by John Keay
Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, 341–3
Jingdi, see Han emperors
Jingtai emperor, see Ming emperors
Jinzhou, Liaoning, 430
Jixia academy, 76
John of Monte Corvino, 368–9,
Johnson, Dr, 432
Johnston, Reginald, 508–9
Journey to the West (Monkey), 244–5, 247, 406, 529
Judaism, 273
Jung Chang, 510
Jurchen Jin, see Jin dynasty & emperors
Jurchen people, 307, 319, 323, 327–31, 335, 390, 409, 410–1, 417, 419–28, 430, 438
K.
Kaifeng, Henan, 298–9, 305, 323, 333, 339–40, 417, 473
Kaiping, Inner Mongolia, 389–90
Kalmuck Mongols, 446
Kan Ying, Han commander, 173
Kanauj, 239
Kang, Zhou king, 58
Kang Youwei, constitutional reformer (d.1927), 492, 496, 499, 504
Kangxi emperor, see Qing emperors
Kanishka, 201–2
Kara Khitai, see Western Liao
Karakhoto, 310–1
Karakoram Highway, 82
Karakoram mountains, 173
Kashgar (Shule), Xinjiang, 242, 442, 463, 486
Kashmir, 172–3
Kazakhstan, 23, 235, 501
Kediri, 366
Keightley, David, 45–6, 49
Khabul Khan, Mongol leader, 334
Kham, Tibet, 444
Khitan Liao, see Liao Dynasty
Khitan people, 266–7, 274, 276, 292, 301, 303–7, 332–3
Khmer kingdom, 236
Khojas, 442, 463
Khorasan, 265
Khotan (Yutian), Xinjiang, 201, 242
Khrushchev, Nikita, 526–7
Khubilai Khan, see Yuan emperors
Khwarazm, 353
Kiakhta, Treaty of (1728), 439, 462
Kissinger, Henry, 530
Kizil, Xinjiang, 201
Koguryo, 232, 237–9, 260–1
Kokand, 463
Kokonor, Lake, Qinghai, 160, 168
Kong Qiu, see Confucius
Kongwangshan, Jiangsu, 199
Korea, 23, 143, 173–4, 232, 237–9, 260–1, 323, 356, 367, 409, 414, 423, 487–9, 519–20
Korean War (1950–4), 518
Koslov, Major Pyotr Kuzmich, 310–1
Kowloon, see Hong Kong
Kumarajiva, Buddhist translator, 208, 296
Kun Lun mountains, 41, 173, 242
Kunming, Yunnan, 138, 281
Kuomintang, see Guomindang
Kuqa (Kucha), Xinjiang, 201, 207, 242, 263, 273, 442
Kusana (Kushan), 136, 201–2
Kwang–chi Chang, 38
Kyrghyz people, 266, 286
Kyrghyztan, 23
Kyushu, 367
L.
Laccadives, 380
Lajia, Gansu, 38
Lancang, see Mekong River
Langson, Vietnam, 488
Language, see Script
Lanzhou, Gansu, 100, 309
Lao Ai, Han playboy, 89
Laos, 433, 453
Laozi, philosopher, 51, 68, 125, 129, 199
Laozi (Daodejing), 68, 125, 196, 197, 198, 203
Latin, 98, 439
Le Loi, Vietnamese patriot, 387
Legal and punitive system, 92, 142, 194, 226–7, 250, 370
Legalism, 75–6, 83, 92, 95, 121, 151, 152
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 431–2
Leigudun, Hubei, 72
Leizhou peninsula, Guangdong, 361
Lessons for Women, 178–9
Lhasa, Tibet, 443–4, 501–2
Li Bing, Qin governor of Shu, 84–5
Li Bo, Tang poet (d.762), 268, 269, 272
Li Deming, Xi Xia ruler (d.1032), 312
Li Guangli, Han general, 141, 142, 149
Li Hongzhang, Qing governor and statesman (d.1901), 478, 485–90, 494–5
Li Keyong, Tang general, 288, 290
Li Linfu, Tang minister, 274–5
Li Ling, archaeologist 72, 142
Li Qingzhao, Song poet and antiquarian, 308–9
Li Shangyin, Tang poet, 272
Li Si, Qin minister, 77, 95–7, 105, 109–11, 148
Li Yuan (Tang Gaozu), see Tang emperors
Li Zicheng, Ming rebel, 417–20, 425
Liang, Ladies, 176, 180
Liang, Later, dynasty (907–23), 290–2, 300–1
Liang, southern dynasty (502–77), 220, 251
Liang emperors
Wudi (d.549), 212, 221
Liang Qichao, scholar and reformer (d.1929), 496–7,
Liangzhou, Gansu, 309–10, 313
Liao emperors
Shenzong (982–1031), 305–6
Liao (Khitan) dynasty (907–1125), 292, 304–7, 312, 313–4, 328, 330–1
Liao River, 13, 237, 422
Liao, Western (Kara Khitai) (1131–1211), 332–3, 353
Liaodong, 100, 174, 237, 417, 419–20, 422, 429, 489, 490–1
Liaoning (province), 13, 261, 330, 408, 409
Liji, see Book of Rites
Lin Biao (Lin Piao), PLA marshal and minister (d.1971), 4, 510, 514, 527–8, 529
Lin Zexu, scholar and opium commissioner (d.1850), 460–2
Lingdi, see Han emperors
Lintao, Gansu, 100
Lintin island, 458
Liu, J. T. C., 320
Liu, Lydia, 462
Liu Bang (Gaozu), see Han emperors
Liu Bei (of Han-Shu kingdom, d.223), 188–92
Liu Cong, pseudo-Han ruler (d.318), 205–6
Liu Shaoqi, CCP leader (d.1969), 526, 527, 531
Liu Song dynasty, 198, 209
Liu Xiu (Guang Wudi), see Han emperors
Liu Yu, founder of Liu Song dynasty (d.422), 209
Liu Yuan, pseudo-Han ruler (d.310), 205
Livadia, Treaty of (1879), 486
Lolo ethnic minority, 453
Long March (1934–5), 2, 99, 510–2
Longshan culture, 33, 43
Lop Nor, 137
Louis IX, 353
Lü, Han dowager empress, 114, 119–20, 121, 133–4, 149, 255
Lu, Warring State, 56, 61, 68–9
Lu Buwei, Qin minister, 88–90
Lu Dingyi, CCP minister, 247–8, 529
Lu Jia, Han emissary, 126
Lu You, Song poet, 325, 327, 335, 339
Lungmen, Henan, 213
Luoyang, Henan, 57, 62, 64, 122, 163, 166–8, 181–3, 184–5, 192, 202–4, 207, 214–5, 228–30, 255–6, 270, 276, 281, 289, 417
Lushun peninsula, Liaoning, 491
Luzon, Philippines, 236, 405
M.
Ma He, see Zheng He
Ma Yuan, Han general, 169–71, 175
Macao, 13, 409, 412, 430, 433, 455, 456, 460, 509
Macartney, George Viscount, 446–9
Madras (Chennai), 456
Mahayana, see Buddhism
Mair, Victor, 39–40
Major, Ernest, 484
Malacca, 380, 386
Malaysia, 385
Maldives, 380
Malindi, 380
Man minority, 30, 66, 73; see also Manzi
Manchukuo, 13, 500
Manchuria, 13, 143, 232, 235, 261, 304, 328–30, 339, 424, 432, 438, 475, 476, 490, 500, 509, 514, 520
Manchus, 23, 410 et seq; see also Jurchen, Qing etc
Mandarin language, 18, 394, 482; see also Script and Language
‘Mandarins’, 394–5
Mandate, see Heaven’s Mandate
Mandeville, John de, 245
Manichaeism, 273
Manila, 416
Mannerheim, Baron Carl Gustav, 310
Manzi, 98, 343
Mao Zedong, 2, 248, 308, 500, 502, 504, 505, 510–2, 516, 518–31
Maodun, Xiongnu shanyu, 131–4
Maoism, 512, 518–35
Marco Polo Bridge, Hebei, 512
Marshall, General George, 515
Martin, Rev W. A. P.,
473, 487, 493
Marxism, 497 et seq, 518, 522–3
Mawangdui, Hunan, 7, 20, 124, 198
Mawei, Shaanxi, 277–8
May 4 Movement (1919), 504
Mayi, battle of (133BC), 135
Mecca, 239, 380
Medina, 239
Mekong Exploration Commission, 416
Mekong River (Lancang), 138
Mencius, see Mengzi
Meng people, see Mongols
Meng Tian, Qin general, 100, 101, 110
Meng Yi, Qin minister, 109, 110
Mengzi, 75, 348, 399
Metals and minerals, 35, 41, 67, 83, 84, 92, 324–5, 414–5; see also Bronze, Silver etc.
Miao ethnic minority, 403, 453
Min River, 84–5
Ming dynasty, 16, 17, 191, 372–409, 418, 426, 432–33, 437
Ming emperors
Chongzhen, 410–1, 419
Hongwu, 370, 371–5, 377–8, 383, 386, 389, 395, 400, 415
Jiajing, 396–400, 529
Jianwen, 374, 378, 381–2,
Wanli, 409, 414, 438
Yongle, 375, 378–80, 381–6, 389, 402, 415, 428
Zhengde, 396
Zhengtong/Tianshun, 390–93, 420
Mingdi, see Han emperors
Ministry of Rites, see Rites and Rituals
Missionaries, Christian, 466, 469–70, 473–4, 475, 481, 492
Möngke, see Yuan emperors
Mongolia, 12, 23, 235, 262–3, 266–7, 304, 332, 351, 366, 388–9, 423, 437–43, 444
Mongolian People’s Republic, 501
Mongols, 23, 282, 334, 337, 339–40, 350, 351–70, 373, 411, 423, 442–3; see also Yuan Dynasty etc
Monopolies, 130, 141, 151–2, 161, 286
Moorcroft, William, 141
Mote, F. W., 345
Mount Tai, Shandong, 102, 256, 270
Mozi (‘Master Mo’), philosopher, 74–5, 78
Mu, Zhou King, 58, 61
Muhammad, the Prophet, 239
Mukden, see Shenyang
Muye, battle of (c.1045BC), 52–3
N.
Nanai Vandak, merchant, 203–4
Nanjiang, 231
Nanjing, Jiangsu, 11, 118, 202, 298, 371, 373, 375, 382, 398–99, 406, 426, 431, 466, 473–4, 478, 503, 506–8, 513–4; see also Jiankang
Nanjing Treaty (1842), 466–7
Nanling, mountains, 125
Nanyue, Han southern kingdom, 125–7, 143, 169
Nanzhao, Yunnan kingdom, 264, 268, 281–2
Napier, Lord, 459–60
Nationalist Revolution (1926–7), 508
Nationalists, 497, 500, 508–15; see also Guomindang, Chiang Kai-shek etc
Needham, Joseph, 21, 345, 359, 428
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 502
Neo-Confucianism, 71, 284, 320, 346–50, 399
Nepal, 23, 243, 444
Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689), 439, 462
Nestorian Christianity, 273, 351
Netherlands, see Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie
Nguyen Ai Quoc, see Ho Chi Minh
Nian, 19th-century rebellion, 467, 473, 478, 485
Nihon Shoki, 236
Ningbo, 466, 477, 481
Ningxia (province), 12, 100, 135, 310–1, 314, 353, 408
Nixon, Richard (US president), 530
Noodles, 38
Northern Expedition (1926–7), 506, 507
Northern Frontier, 130–5, 168, 170, 172, 181, 205, 229–30, 240, 265–7, 282–3, 303–7, 389–91, 408–9, 477
Northern Wei dynasty, see Wei, Northern
Nurhaci, Jurchen/Manchu leader, 422–3, 430
O.
Octavian (Augustus), 156
Ögödei, see Yuan emperors
Okhotsk, 438
On Oq, 261; see also Turks
One-Child Policy, 522
Onon River, 337, 351
Opang Palace, Xianyang, 102, 110
Opium, 448, 455–62, 472
Opium War (1839–42), 455, 464–7
Oracle bones, 5, 34, 42–6, 53
Ordos, Shaanxi, 100, 131, 135, 170, 408
Orkhon, Mongolia, 235
Orkhon River, 265
Outer Mongolia, 135, 500–1; see also Mongolia
Ouyang Xiu, Song historian and statesman, 292–8, 301, 302, 308, 315–6, 318
‘Ox-horn Zhang’, 185
Oxus River, see Amu Darya
Oyirat Mongols, 389, 390, 437–43
P.
Paddle-boats, 344–5, 359, 418
Pagan, 366
Pakistan, 23
Palmerston, Lord, 462, 464
Pamirs, 14, 134, 136, 262, 442
Pan Gu, 25, 27
Panyu, see Guangzhou
Paper and printing, 174, 296–7, 324, 483–4
Parthia (Persia), 137, 138, 140, 201
Peace-Through-Kinship Treaties, 133, 135, 140, 243
‘Peach-Plum Li’, 233
Pearl Harbor, 514
Pearl River, 13, 125, 361, 458, 464
Pei, Henan, 113, 119
Peking, Convention of (1860), 476
‘Peking Man’, 32
Pelliot, Paul, 308
Pengcheng, Jiangsu, 115, 116, 199
Penglai, ‘Islands of Immortality’, 103, 130
Peony Pavilion, 59
People’s Liberation Army, 123, 502, 514, 519, 521, 527–9, 532, 534
People’s Republic of China, 19, 41, 516 et seq
Pereira, Galeote, 405
‘Period of Disunion’ (220–581), 183, 192–222, 250–1
Persia (Iran), 239, 272, 355
Pescadores Islands, 488, 489
Pheroz (Firuz), Sassanid prince, 265
Philippines, 380
‘Ping Pong Diplomacy’, 2, 530
Ping, Zhou king, 62
Pingcheng (Datong), 133, 135, 211, 214–5
Pingdi, see Han emperors
Pinglu, 261, 275, 281
Pinyin, 10, 17–20, 518
Piracy, 365, 367, 409, 429
Poetry and verse, 59, 193–4, 267–9
‘Poison Yu’,185
Polo, Maffeo, 368
Polo, Marco, 16, 98, 245, 266, 298, 311, 323–4, 343, 350, 357, 359–61, 368, 381
Polo, Niccolo, 368
Population, 22, 145, 212, 258, 270, 300, 402, 404, 452, 520–1, 526, 532
Porcelain and pottery, 341–3, 456; see also Ceramics
Portugal, 98, 386, 405, 409, 416, 428, 455
Printing, see Paper and printing
Putonghua, 19–20, 482–3,
Pu-yi, see Qing emperors
Pyongyang, 237–39, 261
Q.
Qapaghan (Bag Chor, Mochuo), Turk Qaghan (d.716), 266, 267, 269
Qi, Northern, dynasty (550–77), 215, 218, 220, 251
Qi, Warring State, 56–7, 61, 64–5, 71, 74, 87
Qi Jiguang, Qing general, 429–30
Qiang people, 137, 143, 168, 169, 174, 186, 205, 235, 311
Qianlong emperor, see Qing emperors
Qijia culture, 38
Qin, Former (351–94), 209–10
Qin dynasty, 16, 113–5, 152, 217
Qin emperors
Er Shi Huangdi, Second Emperor, 109–11, 114
Shi Huangdi, First Emperor 16, 24, 52, 79, 80–1, 86–110, 121, 148, 283, 525, 531; tomb 88, 102, 104–5, 108–9, 115, 121; inscriptions 94–5
Qin kingdom (pre 246BC), 74, 75–7, 80–90
Qing dynasty (1644–1912), 16, 17, 411–99, 424, 446–50
Qing emperors
Daoguang, 459, 464, 466
Guangxu, 492, 495
Jiaqing, 458
Kangxi, 378, 425, 430–1, 436–7, 440–2, 443–4, 449–50
Pu-yi, 24, 79, 495, 500, 509
Qianlong, 17, 431, 437, 441, 446–7, 449–50, 454
Shunzhi, 425, 434
Xianfeng, 474
Yongzhen, 431, 444, 450–1, 458
Qingdao, Shandong, 490, 503–04
Qinghai (province), 12, 160, 243, 263
, 311, 437, 443–4
Qingming festival, 517–8
Qingming Incident (1976), 517, 531, 534
Qingming scroll, 324
Qinling, mountains, 76, 81–2, 115
Qinzong, see Song emperors
Qishan, Qing minister, 464–5
Qiu Qubai, CCP leader (d.1939), 404–5, 510
Quan Rong people, 61
Quanzhou, Fujian, 369
Qui Nhon, Vietnam, 380
Quincey, Thomas de, 446
Qutaiba bin Muslim, governor of Khorasan, 265
R.
Railways, 485, 491, 496, 506
Rawson, Jessica, 59–60
Reagan, Ronald (US president), 532
Record of the Western Regions, 241–2
‘Rectification of Names’, 51–2, 71, 108, 160, 319
Red Cliffs, battle of (AD209), 189–90
Red Eyebrows, 163–4, 167, 168
Red Guards, 527–8, 529
Red Lanterns, 493
Red River, 169–70, 386
Red Turbans, 370–1, 467, 471, 487
Remonstration, 246–7
Renzong, see Song, Yuan, etc. emperors
Republican Revolution (1911), 498–9
Ricci, Matteo, 402, 411–5, 416, 428
Rites and ritual, 48–9, 60, 70–1, 120–1, 129–30, 216, 376, 384, 396–8
Roberts, Rev. Isaacher Jacox, 470
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 183, 188–91, 192, 406
Romanisation, 19–20; see also Script and language
Rome, 156, 173
Rong people, 30, 66, 100
Roosevelt, President Theodore, 496
Ruizong, see Tang emperors
Russia, 19, 353, 438–40, 476–7, 479, 486–7, 490, 505
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 496
Ruzi, see Han emperors
Ryukyu Islands, 236, 405, 487
S.
Sackler Collection, 26
Salt, 84, 130, 151–2, 258, 286, 451
Samarkand (Sogdiana), 140, 241, 265, 383
Sanskrit, 98, 199
Sanxingdui, Sichuan, 38–9
Sanyuanli, Guangdong, 465
Sassanid empire, 265
Schafer, Edward, 273
Schall von Bell, Father Adam, 430
Script and language, 18–20, 29, 34, 43–5, 93, 296, 307, 310, 351, 481–2,
Second World War, 514
‘Self-Strengthening’, 484–6
Shaanxi (province), 10–11, 52, 210, 311–2, 417, 511, 517
Shahrukh, Timurid ruler, 383
Shakespeare, William, 98
Shamian Island, Guangzhou, 455, 460
Shandong (province), 10, 33, 56, 102, 109, 116, 163, 220, 282, 289, 323, 431, 475, 490, 493, 503–4, 507
Shang dynasty, 29, 34, 36–8, 42–9, 52–4, 65
Shang Yang, Qin legalist, 75, 76, 80
Shangdi, see Han emperors
Shangdu (Xanadu), Inner Mongolia, 357, 390
Shangguan Wan’er, Tang scholar, 256
Shanghai, 13, 452, 466, 467, 477, 482, 484, 504–6, 509, 513
Shangshu, see Book of Documents