:310; “The success”: ibid., 312–313, 12; Candace Falk, Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 65.

  31. “not only denounced”: CT, June 16, 1897, 8; “We believe in the ballot”: CT, September 13, 1897, 1; “Herr Most”: Sacramento R-U, September 7, 1897; “the anarchist negress… bloodthirsty followers”: CT, September 19, 1897, 1; “there is not a fool… toads”: ibid., September 20, 1897, 1; El Paso DH, June 30, 1897.

  32. “fretful silence”: DI-O, November 13, 1895, 6; Philadelphia Inquirer, April 3, 1898; Boston Herald, April 25, 1898; Aberdeen WN, November 19, 1896; Columbus DE, September 11, 1901.

  33. Perry R. Duis, Challenging Chicago: Coping with Everyday Life, 1837–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006), 275–280; Christiane Harzig, “Chicago’s German North Side, 1880–1900: The Structure of a Gilded Age Ethnic Neighborhood,” in Hartmut Keil and John B. Jentz, eds., German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1983), 127–144.

  34. “blood-red garments… striking appearance”: Dallas MN, December 2, 1894.

  35. “Mrs. Parsons was trying”: DI-O, February 20, 1895; Washington (DC) Star, August 5, 1896; DI-O, August 6, 1896; CT, August 6, 1896, 5; Firebrand, September 6, 1896.

  36. “Every stripe”: CT, July 17, 1899, 4; Benedict Anderson, Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination (London: Verso, 2005).

  37. “fighting machines”: Firebrand, September 15, 1895; Milwaukee Sentinel, July 19, 1899; CT, July 19, 1899, 12; “in a calm”: NYT, July 28, 1899, 1; DISR, July 29, 1899; CT, July 28, 1899, 12; William Briska, The History of the Elgin Mental Health Center: Evolution of a State Hospital (Carpentersville, IL: Crossroads Communications, 1997).

  38. Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 207–209.

  39. FMC, Cook County, Illinois, Chicago (1900).

  40. “a victim”: “The Civic Outlook,” American Magazine of Civics 8 (February 1896): 211–224. Thanks to Michael Parrish for this citation.

  41. FMC, McLennan County, Texas, Waco (1900).

  42. “the dominating figure… things lively”: Freeland (PA) Tribune, October 17, 1900; Philipsburg (MT) Mail, October 5, 1900; “goes far to… a mulatto”: Cleveland Leader article, republished in Dallas MN, October 27, 1901.

  43. “an anarchist colony”: Robert A. Pinkerton, “Detective Surveillance of Anarchists,” NAR 173, no. 540 (November 1901): 614.

  44. NYT, August 23, 1899, 2; Denver Post, August 2, 1900; “defiant manner”: Lucifer 4 (September 8, 1900): 276; Lucifer 4 (September 29, 1900): 301; New York DP, August 27, 1900; “the democracy”: Boston Journal, September 1, 1900.

  45. “a renaissance”: CT, August 2, 1900, 3; Jeffrey S. Adler, “Shoot to Kill: The Use of Deadly Force by the Chicago Police, 1875–1920,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 38 (Autumn 2007): 240–243; McClure’s Magazine 28 (April 1907): 575; “First in violence”: McClure’s Magazine 21 (October 1903): 563.

  46. “the enemies of”: Lincoln Steffens, “Enemies of the Republic,” McClure’s Magazine 23 (August 1904): 395; Free Society, May 1, 1901; CT, April 20, 1901, 1; CT, April 19, 1901, 9; Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House, ed. Victoria Bissell Brown (Boston: Bedford / St. Martin’s, 1999), 268.

  47. “Their names… man’s life”: CT, April 22, 1901, 7; Free Society, May 5, 1901.

  48. “undeniably… must be focused”: Los Angeles Times, September 12, 1901; Dallas MN, September 11, 1901.

  49. Steven Kent Smith, “Research Note: Further Notes on Abraham Isaak, Mennonite Anarchist,” MQR 80 (2006): 83–94; WP, September 23, 1901; “beautiful soul”: Falk, Emma Goldman, 1:77; Carlotta R. Anderson, All-American Anarchist: Joseph A. Labadie and the Labor Movement (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998), 202; Sidney Fine, “Anarchism and the Assassination of McKinley,” AHR 60 (July 1955): 777–799; “It is impossible”: Addams, Twenty Years, 269.

  50. CT, January 24, 1902, 5.

  51. “I offered”… into liberty”: Taylor, Pioneering, 133.

  52. “Sympathetic with… finished”: Ibid.

  53. “We eat not”: Free Society, August 3, 1902; ibid., March 1, 1903; “Friends, I am”: ibid., August 23, 1903; Shelley Streeby, “Looking at State Violence: Lucy Parsons, Jose Marti, and Haymarket,” in Russ Castronovo, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Nineteenth-Century American Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 128–129.

  54. Linda J. Lumsden, Black, White, and Red All Over: A Cultural History of the Radical Press in Its Heyday (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2014), 27, 31; “not revolutionary… 1887”: Free Society, February 22, 1903.

  55. Gail Ahrens, ed., Lucy Parsons: Freedom, Equality and Solidarity. Writings and Speeches, 1878–1937 (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2004), 29–38.

  56. Ibid.

  57. Ibid.; FBI Case Files, Case #8000-112789, Fold3.com.

  CHAPTER 12: TENDING THE SACRED FLAME OF HAYMARKET

  1. CT, June 28, 1905, 2; Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969), 81–87; “The working class”: “Minutes of the IWW Founding Convention: The 1905 Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Industrial Workers of the World, Friday June 27 Through Saturday July 8, 1905,” Industrial Workers of the World, www.iww.org/history/founding.

  2. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Lucy Parsons: Tribute to a Heroine of Labor,” DW, March 11, 1942; “Fellow workers”: “Minutes of the IWW Founding Convention”;
“honored guest”: Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, 82; “platform decoration”: Joseph Robert Conlin, Bread and Roses Too: Studies of the Wobblies (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970), 43; “dramatic visual”: Salvatore Salerno, Red November, Black November: Culture and Community in the Industrial Workers of the World (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), 206.

  3. “Minutes of the IWW Founding Convention”; Gail Ahrens, ed., Lucy Parsons: Freedom, Equality and Solidarity. Writings and Speeches, 1878–1937 (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2004), 77–78.

  4. Ahrens, ed., Lucy Parsons, 78–85.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Ibid.; CT, June 27, 1905, 1.

  7. “Great Labor War”: Charlotte (NC) Observer, May 22, 1905; Allan Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 39.

  8. “misleaders”: CT, June 27, 1905, 1; “when we go down”:“Minutes of the IWW Founding Convention.”

  9. “typical… human material”: Hutchins Hapgood, The Spirit of Labor (New York: Duffield and Company, 1907), 16, 12; Andrew Wender Cohen, The Racketeer’s Progress: Chicago and the Struggle for the Modern American Economy, 1900–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

  10. “ordinary, everyday… acute”: Free Society, March 29, 1903; Margaret Garb, Freedom’s Ballot: African American Political Struggles in Chicago from Abolition to the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 139–142.

  11. Lillian Symes and Travers Clement, Rebel America: The Story of Social Revolt in the United States (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1934), 273–276; Conlin, Bread and Roses, 42, 51.

  12. Salerno, Red November, 81–82; “Issued under… succeed”: Liberator, September 3, 1905.

  13. “Workingmen, the landlords”: Liberator, September 17, 1905.

  14. Ibid., April 19, 1906.

  15. “Necktie Party… quadrille”: ibid., March 11, 1906; Perry R. Duis, Challenging Chicago: Coping with Everyday Life, 1837–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006), 225–233.

  16. Salerno, Red November, 80–82; Liberator, October 8, 1905; “the split”: ibid., February 3, 1906; “the dirty”: ibid., October 8, 1905; “personalities”: ibid., March 4, 1906.

  17. “who had recently”: Topeka SJ, October 9, 1905; “Grand Yom Kippur”: CT, October 9, 1905, 2; Liberator, October 15, 1905; Minneapolis Journal, October 9, 1905; “Rex… heard of”: Liberator, October 15, 1905.

  18. Liberator, September 3, 1905; “aristocrats… beg for work”: ibid., October 29, 1905; ibid., March 8, 1906.

  19. Liberator, September 17, 1905; “awakening”: ibid., September 24, 1905; “hereditary”: A. M. Simons, The American Farmer (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1902), 14; Linda J. Lumsden, Black, White, and Red All Over: A Cultural History of the Radical Press in Its Heyday, 1900–1917 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2014), 31; Louise de Koven Bowen, “The Colored People of Chicago: Where Their Opportunity Is Choked—Where Open,” Survey 31 (November 1, 1913): 117–120.

  20. “everything now… and be free”: Liberator, October 8, 1905; “worn-out”: ibid., January 28, 1906; ibid., November 5, 1905; ibid., November 22, 1905; ibid., October 15, 1905; “highest aim… be at rest”: ibid., September 10, 1905.

  21. “The Woman Question… poverty and despair”: Liberator, October 8, 1905. For the series on famous women, see, for example, Liberator, October 22, 1905, and October 29, 1905.

  22. “a small clique… little boils”: Liberator, March 5, 1906.

  23. “agitation tour”: Liberator, March 11, 1906; “It was the Lehigh… blank faces”: ibid., April 8, 1906; “the tall factories… wonderful city”: ibid., April 15, 1906.

  24. NYT, April 2, 1906, 18.

  25. “too far… ideal”: Ahrens, ed., Lucy Parsons, 130–131 (Demonstrator, November 6, 1907); “no line of action… without a rudder”: Liberator, April 8, 1906; Lumsden, Black, White, 170.

  26. Melvyn Dubofsky, “Big Bill” Haywood (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987); Peter Carlson, Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 86–135.

  27. “anarchistic doctrine”: CT, February 18, 1907, 3; “The Proposed Slaughter… civilization”: Liberator, March 4, 1906 (this issue is mistakenly labeled 1905); Rockford (IL) Republican, May 20, 1907; “moderation… Constitution”: Denver Post, May 20, 1907.

  28. “I know”: Darrow quoted in Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terrorism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 82; CT, August 1, 1907, 5; “the Pinkerton plague… represented”: Demonstrator, September 4, 1907.

  29. “The anarchist cause”: Demonstrator, November 6, 1907; ibid., November 20, 1907; Paul Avrich, The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2005), 58, 92; “put their own… future”: Demonstrator, November 20, 1907; Ross Winn’s Firebrand, November 3, 1909; “I was thrilled”: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, The Rebel Girl: An Autobiography. My First Life (1906–1926) (New York: International Publishers, 1955), 79.

  30. “a pioneer”: Demonstrator, September 4, 1907; “Lessons… resistance”: CT, November 11, 1907, 3; “there was no riot”: IW, May 1, 1912; “a little florid… foam on it”: Frank Harris, The Bomb (New York: Published by the author, 1920), 47; “far better”: ibid., 78; “it was a lie… Cemetery”: LP to Carl Nold, January 17, 1930, Carl Nold Papers, 1883–1934, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan Library Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Nold Papers, Labadie Collection, hereafter); “Harris had not”: Emma Goldman, Living My Life, eds. Richard Drinnon and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library, 1977), 682–683; Agitator, November 15, 1911. See also Emma Goldman, “The Crime of November 11,” ME, November 11, 1911.

  31. CT, May 26, 1906, 3; ME, March 3, 1908, 36; “To lecture”: de Cleyre quoted in Blaine McKinley, “‘The Quagmires of Necessity’: American Anarchists and Dilemmas of Vocation,” AQ 34 (Winter 1982): 515; “kid glove”: ibid., 519; Agitator, December 1, 1910.

  32. “The free coffee”: Demonstrator, January 16, 1908; Charities and the Commons (February 1908): 1613.

  33. Rockford (IL) Republican, January 18, 1908.

  34. “Red peril”: CT, February 4, 1908, 1; “Never in the history… squad”: Wilkes-Barre TL, February 4, 1908; “There’s Lucy”: CT, March 16, 1908, 1; Irving S. Abrams, Haymarket Heritage: The Memoirs of Irving S. Abrams, ed. David Roediger and Phyllis Boanes (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1989), 19.

  35. NYT, March 3, 1908, 1; “Queen of the Reds”: CT, March 3, 1908, 1.

  36. “steadily the anarchist”: CT, March 3, 1908, 1; Candace Falk, ed., Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, vol. 2, Making Speech Free, 1902–1909 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 283–284; Agitator, November 15, 1910.

  37. “The Use”: CT, March 16, 1908, 1; “it must… about his”: Juneau DR-M, April 1, 1908.

  38. Gage, Day Wall Street Exploded, 88, 98.

  39. Ibid., 84–91; Andrew Cornell, Unruly Equality: U.S. Anarchism in the Twentieth Century (Oakland: University of California Press, 2016), 36–38; Lumsden, Black, White, 159.

  40. CT, October 18, 1908, 5; “Bill Haywood”: Ralph Chaplin, Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American Radical (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), 182; “anarchist freaks”: Flynn, Rebel Girl, 203; Stewart Bird, Dan Georgakas, and Deborah Shaffer, eds., Solidarity Forever: An Oral History of the IWW (Chicago: Lake View Press, 1985), 3–4.

  41. Conlin, Bread and Roses; David M. Rabban, Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 77–128; “But still… believed in”: Chaplin, Wobbly, 150; “To hell”: OBUM, August 1920, 9; “jawsmiths”: Bird et al., Solidarity, 7; Matthew S. May, Soapbox Rebellion: The Hobo Orator Union and the Free Speech Fights of the Industrial Workers of the World, 1909–1916 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2013).

  42. “propaganda literature… fruit”:
Agitator, December 15, 1911.

  43. “Mrs. Parsons”: Anaconda (MT) Standard, May 27, 1909; ibid., May 22, 1910; ibid., June 5, 1910; IC, June 25, 1910; Salt Lake City Telegram, June 11, 1910; ibid., June 13, 1910.

  44. The quotations are from Firebrand issues of August and October 1910.

  45. “the apostle”: CT, August 30, 1909; “Religions seem”: ibid.; Oregonian, August 13, 1909; “Mrs. Parsons”: ibid.

  46. “young bloods”: Agitator, March 1, 1911; “My first”: Emma Gilbert interview by Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 127; “If a white”: Carl Nold to Metzkow, August 21, 1911, folder 201.1 (folder “Nold, Carl, 156 Letters to Max Metzkow, 1903–1904”), Ishill Papers; Regeneración, July 1912.

  47. Demonstrator, February 19, 1908; “The longer… face it”: ME, April 7, 1912, 60; Shelley Streeby, “Labor, Memory, and the Boundaries of Print Culture: From Haymarket to the Mexican Revolution,” ALH 19 (Summer 2007): 406–433; Claudio Lomnitz, The Return of Comrade Ricardo Flores Magón (New York: Zone Books, 2014).

  48. Regeneración, April 15, 1916; Streeby, “Labor, Memory,” 412–420; Paul Avrich, An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), 226; David Roediger and Franklin Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1986), 179; 1910 FMC, Kane County, Illinois, Ancestry.com; Erin Dwyer, “From the Pen of a Kicker: The Life and Circle of Lizzie Swank Holmes,” master’s thesis, Tufts University, 2006, 124–34.

  49. Randi Storch, Red Chicago: American Communism at Its Grassroots, 1928–35 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 16; Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook, 199.

  50. “body of theorists… bore from within”: Syndicalist, January 1, 1913; “means whereby”: ibid., July 1, 1913; “the workers must realize”: ibid., January 15, 1913.

  51. Syndicalist, February 15, 1913.

  52. “barren”: Earl C. Ford and William Z. Foster, “Syndicalism” (William Z. Foster: 1000 S. Paulina St., Chicago, 1912), 27; “militant minority”: ibid., 47, 43; “every forward”: ibid., 13.