INTERLUDE 1. PARALLEL LIVES
1 Herbalife is a nutritional company.
CHAPTER 1. IDEALS AND PRACTICES OF TRANSNATIONAL MOTHERHOOD AND CARE
1 The 1986 Act legalized undocumented immigrants who had entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and resided there continuously with the penalty of a fine, back taxes, and admission of guilt. About 3 million undocumented immigrants were thus granted legal status.
CHAPTER 2. TRANSNATIONAL MOTHERS AND SCHOOL-RELATED DECISIONS
1 “Listen,” she told me later when I was in Mexico, “I love my girls and my daughter, but I am tired. Brianna has to come back. I have to enroll the girls in different classes, I have to go talk to the government for oportunidades (cash transfer program), I have to buy them clothes, take them to the doctor, and the worst part: deal with school and the people at the school!” Leila did not enforce school attendance; she found it difficult to coordinate the different times each granddaughter had to be in school and to make breakfast for the girls before they left for school. She said many times, “I am tired.”
2 In the previous year the police had made four arrests in their previous building, all regarding selling and dealing illegal drugs. In addition, the structure of the building had been causing leaks and ruptures on the walls. There were many rats and cockroaches getting into the walls and the city considered the building a safety hazard.
3 See Varenne and McDermott (1998) for a discussion of how American schools are successful at failing students and for case studies of students’ interactions in educational settings.
CHAPTER 4. EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS AND SOCIAL TRAJECTORIES OF SEPARATED SIBLINGS
1 In Mexico, basic education is usually divided in three steps: primary school (primária), including grades 1–6; junior high school (secundária), including grades 7–9; and high school (preparatória), including grades 10–12.
2 Jenny Ye, John Keefe, and Louise Ma / WNYC Data News Team Median Income, NYC Neighborhoods; available at: www.project.wnyc.org.
CHAPTER 5. FOR MY MOTHER
1 After many interviews with the consul at the Mexican Consulate in New York, I found that statement to be true only if youth wanted to pursue formal education in the United States and if they were not applying for any refugee or asylum type of visa.
2 I was not allowed to hold on to grade documents from the students. Teachers and principals allowed me to look at spreadsheets in the schools and they identified the percentiles and let me copy information into my notebook. Percentile calculations were made by the school.
CONCLUSION
1 Fiscal year (FY) 2003–15 data from Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (Washington, DC: DHS Office of Immigration Statistics, 2015), available at: https://www.dhs.gov.
FY2016 data from DHS, “DHS Releases End of Year Fiscal Year 2016 Statistics” (press release, December 30, 2016), available at: https://www.dhs.gov.
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