Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia
Page 84
Cecil, William, 443
Chaignon family, 131
Chamberlain, Sir Austen, 650
Chamberlain, Neville, 675n
Chapman, Benjamin, 119, 121, 122
Chapman, Caroline, 530
Chapman, Edith Sarah Hamilton, Lady:
daughters of, 121, 122, 128
and her husband, 126, 127
religious zeal of, 122–23, 132
Chapman, Francis Vansittart, 116
Chapman, Sir Montagu, 116
Chapman, Sir Thomas Robert Tighe, see Lawrence, Thomas
Chapman, William, 119, 122
Chase, Harry, 353, 354, 356, 361, 383–88, 480, 492
Chauvel, Sir Henry, 429, 432, 433, 434
Chetwode, Sir Philip, 380, 576–78, 597
Christie, Agatha, Murder in Mesopotamia, 202
Churchill, Lord Randolph (Winston’s father), 451
Churchill, Randolph (Winston’s son), 135
Churchill, Winston, 135, 140n, 172, 509–21, 650, 687
and Baldwin, 674–75
books written by, 248, 621
and films, 481, 690n, 691
and Gallipoli, 4, 263–64
and Lady Astor, 644
Lawrence as Middle East adviser to, 510–13, 515–16, 520, 521, 524–30, 533, 539, 540, 625, 626, 671, 684, 689
and Lawrence’s death, 679, 680
Lawrence’s meetings with, 321, 451–52
and Lawrence’s RAF enlistment, 540–41, 542, 608
Lawrence’s requests for help from, 618, 673
and Lloyd George, 509–11
Marlborough biography by, 669
and Middle East Department, 510–21, 526
personal traits of, 271, 303
speeches by, 653–54
Turkish ships requisitioned by, 248
and World War I, 244, 245, 246, 262, 263–64
and World War II, 654
Circassians, 93, 342
Clausewitz, Carl von, 371
Clayton, Gilbert, 274, 277
as Arab Bureau chief, 12, 48–49, 273
and Balfour Declaration, 399
in Cairo, 252, 253, 257, 259, 284
in Jerusalem, 356
and Lawrence’s mental anguish, 378, 400
Lawrence’s reports to, 15, 49, 56–57, 82, 90, 109, 281, 355, 361–62, 513
as military adviser to Churchill, 512
and military strategy, 297, 298
and peace negotiations, 399
and Sykes-Picot Agreement, 277, 280, 306, 361
and Thomas’s film, 387
Clemenceau, Georges, 210, 454, 459–62, 474–75, 476, 507
Clouds Hill, Moreton, Lawrence’s cottage at, 581, 587, 594, 595, 666, 672, 673–74
Clough, Arthur Hugh, “Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth,” 340, 653–54
Cobbold, Lady Evelyn, 238–39, 255
Cockerell, Sydney, 540, 597
Cody, BuÃalo Bill, 480
Collins, Michael, 576
Colonial Office:
ibn Saud supported by, 88
Middle Eastern Department of, 510–21, 526
Columbia Pictures, 691, 692–93, 694
Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur, 654
Congo Free State, atrocities in, 654
Conrad, Joseph, 554, 612
Heart of Darkness, 654
Constable, publishers, 566, 567, 573
Constantinople:
British archaeological interests in, 185, 215
Lawrence’s travel in, 186–87
Russian ambitions toward, 12, 270n, 280
Cooper, Collin, 649
Council of Ten, 473–74
Coward, Noël, 495n, 656
Cox, Sir Percy Z., 259, 286, 288–89, 517, 523
Crane, C. R., 484
Cromwell, Oliver, 119
Crusades, and French claims in Middle East, 256, 275, 474
Curtis, Lionel:
and All Souls, 533, 579, 587n
Lawrence’s correspondence with, 143, 579, 580, 590, 626, 656
Lawrence’s friendship with, 472, 508, 589
and Lawrence’s funeral, 679
Lawrence’s Middle East views supported by, 506
and Lawrence’s military service, 579, 580, 608
Curtis Brown, literary agency, 565, 567
Curzon, George Nathaniel, 1st Baron:
and British entry into Jerusalem, 352
and Eastern Committee meetings, 445–47, 456, 461
and Feisal, 456, 487, 506
and Lawrence’s Middle East travels, 167–68
and postwar Middle East diplomacy, 506, 507, 509, 512, 524, 525, 526, 528, 533
and Thomas’s biography of Lawrence, 525
Daher (guide), 348
Dahoum (friend), 213
at Carchemish, 196, 197, 212, 214, 224, 228, 646
journey to Aqaba, 237, 238
in later years, 393–94
Lawrence’s friendship with, 210–14, 262
and Lawrence’s illness, 198, 226
Lawrence’s plans for improvement of, 197, 198, 216
personal traits of, 196, 223
Seven Pillars dedication to, 498–99
travels with Lawrence, 210, 215, 226–27, 228
in Turkish prison, 221, 349
Daily Express, The (London), 505, 507, 564, 566, 568–69, 571, 630, 672
Daily Mail, The (London), 505, 566, 571, 572
Daily News, The (London), 634, 640
Daily Telegraph (London), 493, 617
Damascus:
Allenby’s arrival in, 435–37
Arabs in disarray in, 430–35, 440
Arab takeover of, 427, 429–30, 452
journey to, 428–30
Lawrence’s departure from, 437
Lawrence’s entry into, 429–30, 431
as military goal, 89, 90, 112, 262, 281–82, 297, 309, 325, 366, 396, 407, 413, 414, 425
opponents of Hussein in, 40
as potential capital of “Greater Syria,” 41, 307, 413, 467
race to, 41, 64, 67, 83, 357, 359, 400, 405–6, 407, 413, 414, 417, 428
railway line to, 21, 24, 49, 293
Danchev, Alex, 664
Daud (servant), 85, 327, 330, 388–90, 393
Dawnay, Alan:
as Allenby’s chief of staÃ, 322–23, 382, 383
at Guweira, 374, 375
and Hejaz Operations StaÃ, 374, 375
and Imperial Camel Brigade, 402, 404
and Lawrence in Royal Tank Corps, 576, 577
Lawrence’s correspondence with, 467
Lawrence’s friendship with, 236, 323, 576
and Lawrence’s funeral, 679
and military strategy, 381, 394–95, 401, 402
and Seven Pillars, 496, 598
Dawnay, Guy, 323, 374
Dawson, GeoÃrey, 484, 486
Day Lewis, Cecil, 656
Deraa, 341–51, 418
Arab army in, 425–27
eÃects on Lawrence of attack in, 348, 349–51, 358, 397, 538, 601–2
Lawrence’s capture and assault at, 342–51, 355, 400, 470, 471, 497, 588, 612, 695
as military goal, 325, 347, 381, 402, 406, 414
Derbyshire, 618, 619–21
Desert Mounted Corps, 429
Dexter, Flight Lieutenant, 544–46
Diana, Princess of Wales, 568, 636–37, 677
Dickens, Charles, 117
Diocletian, Emperor, 334
Disraeli, Benjamin, 234
Dixon, Corporal, 581, 589, 602, 608
Dodd, Francis, 196, 227
Doran, George H., 592, 614, 615, 617n
Doubleday, Frank N., 501, 504, 565, 592, 657
Doughty, Charles M., 94, 190, 622
Arabia Deserta, 166–67, 208, 495, 506, 508, 557
and Hogarth, 177, 182
Lawrence’s regard for, 590
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, 118n
Dowson, Sir Ernest, 258, 302
Driver, Corpor
al, 362–63
Dulles, John Foster, 454n
Duncan, David Douglas, 558
Edward VII, king of England, 451
Edward VIII, king of England, 140n, 449–50, 603
Egypt:
“British Force” in, 282, 285
British rule in, 259, 266
Exodus from, 239
impoverishment of, 698
independence of, 515
intelligence activities in, 273, 284
political unrest in, 506
and Suez Canal, 234
and United Arab Republic, 697
see also Cairo
Egyptian Camel Corps, 407
Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF):
Allenby appointed commander of, 105, 318
and Aqaba, 104
at Basra, 5
in Cairo, 11, 12, 45, 273, 291
formation of, 285
at Gaza, 4, 104–5
Egyptian Government Printing Press, 258
Egyptian Survey, 302
Eisenstein, Sergey, 62
Elgar, Sir Edward, 656
Eliot, T. S., 613
Elizabeth I, queen of England, 443
El Jefer, 92, 95, 403
Ellington, Sir Edward, 660
Ellis, Sir Hugh, 577
El Mezraa, 374
Empire News, The, 634
Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 664
Enver Pasha, 54–55, 287, 289, 449
Fakhri Pasha (Hamid Fakhri Bey):
Arab strategies against, 41, 60, 63
and Armenian genocide, 37
Beni Ali village destroyed by, 37
at Medina, 66–67, 70
at Tafileh, 365, 367, 370
Falkenhayn, Erich von, 311, 354
Fareedeh el Akle, 187–88, 198, 498
Farraj (servant), 85, 327, 330, 388–90, 392–94, 615
Fascists, 667, 675
Fattuh (servant), 194, 195
Fawcett, Percy, 538
Feisal, emir (son of Hussein):
and Arab army, 15, 18, 20, 21, 30, 31, 35, 41, 49, 52–53, 55, 58, 63, 64, 111
and Balfour Declaration, 306, 399, 697
bond of Lawrence and, 33, 34, 80, 375, 382, 393, 398, 400, 405, 448, 472
and broken British promises, 462, 465, 564
in Damascus, 431, 432–33, 435–37
discussions with Weizmann, 399–400, 463, 465–68, 476
early years of, 34
Europeans distrusted by, 34, 82, 436–37, 450
exile in Egypt, 505–6
film depiction of, 693
vs. French in Syria, 463, 505, 511
“Greater Syria” sought by, 41, 42n, 442, 451
and groundwork for Arab Revolt, 266, 267
in house arrest, 259
and Imperial Camel Brigade, 396
and Iraqi throne, 277n, 405, 449, 455, 515, 516–18, 519, 523–24
Lawrence as liaison to, 49–50, 68, 299, 300, 395, 405, 476, 485, 513–14
Lawrence’s eÃorts on behalf of, 443, 444, 451, 455–58, 464, 472, 473, 475, 478, 484, 494, 506, 625, 640
Lawrence’s first meeting with, 16, 32–38, 48
leadership traits of, 37–38, 54, 55, 62, 68, 69, 76, 532
and military strategy, 37, 66, 81, 100, 266, 282, 298–300, 306, 307, 309, 311, 374, 390, 394, 415
move to Wejh, 60–61, 68, 69
and outbreak of Arab Revolt, 292
at Paris Peace Conference, 439–40, 452, 453, 455–59, 456, 459, 461, 468, 469, 472, 473–77
physical appearance and personality of, 32, 33–35, 62, 81
portraits of, 504
a price on his head, 465
and proposal of amnesty, 360–61, 398–99, 400
slaves of, 313
supporters of, 82, 91, 325, 340, 357, 391, 429, 483
and Sykes-Picot agreement, 39, 40, 81, 82, 281, 306, 328, 360, 361, 436–37
and Syrian uprising, 413–14
and Thomas films, 386, 387
and tribal rivalries, 404–5
visits to Britain, 462–68, 464, 486–87, 511, 610
visit to France, 455–59, 461
at Wadi Yenbo, 52–59
Weizmann-Feisal agreement, 465–68
Fiennes, Ralph, 694
Findlay, Charles, 560–61, 569–70, 571, 575
Finney, Albert, 693
Flecker, Hellé, 199, 216
Flecker, James Elroy, 153, 181, 199–201, 201, 216, 583
Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 96, 98, 449
Fontana, Winifred, 208
Ford, Ford Maddox, 555
Foreign Office:
Hussein supported by, 483, 506
involvement in Arab Revolt, 11, 49, 88
Lawrence’s duties with, 7, 457, 485
and Lawrence’s letters to the Times, 486
and postwar territorial claims, 455, 457, 462
Forster, E. M., 349, 589, 591, 601, 640
Four Feathers, The (film), 692
Fourth Australian Light Horse Brigade, 333–34
France:
ambitions for Middle East, 38–40, 42n, 47, 48, 49, 60, 67, 70, 81–82, 90, 92, 112, 183, 253, 256, 259, 262, 266, 270, 272, 275–76, 278, 303, 306, 353, 356, 398, 436, 454, 455, 460, 486, 504–5, 697
British Expeditionary Forces in, 105
British rivalry with, 48, 270, 275, 453, 456, 460–61, 474
colonial system of, 48, 272, 275, 442, 697, 698
distrust of, 34, 48
Feisal in, 455–59, 461
honors and awards to Lawrence from, 67, 286, 353, 457–58
Lawrence’s distaste for presence of, 47, 48, 67, 255, 400, 451
and Paris Peace Conference, 439–40, 453, 456–59, 460, 469, 473–78
rule of law (Code Napoléon) in, 48, 56
and Suez Canal, 234, 279
and Sykes-Picot agreement, 38–40, 67, 275–76, 278–79, 281, 413, 436–37, 451, 455, 458–59, 507, 512
and World War I, 10, 45, 242, 275, 277, 304, 381, 460
Frankfurter, Felix, 476
Frederick the Great, 406
French army:
mutinies in, 460
North African troops, 67
Freud, Sigmund, 29, 115, 580
Fromkin, David, A Peace to End All Peace, 277
Gallipoli:
British defeat at (1915), 4, 263–64, 269, 277, 282, 285, 290, 295
German warships at, 248–50
Galsworthy, John, 555
Garland, H. G., 51–52, 56, 59, 70, 77, 322
Garnett, Edward:
and authors, 554–55, 564
and Cape, 555, 565, 567
and Lawrence in RAF, 564, 603
and Lawrence’s depression, 603
and ’e Mint, 625
and Revolt abridgement, 555, 558, 562, 565, 566–67, 575, 603, 614–15
and Seven Pillars, 554–55, 565
and ST 200 handbook, 653
Gasein (goldsmith), 300
Gasim (stranger from Maan), 86–87, 418
Gaza:
Allenby’s attack on, 323, 325, 326, 331–34, 352
defense of, 285
Egyptian Expeditionary Force at, 4, 104–5
stalemate at, 104–6
Turkish control of, 21, 41, 59, 89, 91, 284–85, 291
Gee, Sergeant Major, 544, 545
Genet, Jean, 344
Geneva Conventions, 85n
Geographical Section of General Staà (GSGS), 250–51, 252
Georges-Picot, François:
flight at war’s outbreak, 35n, 266
and Jerusalem, 353, 356
and Sykes-Picot agreement, 38, 275–81
and Syria, 440, 442, 445
George V, king of England:
and Feisal, 465
honors oÃered to Lawrence by, 447–50, 486, 516
and Lawrence’s accident and death, 679, 680
Lawrence’s audiences with, 440, 447–50
Lawrence’s gifts to, 55n, 449
and Lawrence’s military status, 439–40, 486
Lawrence’s relationship with, 46, 666
and politicians, 447, 450
as stamp collector, 522
and supporters of the Arab Revolt, 44
Thomas’s show attended by, 481
and World War I, 663
German army:
discipline in, 227
in World War I, 10, 232, 242, 246, 275, 378, 381
German navy, and Turkish navy, 248–50
Germany:
aircraft supplied to Turkey by, 14
and archaeological sites, 184, 216
in Central Powers, 232, 233
colonial possessions of, 453
and Hindenburg, 646
Nazi regime in, 531
postwar demands on, 454, 468
railways built by, 168, 199, 202, 208, 209, 214, 215, 240
surrender of, 453
Turkish army supported by, 20, 36, 104, 285, 287, 311, 391, 411, 416, 421, 423, 424
zeppelins, 646–47
Gettysburg, battle of, 367
Geziret Faraun, island of, 238
Gibson Girls, 644
Gilbert, Martin, 248
Godefroy de Bouillon, 275
Goltz, Colmar Freiherr von der, 287–88
Gone with the Wind (film), 694
Gordon, Charles George (Gordon of Khartoum), 12, 45, 321, 478
Graves, Philip, 255
Graves, Robert:
Goodbye to All That, 265, 624n
Lawrence and the Arabian Adventure, 321, 611, 624–25, 627, 662, 689, 696
on Lawrence at Oxford, 161–62, 174, 491
on Lawrence’s audience with George V, 448, 449, 450
Lawrence’s correspondence with, 446, 447, 448, 524, 656, 669, 671
on Lawrence’s early years, 159
Lawrence’s friendship with, 508, 589
Lawrence’s obituary updated by, 671
on Lawrence’s personal traits, 140n, 666–67
Lawrence’s version of his story to, 321, 442, 446, 447, 448, 577
and RFC history, 598
and Seven Pillars, 497, 592
and Turkish army handbook, 258
Great Depression, 619
Greek-Turkish War (1897), 246
Green, Thomas Hill, 136
Greene, Graham, 449
Grey, Sir Edward, 181, 242, 260, 270
Guevara, Che, 686
Guilfoyle, W. J. Y., 560–61, 566, 569, 574, 575
Guinness, Alec, 693
Gulf of Aqaba, 1–2
Gurschner, Herbert, portrait of Lawrence by, 684, 685
Guweira:
Arab encampment at, 312, 358, 374–75
motor road to, 359
Hacim (Hajim) Bey, 342–43, 346, 351, 421
Haidar Pasha, 168
Haifa, British capture of, 412
Haig, Sir Douglas, 105, 323
Haj Wahid (cook), 207
Hall-Smith, Guthrie, 503
Hall-Smith, Janet (Laurie), 131, 159–61, 227, 490–91, 503–4, 529, 658