The Crusades- Islamic Perspectives
Page 74
Mu’īn aİ-Dīn Ünür, 23, 290
difference in Franks, 334
al-Muhadhdhab Abū Sa’īd, medicine and, 354
Muhammad (Seljuq sultan), 21, 38, 78, 79, 80
sapping, 531
mujāhidun volunteers, 104
al-Muqaddasī (Arab writer, geographer), 103, 149, 162, 286
ships and, 560
muqarnas dome
Damascus, Syria, 119–20(plates)
interior, Damascus, Syria, 122(plate), colour plate 14
Muqātil, 162
al-Muqtadī (‘Abbāsid Sunni caliph), 19, 33
musicians
Cappella Palatina, Palermo, Sicily, 138(fig.), 392(fig.)
Fāţimid ivory carving, 139(fig.)
Muslims
armies
campaigns, 516–18
composition of, 439–50
attitudes to Franks, 273–4
on Baldwin, 341, 336
on Bohemond VI, 341–2
border with nomadic Turks, 100–1
Byzantium and, 101–3
on caliphate, 319–20
castles, 493–8
chivalric values and, 355–7
chroniclers, on Saladin’s jihād, 180–3
on Conrad of Montferrat, 343–4
conversion amongst, 375–8
correspondence, 320
cross as symbol of misfortune, 306
on Crusader fleets, 565–7
on Crusader religious orders, 334–6
and Crusades as phenomenon, 590–2
cultural exchange with Franks, 381–91
disunity, 76
effect of Crusades on Oriental Christians, 410–11
fate under Crusader rule, 357–70
folk hero, 264(fig.)
fortifications, 473–7
First Crusade, 50–6
and Franks, see Franks, Muslims and
on Frederick II, 337–40
on Guy II, 342
India and, 250
Jerusalem and, 141–50
knowledge of Christianity, 308–10
on Manfred, 340–1
military manuals of, 435–8
military strategy, 511–16
monuments and, 370–2
Crusader handiwork in, 382–6
navy and, 564, 574–5
neglect of cemeteries, 361–2
Oriental Christians and, 407–8
on Papacy, 319–20
poetry, Frankish stereotypes and, 297
prisoners, in Frankish captivity, 549–52
propaganda about Christianity, 310–14
on Raymond of Tripoli, 342–3
reactions to coming of Franks, 31–84
reactions to Crusades, 20–2
religious building appropriation and, 372–5
religious dimension in attitude to Franks, 282–3
on Reynald of Chatillon, 344–7
on Reynald of Sidon, 343
on Richard the Lionheart, 336
seafaring and, 558–9
sieges and, 533–40
sources
accessibility of, 10
for First Crusade, 32
nature of, 9–10
warfare and, 432–3
on St Louis, 336–7
stereotypes of Franks, 257–322
under Frankish rule, 378–80
Muslim-Crusader contact, longterm effects, 391–419
Muslim-Christian relations, 419
al-Musta’lī (son of al-Mustansir), 43
al-Mustanşir (Fāţimid caliph of Egypt), 19, 33, 43
death of, 76
al-Mustarshid, caliph, role in jihād, 104
al-Mustazhir (caliph of Baghdad), 79
al-Mutanabbī (poet), 102
al-Mutawakkil (‘Abbāsid caliph), 410
al-Nabhānī, Shaykh Taqī al-Dīn, 603
Nablus, 364
Frankish justice, 365
Muslims under Crusader rule, 359–61
najāsāt (things impure), 285
Najm al-Dīn al-Rammāh, military manuals and, 438
Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb (Ayyūbid sultan), 222
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 556
Oriental Christians and, 416
Nāşir al-Dīn Qūnawī, 409
al-Nāsir Dā’ūd (ruler of Karak), 222, 223
Nāşir-i Khusraw, 48–9
Jerusalem and, 147–8
naval dimension, 556–77
navigation, naval dimension, 557
navy
Baybars and, 571–2
Fāţimids and, 562–4
Mamlūks and, 571, 572–3
Muslim neglect of, 561–2
Muslims and, 564
Saladin, 567–9
al-Nawawī, Oriental Christians and, 415–16
Nazareth, 26
Nāzik al-Malā’ika, 606
Near East, Twelfth century, map, 173(fig.)
Nicaea (Iznik), 18
Night Journey, of Prophet Muhammad, 149–50
Nizām al-Mulk (Seljuq wazīr), 19, 33, 439, 442–4
arms and, 464–5
death of, 38
spies and, 548
Nizārī schism, 43–4
nomadic Turks, Muslim border with, 100–1
Numayr, Banū, Muslim castles and, 496
Nūr al-Dīn, 116, 593
architecture of, 386–7
career of, 117–18
comparison with Saladin, 193–5
Frankish leaders and, 346–7
funerary madrasa of, Damascus, 119–21(plates), Great Mosque of, Himş, Syria, 91(plate)
courtyard, 92(plate), 93(plate)
mihrāb, 96(plate)
minbar, 95(plate)
heritage of, 174
on Jerusalem, 150, 151
jihād
after death of, 171–251
as defensive, 246
literature of, 161–6
māristān, see māristān of Nur al-Din, Damascus, Syria
military manuals and, 516
minbar in Aqsā mosque, 151–61
Muslim castles, 495
Muslim fortifications, 474, 480, 483, 484
navy and, 563, 564
pigeons and, 548
recognition of, 5
religious classes and, 119–32
religious dimensions of, 118–19
Second Crusade and, 22–3
swords and, 455
written sources, 132–41
Nūrī mosque, Mosul, see Jāmi‘ al-Nūrī, Mosul al-Nuwayrī (Mamluk historian), 54
Muslim fortifications, 478
al-Nuwayrī (Muhammad al-Iskandarānī), Oriental Christians and, 417–18
‘Other’, image of the, 303–4
official letters, 320
Old Man of the Mountain, language barrier and, 333
Oriental Christians, 407–18
effect of Crusades on, 410–11
in First Crusade, 68
Muslim treatment of, 407–8
‘Parthian’ shot, archery, 512
Pagan the Butler, Frankish fortifications and, 471
Palestine, 602, 605
Fāţimid involvement in, 44–7
fortifications and, 469
jihād in, 103
on eve of First Crusade, 48–50
Papacy, Muslims on, 319–20
penthouses, 526–7
People of the Book, pre-Crusading period, 408–10
Philip II of France, navy and, 569
Pierre I of Lusignan, Oriental Christians and, 417–18
pigeons, in war, 547–8
pilgrims, 366
caravan of, Baghdad, Iraq, 292(fig.)
Frankish threat to, 291–3
plague, 37–8
plunder, 514
poetry, 69–71, 102, 179–80, 240
Frankish stereotypes and, 297
on jihād, 166
Pope, and Muslim knowledge of Christianity, 309
population, displac
ement of, 74–6
postal routes, at Baybars’ death, 547(fig.)
postal service, in war, 546
Pratelles, William de, language barrier and, 332
prayer, in jihād, 165
pre-Crusades
Frankish stereotypes in, 267–71
historical overview, 15–20
jihād realities in, 100
preaching, jihād and, 223–4
prisoners, treatment of, 549–56
Profession of Faith, The (Ibn Baţţa), 179
propaganda
in Counter Crusade, 150–61
of jihād in time of Saladin, 175–80
Muslim correspondence, 320
Saladin and, 316–17
Prophet Muhammad, Night Journey of, 149–50
Ptolemy, 269
purification, of Islamic space, 298–301
purity, 284
qabaq, 448
Qaddafi, Colonel, 609
al-Qādī al-Fādil (adviser of Saladin), 171, 183, 184, 185, 192, 295,316,317–18
cross and, 306–7
Frankish Christianity, 321
Frankish leaders, 343
Muslim knowledge of Christianity, 310
al-Qādisiyya, 191
Qal‘at al-Najm, Syria, 495, 498(plate), 522–3(plates), 525–6(plates)
Qal‘at Ja’bar, 495–6, 499–500(plates)
Qal‘at Subayba, 496–8
Qalāwūn (Mamluk sultan), 29, 244
Crusader-Muslim contact, 392
Marqab and, 539
navy and, 574
al-Qalqashandī, 232
Muslim knowledge of Christianity, 310
Qaşr al-Ablaq citadel, 27(fig.)
al-Qazwīnī (Muslim encyclopaedist, geographer), 37, 271–2
swords and, 455
Qilij Arslān (Seljuq ruler), 20, 41, 54–5
Qilij Arslān II, 350
Qudāma, Banū (family), 99
al-Quhwāna (al-Uqhuwāna), battle of, 545
Qur’ān
cross and, 5–6
jihād and, 89–92
Quţb, Sayyid, writings of, 600–2
al-Quţbī, Sukmān, 79
al-Raba’ī (writer), 162–3, 175–9
raids, 544–5
Ramla, 75
battle of, 444
rape, Franks and, 298
Rashīd al-Dīn (writer), sieges and, 533
al-Rāshid, (caliph), role in jihād, 104
rawda, definition of, 193
Raymond of Antioch, 134
Raymond of Tripoli
language barrier and, 333
Muslims on, 342–3
Recueil des historiens des Croisades, 14
refugee movements, 75
Muslims under Crusader rule, 358–61
religion/religious
buildings
Frankish, 285–6
Muslim appropriation, 372–5
classes
jihād in early Mamlūk period, 237–8
Nūr al-Dīn and, 119–32
dimension, in attitude to Franks, 282–3
monuments
appropriation of, 370–5
destruction of, 380–1
Nūr al-Dīn and, 122
orders, Muslims on, 334–6
schism, 33–6, 47
Reynald of Chatillon, 172, 237, 293, 296, 598
Crusader fleets and, 565
Muslims on, 344–7
Reynald of Sidon, Muslims on, 343
ribāţ, definition of, 100
Richard the Lionheart, 310, 336, 550
Jerusalem, 192
language barrier, 332
navy, 569
Ridwān (Seljuq prince), 79, 80, 82, 116,411
Oriental Christians and, 413
Right Answer to Those who Alter the Religion of the Messiah (Ibn Taymiyya), Frankish Christianity and, 312
rockets, 528
Roger of Antioch, 22, 80, 81, 109–10
rulers, correspondence and, 320
Rūm (Byzantium), 18
al-Rumaylī (hadīth scholar), 66, 163
‘Scythian’ method, archery, 512
sacred space, Franks and, 284–5
Şafad, citadel of, 231
sieges and, 533
Şalμh (al-Bukhārī), 238
Śaĥyūn (Qal‘at Salāh al-Dīn)
fortifications and, 470
Muslim views on, 471–2
siege of, 535–6
St Anne, church of, 331
St Gilles, Holy Lance and, 314
St Louis, king of France
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 553
Muslims on, 336–7
naval dimension and, 559
Saladin (Şalāh al-Dīn b. Ayyūb), 23–4, 118, 224, 298, 299
anti-Christian propaganda and, 314–16
appropriation of monuments, 372
armour and, 463
army of, 444–5
career of, 171–2
comparison with Nūr al-Dīn, 193–5
correspondence, 320
cross-breaking and, 305
Crusader fleets and, 566
Crusader religious orders, 335
Crusader-Muslim contact, 399, 401
in Damascus, 213
death of, 201, 248
destruction of religious monuments, 380
Dome of the Rock and, 289
fals of, 23(plate), 172(plate)
Franks, 265, 321, 342
Holy Land, 302
illness of, 183
Jerusalem and, 141, 188–92
jihād
as defensive, 246
in modern scholarship, 185–6
propaganda and, 175–80
magnanimity of, 316–17
mangonels and, 524
mausoleum of, Damascus, Syria, 187(plate), 188(fig.)
medieval Muslim chroniclers on jihād, 180–3
military manuals and, 515–16
minbar and, 156–7
Muslim fortifications, 476–80
Muslim navy and, 575–6
as myth, 592–600
navy and, 559, 567–9
strategy, 569–70
personal jihād of, 183
raids and, 545
Second Crusade and, 23
sieges and, 530, 534–6
statue of, Damascus, 6–7(plates), 596–9(plates)
Usāma and, 260
al-Şalāhiyya madrasa, religious building appropriation and, 373
al-Şālih, al-Malik Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb (Ayyūbid sultan), 201, 203, 222
Ayyūbid metalwork, 388
Frankish leaders and, 337
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 556
navy and, 568
al-Şālih, al-Malik (son of Nūr aİ-Dīn), 184
al-Şālihiyya, Muslims under Crusader rule, 359–61
saltpetre, 528
Sana al-barq al-shamī (‘Imād al-Dīn), 155
al-Sannabra, bridge of, 305
sappers/sapping, 530–2
saiissa, lance and, 452
al-Sayed, ‘Abdallāh, 598–600
Sayf al-Dīn Ghāzī (son of Zengi), 101, 102–3, 334
schism
Nizārī, 43–4
religious, 33–6, 47
Scott, Sir Walter, 593
Sea of Precious Virtues, 161
Frankish Christianity and, 313
sea, Muslims and, 558–9
Second Crusade, 334
coming of, 116–17
Nūr al-Dīn and, 22–3
Selection of Time amongst the Marvels of Land and Sea (Nukhbat al-dahr fīʼnjā’ib al-barr wa ‘l-bahr) (al-Dimishqī), 273
Seljuqs, 201
armies, 440–1
disunity, 38–40
bowl, warfare and, 542–4
response to First Crusade, 78–81
Sunnis, 36
Turks, Sunni Islam and, 17
sermons, in jihād, 165
sexual laxity, in Franks, 274–
82
shahada (Muslim creed), 605
Shams al-Khilāfa (governor of Ascalon), Crusader-Muslim contact, 396
Shari‘a
evolution of, 409
jihād, 95
Shāwār, Fāţimid vizier, 117–18
Shawbak, 292
Shawqī, Ahmad (poet), 593
Shaykh Khādir, Oriental Christians and, 416
Shaykh Qayşar b. Abi’l-Qāsim, Frankish leaders and, 339
Shī’ite Ismā’īlī Fāţimid imāms, 94
shields, 458–9
ships, types of, 559–61
al-Shīrāzī (legal scholar), 409
Shīrkūh (Kurdish commander), 117
Second Crusade and, 23
Sibt b. al-Jawzī (historian), 215, 221–2, 223–4, 303–4, 305, 306
minbar and, 156–7
Sidon, 29, 334
fortifications and, 469
sieges
conduct, 529–33
defenders, 532
towers, 526–7
warfare, 521–33
navy link with, 573–4
weapons, 523–9
Sīrat al-amīra Dhāt al-Himma (folk epic), 102, 265–6
images and, 308
Sīrat Baybars (folk epic), 230
Muslim navy and, 574
Sivan, Emmanuel, 103–4,108, 114, 238
Frankish Christianity, 321
Frankish stereotypes, 263
Jerusalem, 150
theories of, 248–50
slave troops, 443–4
Spain, fate under Crusader rule, 358
spies, 548–9
spiritual jihād (Greater Jihad), 97
Splendid Chronicle of the Atābegs of Mosul, The (Ibn al-Athīr), 194
splint armour, Turkish foot-soldiers, 461 (plate) stone tympanum, horseman, 19(plate)
strategy, in military engagements, 514–15
Sudanis, Fāţimid armies and, 444
Şūfīs
Frankish Christianity and, 313
literature, 161–2
Muslim knowledge of Christianity, 309
Sufyān al-Thawrī (Sufi mystic), 148
al-Sulamī (Syrian legist), 32, 69, 105–8, 109, 165
conduct of war, 580
Frankish Christianity, 321
navy, 561
Sulaymān b. Qutlumush, 18
Sunni Islam
caliph, Baghdad, 104
Fāţimids and, 17
Nūr al-Dīn and, 122
Seljuq Turks and, 17
swimmers, in war, 546
swords, 453–5
Islamic, 454(plate)
Syria, 364
Assassins in, 76
Fāţimid involvement in, 44–7
on eve of First Crusade, 48–50
fortifications and, 469
jihād in, 103
response, First Crusade, 81–3
unification of, 132
ţabar, 456
al-Ţabarī, 162
table, Qalāwūn complex, Cairo, 295(fig.)
Ţalabānī, Shaykh Ridā, 594
Talā’i’ b. Ruzzik (Fatimid vizier), 138
Tale of ‘Umar ibn Nu ‘man, 296 ‘Frankish filth’ in, 294
Talisman Gate, Baghdad, Iraq, 211(fig.)
Tancred, 82, 363
chivalric values and, 357
Taqī al-Dīn ‘Umar (nephew of Saladin), 299