Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia

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Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia Page 86

by Michael Korda


  racial intolerance of, 223

  reading lists of, 28, 45, 205–6, 217–18, 401, 552, 630

  recognition and praise sought by, 505, 555, 614

  riding camels, 22–23, 27

  running away from home and joining the army (as teenager), 145–48

  scholarly research on life of, 694–96

  schooling of, 135–42

  sexual repression of, 158–59, 161, 210–12, 350, 362, 389, 571

  varying stories told by, 143, 174–75, 442–43, 445, 593, 687

  Lawrence, T. E., in British military:

  and Aqaba, 90–92, 95–103, 518

  Arabs shown respect by, 35, 56–57, 66, 94–95, 401, 403, 405

  Arabs taught by, 35n, 322, 531

  Blue Mist Rolls-Royce of, 360, 404, 431, 437

  bodyguard of, 358–59, 360, 367, 370, 385, 417, 425, 427

  in Cairo, 7, 252–55, 257–58, 261–63, 282–84, 291, 292, 297

  career of, 48–50, 112–13, 255, 383, 440, 485–86

  courage of, 96, 97, 99, 111, 295, 315, 390–91, 397, 402, 410, 695

  gold dagger of, 300–301, 310, 587

  in GSGS, 250–51, 252

  and guerrilla warfare, 29–30, 35n, 57, 61, 75–80, 93–94, 111, 219, 309–11, 314–18, 322, 325–27, 329, 330–40, 338, 352, 355, 359, 364, 396, 406–11, 412–13, 530, 686

  guilt felt by, 40–41, 91, 101, 119, 281, 400, 403, 435, 538, 610, 698

  high-level communication of, 7, 44–46, 53, 111, 210, 382, 443–45, 447–51, 472, 618–19, 626, 628, 633, 642

  honors and awards oÃered to, 40, 67, 112–13, 119, 286, 353, 373, 383, 384, 447–50, 457–58, 486, 516, 518, 688

  influence of, 29–30, 49, 405, 514, 686–87

  initial commission of, 251–52, 254

  intelligence activities of, 7, 12, 49, 252–53, 255, 282–84, 297

  leadership abilities of, 57, 227, 295, 311, 315, 401, 403, 405, 646

  as mapmaker, 29, 83, 106, 232–39, 251, 254, 257, 258, 286, 291, 306–7, 533

  marksmanship of, 191, 226, 231

  men killed by, 55, 72–73, 74, 87, 393–94, 396–97, 421–22, 538, 610

  military texts read by, 28

  notes taken by, 36–38

  personal vs. official army strategy, 81–82, 83–84, 89, 90, 91, 282, 356, 400, 414

  in RAF, see Royal Air Force

  reports by, 12, 43–44, 46, 220–21, 262–63, 283, 291, 320–22, 361–62, 369, 500, 527

  reputation of, 227, 228, 286, 295, 355, 382, 404, 443, 452, 473

  return to England, 443–51, 489–92, 533, 537–38

  in Royal Tank Corps, 576–81, 589, 591, 594, 597, 602

  strategic skills of, 7, 15, 27, 29, 36, 37, 41–42, 46, 60–61, 74–76, 81–82, 96, 102n, 307, 309–15, 370–73, 390–92, 396, 401–7, 518, 530–31, 580, 662, 696

  unappreciated by officers, 9, 29, 44, 49, 64, 251, 258, 302, 427–28, 432

  see also specific sites

  Lawrence, T. E., writings of:

  film rights to, 634, 668–69, 691–94

  introduction to Doughty’s Arabia Deserta, 508

  Lawrence’s embellishments in, 442–43, 593, 687

  letters, 508–9, 619, 625–26, 627–28, 642, 656–57, 674, 687, 694–95; see also specific recipients

  Minorities (poetry compilation), 653–54

  ’e Mint, 537, 541, 544, 547–54, 620, 625, 633, 656, 687

  Odyssey translation, 102n, 151, 489, 605, 625, 633, 643, 655, 661–62

  Revolt in the Desert, see Revolt in the Desert

  Seven Pillars, see Seven Pillars of Wisdom

  talent demonstrated in, 73, 78, 139, 319, 320–22, 344, 464, 495, 557, 615, 620, 653, 661, 662, 687, 696

  translations from the French, 594

  “Twenty-Seven Articles,” 56

  “User’s Guide to RAF Seaplane Tender,” 409, 653

  Lawrence, Thomas [Chapman] (father), 115–18

  background of, 120–24

  baronetcy of, 118

  death of, 477, 502

  and Edith [Chapman], 126, 127

  estate of, 119–20

  and financial matters, 128, 130–31, 138, 167, 502–3, 530

  and his sons, 128–29, 131

  name of, 126

  and Richards, 157, 186, 189, 214

  and Sarah, 116–17, 123–24, 126, 130, 133, 143, 389, 666

  T.E.’s letters to, 113; see also Lawrence, Sarah

  T.E.’s relationship with, 142–45, 146–47, 151, 537–38, 586

  trips to Ireland by, 230, 502

  Lawrence, Thomas (Sarah’s father), 124–25

  Lawrence, William George (brother):

  birth and childhood of, 127, 128, 131, 133

  and Janet, 160, 490–91, 503

  missing, declared dead, 117, 282, 490–91, 503

  and religion, 133

  T.E.’s correspondence with, 150

  visit to Cairo by, 258, 263

  visit to Carchemish by, 225, 228–30

  and World War I, 243, 254, 282

  Lawrence of Arabia (film), 385, 495n, 690–94

  Lean, David, 385, 495n, 690–91, 693, 694, 696

  Lebanon:

  British control of, 459

  French administration of, 507, 697

  French ambitions for, 38, 40, 81, 183, 256, 262, 275, 436, 442, 454, 458, 461–62, 486, 505

  impoverishment of, 698

  Maronite Christians of, 256, 269

  and military strategy, 100, 263

  Le Carré, John, 183

  Leeds, E. T., 182, 185, 209, 215, 218, 225, 282, 320

  Legge, Lady, 238

  Leigh, Vivien, 690n

  Lenin, V. I., 280

  Leopold, king of Belgium, 654

  Leopold, Prince, 136

  Lewis, British gun instructor, 311, 313, 317

  Lewis, C. S., 155n

  Library of Congress, U.S., 501, 683

  Libyan Desert, 358

  Liddell Hart, Basil Henry, 509, 665

  on British victories, 412

  Colonel Lawrence, 74, 321, 442, 515, 657, 662, 665–66, 689, 696

  early years of, 663

  Lawrence’s correspondence with, 152, 656–57, 664

  on Lawrence’s expeditions, 82, 96, 174–75, 365, 373, 406

  on Lawrence’s military abilities, 28, 60, 61, 102n, 104, 359, 377

  on Lawrence’s outsider status, 404

  personal traits of, 664

  Lincoln, Abraham, 327

  Lippmann, Walter, 454n

  Lloyd, George, 506

  at Aqaba, 327, 328, 329, 331

  and Arab Bureau, 284

  in Cairo, 252, 253, 255, 284

  Lloyd George, David, 271, 467, 477

  and Balfour Declaration, 399n

  and Churchill, 509–11

  and Clemenceau, 460–62, 507

  and Doughty, 557

  and French territorial claims, 486

  and Lawrence’s assignments, 527–28n, 689

  and military strategy, 70–71, 105, 297, 378

  and negotiated peace, 304, 305

  and Paris Peace Conference, 210, 460–61, 473

  as prime minister, 13, 59–60, 210, 443, 450, 509

  and Sykes-Picot agreement, 461, 507

  and Thomas’s film, 481–82

  and World War I, 381

  London Gazette, 113

  Long Range Desert Group (LRDG), 309, 358, 686

  Lucas, Joseph, 613

  Lyttleton, Major, 107

  M 31 (Royal Navy), 59

  Maan:

  Arab victory at, 99–101

  as military goal, 379, 390, 394

  telegraph line cut to, 98

  Turks bottled up in, 359

  Mac Andrew, H. J. M., 414

  MacDonald, Ramsay, 674

  Macdonogh, Sir George, 444, 445

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 457

  Mack, John E., 188, 582n

  A Prince of Our Disorder, 513, 695

  Mackenzie,
Compton, 617

  Madeba, as military goal, 359

  Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad), Dervish army of, 47

  Malleson, Miles, 691

  Malory, Sir Thomas, Le Morte d’Arthur, 179, 243, 401, 402, 630

  Mandela, Nelson, 449

  Manning, A. J., 671, 672

  Manning, Frederic, 265, 672

  Mao Tse-tung, 29, 309, 686

  maps:

  Aqaba-Maan Zone, 97

  Arabia, 3

  Battle of Tafileh, 369

  Hejaz railway, 308

  Northern Theater, 324

  Ottoman Empire (by Lawrence), 532–33

  Turkey’s lifeline, 75

  Mardrus, J. C., Mille et Une Nuits (’e Arabian Nights), 594

  Marlborough, Duke of, 60, 669

  Marsh, Edward, 452, 508, 511, 618, 625, 641, 656

  Marson, T. B., 575, 627, 674

  Mason, A. E. W., ’e Four Feathers, 319

  Maxton, James, 639

  Maxwell, Sir John Grenfell, 110, 254, 255, 257, 273, 282, 284–85, 322

  McBey, James, 440

  McCarthy era (Hollywood), 692

  McMahon, Sir Henry, 45, 47

  and Cox, 286

  as Egypt high commissioner, 7, 12, 246, 257, 266, 273

  Hussein’s correspondence with, 267–70, 272, 281, 399, 452, 453, 525

  and Sykes-Picot agreement, 280

  Mecca:

  closed to infidels, 10

  defense of, 37, 41, 47, 53

  “great Hajj road” to, 190

  holy city of, 10, 524

  Hussein as sharif of, 11, 19, 70, 88, 404

  isolation of, 260

  pilgrims to, 24, 190, 292

  sharia law in, 56

  Turkish surrender of, 292

  Turkish threats to, 59

  Medina:

  failure of attack on, 18, 19, 21, 35, 36, 53, 293

  holy city of, 10, 524

  “Pilgrim Road” from, 24

  railway to, 21, 24, 49, 51, 70, 75–76, 75, 79, 260, 293, 298, 307, 359, 379, 390, 395

  strategic thinking about, 37, 62, 70–71, 74–76, 81, 111

  Turkish control of, 59, 293

  Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 282, 285

  Mehmed Jemal Kuchuk Pasha “Jemal the Lesser,” 339

  Mehmet Talat Pasha, 398

  Meinertzhagen, Richard, 323, 325, 469–71, 512–13, 520, 583–84

  Merneptah stele, 204

  Mesopotamia:

  British control in, 40, 257, 444, 454, 458, 460, 474, 477, 505

  independent, as goal, 259

  Indian ambitions in, 256–57, 261

  intelligence gathering in, 286–87

  local uprisings in, 505, 506

  oil reserves in, 253, 257, 268, 279, 454

  Middle East:

  ancient hatreds within, 274

  and Balfour Declaration, see Balfour Declaration

  British history of failure in, 290–91

  British interests in, 506, 510

  brutality in, 34–35, 96, 290, 349

  Churchill as head of Colonial Office on, 510–21

  deteriorating events in, 504–7, 698

  European ambitions for, 38–40, 67, 81–82, 83, 112, 253, 266, 270, 275, 454, 468, 504–5, 697

  Lawrence as adviser to Churchill in, 510–13, 515–16, 520, 521, 524–30, 533, 539, 540, 625, 626, 671, 684, 689

  Lawrence’s achievements in, 530–33, 684, 686, 696–99

  Lawrence’s developing interest in, 163, 164, 166

  Lawrence’s first travel to, 166–76

  Lawrence’s incisive views on, 443–44, 451–52, 474, 505–7, 509, 527, 532–33, 625–26, 629–30

  oil in, 40, 253, 257, 268, 276, 279, 454, 461, 483, 484, 510, 517, 531, 698

  and Paris Peace Conference, 100, 460–61, 470, 473, 474, 476, 510

  San Remo conference on, 504

  and Sykes-Picot Agreement, 276–80, 361, 458, 486

  voices of women in, 389–90

  Weizmann-Feisal agreement on, 465–68

  see also Ottoman Empire; specific nations and tribes

  Mijbil (guide), 341–42, 347, 348

  Mills, John, 694

  Mirren, Helen, 694

  Mitchell, Reginald J., 642–43

  Mitford, Nancy, 416n, 482

  Mitla Pass, 106

  Mohammed (Auda’s son), 80

  Mohammed Said el Kader, emir, 333, 400, 430, 433

  Molière, Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, 663

  Montgomery, Bernard Law, 28, 483

  Morgenthau, Henry J., 475n

  Morocco, as French colonial possession, 48, 442

  Morris, William, 156–57, 159, 205–6, 212, 598

  Moses, 2, 63, 233, 237, 245

  Mosley, Lady Cynthia, 446

  Mosley, Sir Oswald, 667, 676

  Mosul:

  British control of, 398, 460, 461, 517

  French ambitions for, 454

  Motalga tribe, 367, 368, 370–72

  Mountbatten, Lady Louis, 670

  Mount Edgcumbe, Lord and Lady, 651

  Mudawara, raids on, 311–14, 319–20, 322, 344, 357, 375, 395, 403

  Muhammad (Prophet):

  descendents of, 259

  successors to, 256

  Muhammad Sharif al-Faruqi, 268, 283

  Murray, Sir Archibald:

  and Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 4, 45, 285

  at Gaza, 4, 70–71, 91, 104–5

  and Lawrence’s reports, 291

  and Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 282

  and military strategy, 5, 29, 285

  replacement by Allenby, 105, 108, 110, 297, 322

  Murray, Thomas, 140n

  Muslims, spiritual leadership of, 261

  Nablus, British conquest of, 412

  Nakhl Mubarak, Arab army at, 54, 56, 57

  Napoleon Bonaparte, 235, 275

  Lawrence compared to, 28, 60, 61, 149, 515

  Lawrence’s studies of, 28, 29

  military strategies of, 366, 370, 411

  Naqib of Baghdad, 523

  Nasir, sharif of Medina, 399

  and attack on Aqaba, 99, 238

  journey to Aqaba, 82, 83, 89, 90, 95

  journey to Damascus, 428, 429

  journey to Wejh, 65

  at Sheikh Saad, 417, 424

  and tribal rivalries, 92

  on Turkish threat to Aqaba, 301

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 234

  Nazareth, British conquest of, 411–12

  Nefudh dunes, 86

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, 483

  Nelson, Flight Lieutenant, 546

  Nelson, Horatio Viscount Nelson, 112, 567, 686, 690

  Nesib el Bekri, 82, 89

  New, E. H., 167

  Newcombe, Stewart F.:

  as British military adviser to Feisal, 63, 65

  and Carchemish site, 240

  and Lawrence’s funeral, 679

  military skills of, 235

  mutual respect of Lawrence and, 64, 65, 90

  and Palestine map survey, 235, 236–38

  in Paris, 472

  and raids on railway to Medina, 70, 82

  and World War I, 250, 252, 254, 257

  Newspaper Proprietors Association, 673

  New York Times, The, 636, 638

  Nicholas, Grand Duke, 289

  Nicholas I, Czar, 13

  Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 274–75

  Nicolson, Sir Harold, 274n, 475, 583, 656

  Nightingale, Florence, 449

  Northern Theater, map, 324

  Nuri as-Said, 364–65

  Arab regulars commanded by, 417

  cutting railway lines, 364, 410

  deportation to India, 259

  as former Turkish officer, 19

  as future prime minister of Iraq, 259

  at Tafas, 419, 424

  at Tafileh, 360, 365

  travel with Feisal to Europe, 457

  at Um el Surab, 415

  Nuri Shallan, Emir, 415, 417<
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  as Arab ruler, 88–89, 92, 403

  attacks on Turkish lines, 416, 428

  at Damascus, 429

  physical traits of, 91

  and tribal rivalries, 88

  Turkish connections of, 88, 89, 95

  Obeid el Raashid, 18, 23, 26–27, 29, 30

  Observer, The (London), 505

  Odyssey (Homer), Lawrence’s translation of, 102n, 151, 489, 605, 625, 633, 643, 655, 661–62

  Official Secrets Act, 678

  Offit, Avodah, 140n

  O’Flaherty, Liam, 612

  Olivier, Sir Laurence, 690n, 692

  Oman, Charles, 165, 166

  On the Waterfront (film), 692

  Orwell, George, Down and Out in Paris and London, 579

  Osler, Sir William, 219

  O’Toole, Peter, 693, 694, 695

  Ottoman Empire:

  archaeological sites in, 141, 184–85, 190, 199, 233, 239

  and British foreign policy, 12–13, 183, 260

  and British intelligence, 283

  and British Turcophiles, 12–13

  European ambitions for, 81–82, 270, 469, 697–98

  gun-running in, 218–19, 221

  as isolated and primitive for travelers, 168–69

  Lawrence’s first trip to, 168–76

  map by Lawrence, 532–33

  Sykes-Picot agreement on, 38, 40, 81, 276, 278–79, 504

  war rumors in, 202–3, 215

  war strategies against, 2, 253, 291, 531

  weaknesses of, 222, 224–25

  and World War I, 252

  Owen, Wilfred, 265

  Oxford:

  Ashmolean Museum, 136, 141, 155, 165, 182, 222, 223, 225, 675

  City of Oxford High School, 136–40, 144

  Lawrence family in, 128, 132, 497

  Oxford Times, 539

  Oxford University:

  All Souls College, 119, 143, 185n, 484–85, 489–90, 491–92, 497, 503, 533, 557, 579, 587n, 681

  Bodleian Library, 618

  Jesus College, 153, 155–56, 162–65, 173–74, 176–77, 178, 182, 185–86, 202, 217

  Lawrence’s entrance into, 148, 151–52, 153

  Lawrence’s thesis in, 150, 163, 165, 176–77, 186, 202

  Magdalen College at, 185

  student life in, 154–55

  vanished world of, 491–92, 662

  Oxford University Officers’ Training Corps, 156, 158, 243

  Oxford University Press, 598

  Palestine:

  borders of, 519–20, 524

  British control of, 412, 444, 451, 459, 460, 466, 474, 477, 505, 507, 509, 520, 697

  creation as separate entity, 697

  diverse populations of, 521–22

  flag of, 272

  holy sites in, 39, 466

  Jewish settlements in, 277, 306, 329, 451, 463, 466, 467, 468, 476, 509, 512, 520, 522, 531–32, 695

  Lawrence’s travels in, 171–72

 

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