The Crusades- Islamic Perspectives
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Book of Holy War (al-Sulamī), 69–71, 71–3, 105–8, 165
Book of Inciting Souls to Visit the Holy Place, Jerusalem (Ibn al-Firqa), 163
Book of Learning by Example (Kitāb al-i‘tibār) (Usāma), 260
Book of Roger (al-Idrīsī), 271
Book of the Stick (Kitāb al-ʼnşā) (Usāma), 309
Book of the Two Gardens, The (Kitāb al-rawdatayn) (Abū Shāma), 193
bows, 456–8
brasses, Ayyūbid metalwork, 388–91
buildings, Frankish religious, 285–6
al-Bukhārī (writer), 238
al-Bundārī (chronicler), 155
al-Buqay’a, battle of, 135
Burhān al-Dīn al-Balkhī, 135
Burzay, siege of
Frankish women, 349
sapping, 531
Buşrā, 500
Būyids, 201
Byzantium, 329
Muslims and, 101–3
Caesarea, siege of, 537–8
Cairo
‘Abbāsid caliphate in, 227
citadel of, 477–9
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 555–6
Mosque of al-Hākim, see Mosque of al-Hākim, Cairo
Mosque of Baybars, Mosque of Baybars, Cairo
Muslim fortifications, 473
caliphate, Muslims on, 319–20
campaigns, Muslim army and, 516–18
canteen, Ayyūbid, 8(plate), 390(plate)
caravans/caravansarais (khāns), pilgrims and, 366–7
castles
Crusader, 467–70
Muslim, 495
cat (sinnawr), battering rams and, 527
Catalogue, The (Al-Fihrist) (Ibn al-Nadīm), 435
catapults, Greek fire and, 528
cavalry, 511–12
Franks, 521
cemeteries, neglect of Muslim, 361–2
Chinese arrows, 528
Chinese snow, 528
chivalric values, 355–7
Christ’s lance, 58, 59
Christian-Muslim relations, 419
Christians/Christianity
affiliations, 48
American, 609–10
Ayyūbid metalwork, 388–91
conversion amongst, 375–8
cross as symbol, 304–5
debate on, 321–2
gullibility of, 314
Muslim knowledge of, 267–71, 308–10
Muslim propaganda about, 310–14
Oriental, 68, 407–18
religious buildings, Muslim appropriation, 372–5
Saladin and, 314–16
use of images, 308
cisterns, Muslim fortifications, 489
Citadel, Aleppo, Syria, 487–90(plates), plan, 491(fig.)
Citadel, Cairo, 478–80(plates)
Citadel, Damascus, 482(plate)
Ayyūbid inscription, 481 (plate)
inscriptions, 483(plate) tower, 485(fig.), 486(plate)
Citadel, Himş, Syria, 495–6(plates)
citadels, siege preparation, 529–30
city gate, ‘Amadiyya, Iraq, 219(plate) city walls, Jerusalem, 193(plate) interior, 192(plate) coins, Crusader-Muslim contact, 398
communications, in war, 546–8
Comnenus, Alexius (Byzantine emperor), 20
Conrad III (German Emperor), 23
Conrad of Montferrat, Muslims on, 343–4
Constantinople, 18, 24, 93
contamination, Franks and, 293–7
Copts
Frankish Christianity and, 312–13
Oriental Christians and, 413–14, 416–17
correspondence, of Muslim rulers, 320
cosmographical literature, Franks in, 271–3
Counter-Crusade, 419, 441
Jerusalem and propaganda in, 150–61
modern manifestations of, 600–11
Covenant of ‘Umar, Oriental Christians and, 415
cross
central importance of, 306–7
Qur’ān in contrast, 305–6
as symbol, 304–5
as symbol of Muslim misfortune, 306
crossbow, 457
wheel-type, 526
Crusader-Muslim contact, longterm effects, 391–419
Crusades/Crusaders
castles of, 467–70
Muslim additions to, 498–500
Muslim views on, 471–3
definition, 31
effect on Oriental Christians, 410–11
expansionism, 76
fleets of, Muslims on, 565–7
handiwork in Muslim monuments, 382–6
heritage of, 589–614
historical overview, 14–29
jihād as phenomenon in, 103–8
Muslim response to, 20–2
Muslims on religious orders, 334–6
as phenomenon, 590–2
warfare of, scholarship on, 431–2
Crusading Wars, The (Al-hurūb al-şalībyya) (al-Matwī), 5
Crusading Wars, The (Al-hurūb al-şalībyya) (Zakkār), 5
cultural exchange, Muslims and Franks, 381–91
customs, Crusader-Muslim contact, 402
Cyprus, Baybars and, 306
dabbūs, 456
daggers, 453–5
Damascus, 223, 292
difference in Franks, 334
Frankish siege of, 116–17
madrasas in, 211
Muslim fortifications, 473, 476, 480–3, colour plate 15
Muslims under Crusader rule, 359–61
propaganda and, 305
Saladin in, 213
Second Crusade and, 23
Damietta, 25, 26
Crusader fleets and, 566–7
siege of, 414
surrender of, 298
dancer
Cappella Palatina, Palermo, Sicily, 393(fig.)
Fatimid carving, Egypt, 332(fig.)
Dānishmendids, 18, 41
Danith, battle of, 21
Darwīsh, Mahmūd, 613
Dā’ūd, al-Malik (ruler of Damascus), 222
Dayr al-Muslimīn, Muslims in captivity, 551
de Montferrat, Boniface, 24
de Pratelles, William, language barrier and, 332
Dhāt al-Himma, 266
Dhu’l-Fiqār, sword, 454
al-Dimishqī (geographer), 273, 501
diplomacy, 391–98
dirham, of Baybars, 28(plate)
Diyā’ al-Dīn al-Muqaddasī, 223
Muslims under Crusader rule, 359–61, 361, 378
Diyārbakr, fortifications and, 468
docks, Muslim navy and, 576
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 190(plate), 298, 301, 316, 606, 607–8(plates), colour plate 17
appropriation of monuments, 372
Frankish occupation of, 286–91
grille around Rock, 289(plate) Muslim propaganda about, 311
perspectival view, 149(fig.)
restoration of, 147
Dorylaeum, battle of, 20, 41
dragomans (interpreters), language barrier and, 333
drums, sieges and, 533
early Islamic period, jihād and, 92–4
Ebü’s Sü‘üd (Hanafite legist), 99
eclipses, 407
Edessa (al-Ruhā), 21, 56
fall of, 22, 150
knowledge of Christianity, 308
loss of, 23
taking of, 20
walls of, 467
Zengi at, 110–11, 112–16
education, 352
Edward I of England, 378
Egypt, navy and, 563–4
Egyptian perspectives, 42–7
on First Crusade, 76–8
England, 271
equestrian exercises, 446
European intervention, Oriental Christians and, 417–18
expansionist policies, Muslim state, 15
Fakhr al-Dīn ibn al-Shaykh, on Papacy, 319–20
fals of Saladin, 23(plate), 172(plate) Fano Cup, inscription on, 362(fig.), 363(fig.)
Fātimid-Crusader collaboration, 46
Fāţimids
armies of, 444, 511–12
Ismā’īlī Shi‘ites, 36
Jerusalem and, 141–7
navy and, 562–4
in Palestine and Syria, 44–7
Sunni Muslims and, 17
fatwās, 99
Fifth Crusade, 25, 215
filth, Franks and, 293–7
al-Findālawī, Yūsuf, 117
al-Firdaws, Aleppo, Syria, perspectival view, 199(fig.)
First Crusade, 20, 31–84
Alexius Comnenus, 68–9
Egyptian response to, 76–8
Islamic lands on eve of, 33, 47–8
Jews in, 66–8
Muslim accounts of, 50–4, 54–6
Muslim sources for, 32
Oriental Christians in, 68
Palestine and Syria on eve of, 48–50
route map, 55(fig.)
Seljuq response to, 78–81
Syrian response, 81–3
folk epic, Muslim navy and, 574–5
folk literature
Frankish stereotypes and, 263–7
Franks in, 273
fornication, Frankish Christianity and, 313
fortifications, in Levant, 467–504
fountain, Great Mosque, Ma’arrat al-Nu’mān, Syria, 297(plate) Fourth Crusade, 24
France, 271
Franks/Frankish
Aqşā mosque and, 286–91
castles, 467–70, 469–70
cavalry, 521
chivalry
ridiculous side of, 357
values and, 355–7
Christianity, 314
debate on, 321–2
contamination and, 293–7
conversion amongst, 375–8
in cosmographical literature, 271–3
cultural exchange with Muslims, 381–91
definition, 31
differences between, 333–4
Dome of the Rock and, 286–91
as filth, 293–7
fleets, importance of, 561–2
in folk literature, 273
Islamic monuments and, 370–2
Islamic sacred space and, 284–5
justice, 365–6
lack of hygiene in, 274–82
language barrier and, 331
leaders of, Muslims on, 336–47
lifestyle influenced by Muslims, 354–5
Muslims and
attitudes to, 273–4
in captivity, 549–52
on their fortifications, 470–1
in poetry, 297
reactions to, 31–84
stereotypes of, 257–322
under their rule, 378–80
views on government, 364–5
occupation, landscape of, 330–1
Oriental Christians and, 407–8
positive aspects of rule, 364–5
prisoners, in Muslim captivity, 552–6
propaganda about Christianity, 310–14
religious buildings and, 285–6
religious dimension in attitude to, 282–3
sexual laxity in, 274–82
stereotypes, pre-Crusades, 267–71
as threat to pilgrimage, 291–3
women, 347–51
old, 350
travelling, 349–50
as warriors, 348–9
Frederick I Barbarossa, 357
Frederick II of Sicily, 26, 216–21, 299
Muslims on, 337–40
on Papacy, 319–20
Frederick of Swabia, 527–8
freedom of worship, 378–81
Fulk (Crusader leader), medicine and, 353
Fulk V, Crusader king, and
Muslims in captivity, 550
funerary complex of Sultan Qalāwūn, Cairo, 247(fig.)
funerary madrasa of al-Şālih Najm al-Dīn, perspectival view, 200(fig.)
funerary madrasa of Nur al-Dīn, Damascus, Syria, 119, 121, 160(plates), 123–4, 128(figs)
furūsiyya (horsemanship), military manuals and, 437
Fusţāţ drawing, warfare and, 540–1
futuwwa, military manuals and, 437
Gabrieli, F., 14
galleys, 561
gates, importance of, 467
Gaza, battle of, 306
Geniza
Crusader-Muslim contact, 395–6
documents, ships and, 561
geographical literature, Franks in, 271–3
Gervase, Count of Basoches, Frankish prisoner in captivity, 552
al-Ghazālī (Muslim intellectual), 17–18, 37, 49, 409
Ghāzī, Sayf al-Dīn (son of Zengi), 101, 102–3
difference in Franks, 334
Ghāzī, al-Wāşītī ibn (writer), 48, 109, 162–3, 164
Frankish Christianity, 312–13
ghāzī, definition of, 100
Ghaznavids, 250
ghurab (light galleys), 561
Ghūrids, 250
Goliath’s Well (cf. ‘Ayn Jālūt), 28
Great Mosque…, see also Mosque
Great Mosque, ‘Amadiyya, Iraq, minbar, 107(plate)
Great Mosque, Beirut, appropriation of Christian church, 374
Great Mosque, Hamā, Syria
courtyard arcades, 207(plate)
interior arcades, 208(plate)
Mamlūk minaret, 229(plate)
minaret, 205(plate)
sanctuary facade, 206(plate)
treasury, 385(plate)
Great Mosque, Ma’arrat al-Nu’mān, Syria, 60–1(plates)
courtyard of, 63(plate), 64(plate)
fountain, 297(plate) minaret, 283(plate)
treasury of, 62(plate)
Great Mosque of Nūr al-Dīn, Aleppo, Syria
courtyard, 143(plate)
interior, 142(plate)
mihrāb and minbar, 146(plate)
minaret, 144(plate)
Great Mosque of Nūr al-Dīn, Himş, Syria, 90–1 (plates) courtyard, 92(plate), 93(plate)
miłμāb, 96(plate)
minbar, 95(plate)
mosaic, 90(plate)
greater jihād, 97
Greek fire (nafţ), 528–9
Green College, Alexandria
(al-madrasa al-khadrā) 416
Gu’-Kummet, Sinjar, Iraq, throne niche of stone, 202–3(plates), gullibility, Frankish Christianity and, 314
Guy II, Muslims on, 342
Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, 24, 598
ḥadīth, jihād and, 92 Ḥājib, Yūsuf Khāşş, 515, 516
battle formation, 519
ḥajj, 292
al-Ḥakam (Spanish ruler), 270
al-Ḥākim (Fāţimid caliph), 15–17, 48, 288, 410
Jerusalem and, 147
al-Ḥalhūlī, ‘ Abd al-Rahmān, 117
Ḥamā, Syria, Great Mosque, see Great Mosque, Hamā
Ḥamas, 602
Ḥamdān ibn ‘Abd al-Rahīm al-Athāribī, 32, 258
Muslims under Crusader rule, 358
Ḥamdānids, 101
Ḥammām al-Bazuriyya, Damascus, 276(fig.), 277(fig.)
Ḥammām al-Sāmī, Damascus
domes, 280(fig.)
plan, 279(fig.)
section, 281(fig.)
Ḥamza, ‘Abd al-Laţīf, 605
Ḥanbalites, 99, 241
Ḥaram al-Sharīf, Jerusalem, 213, 606
perspectival view, 287(fig.)
stairway of, 65(plate)
haram, definition of, 285
al-Harawī, ‘Alī ibn Abī Bakr (scholar), 362
appropriation of monuments, 371
Crusader-Muslim contact, 399
knowledge of Christianity, 308
military manuals, 436
Ḥarbiyya, battle of, 222
ḥarīm, definition of, 285
al-Ḥarīrī, ‘Alī, 593
al-Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ, 528
Hasan-i Şabbāh (Assassin leader), 44, 76
Ḥasanūn, chiva
lric values and, 357
Ḥashīshiyya (eaters of hashish), 501 see also Assassins
Haţţīn (or Hiţţīn)
battle of, 24, 172, 179–80, 186, 247, 378
cross-breaking at, 305
Crusader religious orders, 335
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 554
siege preparation, 530
Ḥimş, Syria
citadel of, 492
Great Mosque, see Great
Mosque of Nūr al-Dīn, Himş
jihād titulature of, 230
mangonels and, 524
Saladin and, 186
hippodrome, 447–8
Ḥisn Kayfā, Muslim fortifications, 473
historians, military, 577–8
History of the Atābegs of Mosul (Ibn al-Athīr), 137
Hitti, 69
Ḥiṭṭīn, see Haţtīn
Ḥizb Allah, 602
Holy Lance, 314
Holy Land, 301–3
Holy Sepulchre, 147, colour plate 7
destruction of, 15–17, 288
destruction of religious monuments, 380
role of, 317–19
horse archers, 512–14
horse-racing, 447–8
horsemen
mināl dish, 543(fig.)
in parade, al-Harīrī, 517(fig.)
stone tympanum, 19(plate)
hostages, Frankish prisoners in captivity, 553–4
House of Covenant (Dār al-ʼnhd), 98
House of Hadith scholarship (Dār al-hadīth), 127
House of Islam (Dār al-Islām), 97, 243
House of Justice (Dār al-ʼndl), 127
House of Peace (Dār al-şulh), 98
Hugh of Lusignan, 47, 214, 304, 571
Hülegü (Mongol leader), 28
Muslim fortifications, 492
Ḥusām al-Dīn Lu’lu’, Frankish leaders and, 345
Husayn, Saddam, 595, 595(plate)
hygiene, lack of in Franks, 274–82
Ibn ‘Abd al-’Azīz, ‘Umar, 137
Ibn ‘Abd al-Rahmān al-Kātib, Frankish Christianity, 321
Ibn ‘Abd al-Zāhir (biographer), 235, 237
Marqab and, 539
navy and, 574
Ibn Abī Bakr al-Harawī, ‘Alī, 290
Ibn Abī Tayyi’ (Syrian chronicler), 75, 286
cross-breaking, 305
navy and, 567
Ibn Abī Uşaybi’a (biographer), 414
medicine and, 354
Ibn Abi’l-Ash’ath (Persian physician), 271
Ibn Abi’l-Qāsim, Shaykh Qayşar, Frankish leaders and, 339
Ibn Adham, Ibrāhīm (Sūfī mystic), 148
Ibn al-’Adīm (chronicler of Aleppo), 32, 63, 78, 109, 113, 134, 135, 363, 386, 514
Oriental Christians and, 412, 413
religious building appropriation and, 373
Ibn al-Abraqī, military manuals and, 436
Ibn ‘Alī al-’Asqalānī, Shāfi’ (biographer), 237
Ibn ‘Asākir (historian, writer), 164–5, 166
Ibn al-’Arabī (hadith scholar), 49–50
naval dimension and, 558–9
Ibn al-Athīr (chronicler), 10, 32, 46, 52–3, 56, 57–8, 59, 66, 68, 83, 112–15, 119, 127, 137, 156, 171, 182, 184, 185, 194, 204, 285, 316, 535–6