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INDEX
abandonment: of children left behind considerations, 16–17, 33, 39, 46–47, 57, 112, 131, 155, 158; grandmothers’ in Mexico sense of, 80
Abu-Lughod, Lila, 22
abuse: in caregiver environment, 36, 182; in marriage, 56–57, 61, 125, 127
academic performance. See school/education
African Americans, 78, 153–54
age: of caregivers, 26, 52; of children in NYC (US-born and brought over), 26, 138; of children left behind, 26, 51–52, 138; of migrant mothers, 26, 52; siblings (separated) differences in, 138
alcoholism: with caregivers, 36, 182; concerns about, 175; in marriage, 33–34, 61
anthropology, 218; transnational care in, 18–19; of transnationalism, 10–13
“Approaches from Cultural Analysis in Anthropology to Latin@ Immigration” (Rosaldo), 8–9
assimilation theories, 8, 9, 132, 138, 156
Assistance and Education Center (Brooklyn), 155, 157
asylum, 103, 222n1
Barth, Fredrik, 10
Barthes, Roland, 43
Bartlett, Lesley, 152, 164, 185–86
Baubock, Rainer, 20
Belmont, New York. See Bronx, New York
belonging and kinship, 38; children left behind focus on, 120; ICT significance for sense of, 18–19, 28, 89, 115–17, 121, 191; for siblings (separated), 98–99, 112–14, 118–20, 121; transnational care constellation impact on, 98–99
Bergad, Laird, 134<
br />
bilingualism, 133, 140
birthing process, 122–24
Boehm, Deborah, 13, 191
border crossings. See crossings, undocumented
border militarization, 9
boys. See gender
Bracero Program, 6, 45
Brazil, 25, 43
Brighton Beach, New York. See Brooklyn, New York
Bronx, New York: research demographics for, 215; research sites and participants in, 23, 24, 30–31, 59. See also South Bronx, New York
Brooklyn, New York: research demographics for, 215; research sites in, 23, 24; social services in, 24, 150–51, 155, 157. See also Sunset Park, New York
care chains, 4, 42
caregivers (Mexico): abuse/alcoholism with, 36, 182; age range for, 26, 52; on biological mothers role and obligations, 76–77, 85–86; bond with biological mother compared with, 35, 52, 54–55, 65–67, 96–97; children left behind relationships with, 65–67, 149–50, 169, 177, 178–79; discipline by migrant mothers compared to, 48–49, 76–77, 158; gender role expectations of, 170, 177–78, 185, 196; illiteracy for, 79, 84, 85, 150; migrant mothers relationships with, 37, 38, 52–58, 60–67, 88; on migrating factors, 101–2, 166; negative relationship with, 60–67; parent-teacher conferences for, 79–80, 83–86; participant, details, 208–10; remittances and gift expectations from, 64, 66–67, 145–46; research methods and duration for, 23; sacrifice of, 39, 178–79; school-related decisions/involvement for, 69, 73, 74, 76–77, 79–80, 83–86, 91, 147, 149–50, 171, 184–85, 193, 198–99, 221n1; stability of mother impact on, 141–42, 145–46; teen pregnancy concern for, 174–75, 185; transnational care constellation for, 3–4, 10, 20–21, 21, 26, 52–57
cartel violence, 79–80
Catholicism, 47–48
Center for Family Services (Brooklyn), 24, 150–51
Central America, 15
Chaney, Elsa, 12
children, US-born: age range for, 26, 138; family drawings by, 92–93, 93; freedom “loss” perceptions for, 152; legal status of parents discussions with, 103, 197–98; Mexico perceptions for, 104–8, 109, 115–17, 194; migrating factors narrative for, 99–100, 101–3; mothers relationship with, 37, 56, 63, 142; participant details for, 208–10; population statistics for, 133; racial prejudice experienced by, 153–54; research methods with, 217–19; school/education difficulties for, 81–83, 87, 158; school/education expectations for, 165–70; school/education experience for, 4–6, 23, 27–28, 36–37, 132–35, 137–38, 146, 150–55, 157–58, 190, 195; school/education success for, 157–58; siblings left behind kept from, 37, 38; social life for, 28; transnational care constellation for, 20–21, 21, 26; welfare for, 154–55
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