Peace

by Adolf, Antony

  22 J. Monnerot, Sociology and Psychology of Communism (Boston: Beacon, 1953), 27.

  23 G. Woodcock, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: A Biography (Routledge, 1956), 278.

  24 H. Clegg, A New Approach to Industrial Democracy (Blackwell, 1960), 20.

  25 J. Dunlop, Collective Bargaining: Principles and Cases (Irwin, 1949), 32.

  26 D. Cole, The Quest for Industrial Peace (McGraw-Hill, 1963), 67, 96.

  27 Ibid.

  28 Ibid., 98.

  9. Peace in the Twentieth Century, Part I: 1900–1945

  1 G. Herman, The Pivotal Conflict: A Comprehensive Chronology of the First World War, 1914–1919 (Greenwood, 1992), ix; R. Pearce, “The Origins of the First World War,” History Review, 27 (1997), 12–31, p. 21.

  2 J. Choate, The Two Hague Conferences (Princeton, 1913), 9.

  3 B. Adams, Nothing of Importance: A Record of Eight Months at the Front with a Welsh Battalion, October 1915 to June 1916 (Stevenage, 1988), 303.

  4 J. Rae, Conscience and Politics (Oxford, 1970), 250.

  5 J. Atkin, A War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War (Manchester, 2002), 3.

  6 B. Russell, “The Philosophy of Pacifism,” Collected Papers vol. 13, ed. R. Rempel et al. (Allen and Unwin, 1985), 147–8.

  7 N. Griffin, ed., The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years, 1914–1970 (Routledge, 2002), 260.

  8 B. Hamann, Bertha von Suttner: A Life for Peace, trans. A. Dubsky (Syracuse, 1996), xv.

  9 J. Addams, Peace and Bread in Time of War (Macmillan, 1922), 8.

  10 G. Bussey, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom: 1915–1965 (Allen and Unwin, 1965), 163.

  11 S. Weil, “Reflections on War,” in Formative Writings (University of Massachusetts, 1988), 224.

  12 N. Mandela, “The Sacred Warrior,” Time Magazine, 100 Person of the twentieth Century www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html accessed June 1, 2008.

  13 United Nations, Sixty-first General Assembly Plenary, 103rd Meeting (AM), June 15, 2007, GA/10601.

  14 R. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (Doubleday, 1922), 23–42.

  15 A. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist (New Viewpoints, 1974), 122.

  16 Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 3.

  17 Biography for the Nobel Peace Prize, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1925/chamberlain-bio.html accessed October 27, 2007.

  18 G. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945 (Clarendon, 1978), 685.

  19 Andre François-Poncet, after a conversation with Adolf Hitler, ibid., 689.

  20 J. Vinson, The Parchment Peace (University of Georgia, 1950).

  21 W. Willoughby, China at the Conference: A Report (Johns Hopkins, 1922), 43.

  22 M. Hudson, The Verdict of the League: China and Japan in Manchuria (World Peace Foundation, 1933), 15–16.

  10. Peace in the Twentieth Century, Part II: 1945–1989

  1 P. Hejl, “Communication and Social Systems: Evolutionary and Developmental Aspects,” in Human by Nature: Between Biology and the Social Sciences, eds P. Weingart et al. (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 392–417, p. 407.

  2 A. Parsons, From Cold War to Hot Peace: UN Interventions 1946–1994 (Penguin, 1994).

  3 “The Russell-Einstein Manifesto” (1955), Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs www.pugwash.org/about/manifesto.htm accessed June 1, 2008.

  4 In I. Abrams et al., Nobel Lectures: Peace, 1951–1970 (World Scientific, 1999), 262.

  5 L. Pauling, No More War! (Dodd, 1958), vii.

  6 USA Today/CNN Gallup Poll www.usatoday.com/news/polls/2005–11–15-iraq-poll.htm accessed June 1, 2008.

  7 “Declaration of Conscience Against the War in Vietnam” in S. and A. Lynd, eds, Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History (Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 270–1.

  8 T. Dupuy and G. Hammerman, eds, A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament (Bowker, 1973), 470–471.

  9 D. Whittaker, United Nations in Action (UCL, 1995), 243.

  10 R. Launius, Frontiers of Space Exploration (Greenwood, 1998), 9.

  11 D. Eisenhower, British Broadcasting System television interview, August 3, 1959.

  12 B. Epstein, Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 80s (University of California, 1991), ch. 3.

  13 E. P. Thompson, “1980s,” The Nation (January 10, 2000), 44.

  14 P. Kelly, “Women and Ecology,” in Women on War: Essential Voices for the Nuclear Age, ed. D. Gioseffi (Simon and Schuster, 1988), 309–316, p. 312.

  15 M. Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (Harper and Row, 1987), 247.

  16 R. Thakur, Peacekeeping in Vietnam: Canada, India, Poland, and the International Commission (University of Alberta, 1984), 50.

  17 L. M. Goodrich and E. Hambro, Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents (World Peace Foundation, 1946), 53.

  18 Ibid., 334.

  19 J. Humphrey, Human Rights and the United Nations: A Great Adventure (Transnational, 1983), 53.

  20 Charter of the United Nations, Article 13.

  21 Statutes of the International Law Commission, Article 1, http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/statute/statute_e.pdf accessed June 1, 2008.

  22 M. King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (Harper and Brothers, 1958), 217.

  23 L. Eades, The End of Apartheid in South Africa (Greenwood, 1999), p. 159.

  24 D. Tutu, God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time (Random House, 2005), 120.

  11. The Presents of Peace

  1 F. Fukuyama, “The End of History?,” The National Interest, 16 (1989), 2–18, p. 3.

  2 J. Derrida, Specters of Marx, trans. P. Kamuf (Routledge, 1994), 9.

  3 C. Kinnvall, “Analyzing the Global-Local Nexus, in Globalization and Democratization in Asia: The Construction of Identity, eds C. Kinnvall and K. Jönsson (Routledge, 2002), 1–19, p. 5.

  4 B. Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, 1993).

  5 W. Perdue, Terrorism and the State: A Critique of Domination through Fear (Praeger, 1989), 198.

  6 T. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000), 248; and The World is Flat: A Brief History of the 21st Century (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 491.

  7 J. Behrman, “Transformation of Society: Implications for Globalization,” Making Globalization Good: The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism, ed. J. Dunning (Oxford, 2003) 108–44, p. 115.

  8 J. Pieterse, Globalization or Empire? (Routledge, 2004), 164.

  9 G. Monbiot, “Stronger than Ever,” Guardian (28 January, 2003).

  10 Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières’ website, www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article472 accessed June 1, 2008.

  11 S. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (Simon and Schuster, 1996).

  12 J. Schmidt and J. Hersh, eds, Globalization and Social Change (Routledge, 2000), xiv.

  13 T. Adorno, Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (Columbia, 2005), 247.

  14 J. Habermas, “New Social Movements,” Telos, 49 (1981), 33.

  15 M. Marshall, “Measuring Systemic Peace” (Center for Systemic Peace and George Mason University)http://www.systemicpeace.org/conflict.htm accessed June 1, 2008. Graph used with permission.

  16 “Global Peace Index,” Vision of Humanity, www.visionofhumanity.com/introduction/index.php accessed June 1, 2008.

  17 J. Coakley, “The Resolution of Ethnic Conflict: Towards a Typology,” International Political Science Review, 13 (1992), 343–58; J. McGarry and B. O’Leary (1993), “Introduction: The Macro-Political Regulation of Ethnic Conflict,” in The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts, eds, ibid., (Routledge), 1–40.

  18 V. Havel, “Peace: The View from Prague,” New York Review of Books (November 21, 1985), 30.

  19
Pieterse, Globalization or Empire 52.

  20 UN Peace-Building Commission http://www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.html accessed June 1, 2008.

  21 “Terrorism,” The Columbia Encyclopedia.

  22 M. Hardt and A. Negri, Empire (Harvard, 2000), 411.

  23 S. Benjamin and S. Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror: Radical Islam’s War Against America (Random House, 2003).

  24 E. Vencat, “Giving Peace a Chance: In an Unprecedented Letter, Muslim Leaders Across the Globe Invite the World’s Christians to the Table,” Newsweek (October 11, 2007), www.newsweek.com/id/42707/output/print accessed June 1, 2008.

  25 S. McBride, “Nuclear Terrorism,” in Terrorism and National Liberation, ed. H. Koechler (Peter Lang, 1988), 35–40, p. 35.

  26 N. Smith, The Endgame of Globalization (Routledge, 2005), 10. 27 Heavily adapted from J. Darby and R. MacGinty, “The Management of Peace,” in The Management of Peace Processes (supra), 253–59.

  27 Heavily adapted from J. Darby and R. MacGinty, “The Management of Peace,” in The Management of Peace Processes (supra), 253–59.

  28 W. Arkin and R. Fieldhouse, Nuclear Battlefields: Global Links in the Arms Race (Ballinger, 1985), 2.

  29 P. Waterman, “Social Movement Unionism: A New Model for a New World Order?” Review 16:3. 1993.

  30 M. McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy (University of Toronto, 1962), 43.

  31 M. McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (McGraw Hill, 1964).

  32 C. Raab and C. Bellamy, “Electronic Democracy and the ‘Mixed Polity’: Symbiosis or Conflict?,” in Electronic Democracy: Mob

  33 Behrman, “Transformation of Society,” 130.

  Conclusion: The Pyramid of Peace: Past, Present and Future

  1 A. Maslow, Motivation and Personality (Harper and Row, 1970).

  2 S. Hembleben, Plans for World Peace through Six Centuries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943).

  Selected Bibliography

  A list of peace-related journals is available at the Peace and Justice Studies Association’s website: http://www.peacejusticestudies.org/membership/journals.php.

  Abrams, I. et al., eds, Nobel Lectures: Peace (London: World Scientific, 1999).

  Adams, R. The Better Part of Valor: More, Erasmus, Colet, and Vives, on Humanism, War, and Peace, 1496–1535 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1962).

  Alfred, T. Peace, Power, Righteousness: An Indigenous Manifesto (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

  Alger, C. and M. Stohl, eds, A Just Peace Through Transformation: Cultural, Economic and Political Foundations for Change (Boulder: Westview,1988).

  Angell, N. The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power to National Advantage (NY: McClelland and Goodchild, 1913).

  Armstrong, H. Peace and Counterpeace: From Wilson to Hitler (NY: Harper & Row 1971).

  Aruri, N. and M. Shuraydi, eds, Reinventing Peace: The Influence of Edward W. Said (Northampton: Interlink, 2000).

  Asher, S. et al., eds, Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective (Boston: Blackwell, 1999).

  Axelrod, R. The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984).

  Barash, D., ed. Approaches to Peace: A Reader in Peace Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

  Barnaby, F. The Gaia Peace Atlas: Survival into the Third Millennium (New York: Doubleday, 1988).

  Bigelow, R. The Dawn Warriors: Man’s Evolution Towards Peace (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969).

  Bainton, R. Christian Attitudes Toward War and Peace: A Historical Survey and Critical Re-evaluation (New York: Abingdon, 1960).

  Beales, A. The History of Peace (New York: The Dial Press, 1931).

  Bederman, D. International Law in Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

  Bhatia, H. International Law and Practice in Ancient India (New Delhi: Deep and Deep, 1977).

  Bledsoe, R. and B. Boczek, The International Law Dictionary (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1987).

  Bohman, J. and M. Lutz-Bachmann, Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

  Bonta, B. Peaceful Peoples: An Annotated Bibiliography (Metuchen: Scarecrow, 1993).

  Boulding, E. Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000).

  Breyman, S. Why Movements Matter: The West German Peace Movement and US Arms Control Policy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001).

  Brierly, J. L. The Law of Nations: An Introduction to the International Law of Peace (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963).

  Brittain, V. The Rebel Passion: A Short History of Some Pioneer Peacemakers (Nyack: Fellowship, 1964).

  Brock, P. Pioneers of the Peaceable Kingdom (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968).

  —— Pacifism in Europe to 1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972).

  —— Freedom from Violence: Sectarian Nonresistance from the Middle Ages to the Great War (Toronto: Universtiy of Toronto Press, 1991)

  —— and N. Young, Pacifism in the Twentieth Century (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1999).

  Cable, J. Gunboat Diplomacy: Political Applications of Limited Naval Forces (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1986).

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  Chatfield, C. The American Peace Movement: Ideals and Activism (New York: Twayne, 1992).

  Cheah, P. and B. Robbins, eds, Cosmopolitics: Feeling and Thinking beyond the Nation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).

  Choate, J. The Two Hague Conferences (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1913).

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  Claude, I. Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984).

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  Craig Blohm’s An Uneasy Peace: 1945 to 1980 (Chicago: Lucent, 2002).

  Crocker, C. et al., eds, Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict (Washington: US Institute of Peace, 2001).

  Curti, M. The American Peace Crusade, 1815–1860 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1929).

  Degen, M. The History of the Woman’s Peace Party (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1939).

  Dennis, M. Cultivating a Landscape of Peace (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).

  Derrida, J. “Globalization, Peace and Cosmopolitics,” in The Future of Values: 21st Century Talks, ed. J. Bindé (New York: Berghahn, 2004), 110–123.

  Dungen, P., From Erasmus to Tolstoy: The Peace Literature of Four Centuries (New York: Greenwood, 1990).

  Dupuy, T. and G. Hammerman, eds, A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament (NewYork: R. R. Bowker, 1973).

  Einstein, A. On Peace, ed. O. Nathan and H. Norden (New York: Random House, 1988).

  Epstein, A. Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 80s (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1991).

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  Galtung, J. “Violence, Peace and Peace Research,” Journal of Peace Research, 3 (1969), 167–191.

  —— Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization (Oslo: International Peace Research Institute, 1996).

  Glahn, G. Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law
(New York: Macmillan, 1986).

  Grewe, W. The Epochs of International Law, trans. M. Byers (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000).

  Hatfield, C. and R. Ilukhina, eds, Peace/Mir: An Anthology of Historic Alternatives to War (Syracuse University Press, 1994).

  Hershberger, G. War, Peace, and Nonresistance (Scottdale: Herald, 1944).

  Heuser, B. War, Peace and World Orders in European History (London: Routledge, 2001).

  Hinsley, F. H. Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations Between States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963).

  Howell, S. and R. Willis, eds, Societies At Peace (New York: Routledge, 1989).

  James, A. The Politics of Peace-Keeping (New York: Chatto and Windus, 1969).

  Johnson, J. Ideology, Reason, and the Limitation of War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974).

  —— Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).

  Kelsay, J. and J. Johnson, eds, Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions (New York: Greenwood, 1991).

  Khadduri, M. War and Peace in the Law of Islam (New York: AMS, 1979).

  Khatchadourian, H. War, Terrorism, Genocide, and the Quest for Peace: Contemporary Problems in Political Ethics (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 2003).

  Kleidman, R. Organizing for Peace: Neutrality, the Test Ban, and the Freeze (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993).

  Kurlansky, M. Nonviolence: 25 Lessons from the History of a Dangerous Idea (New York: Random House, 2006).

  Lackner, S. Peaceable Nature (New York: Harper and Row, 1984).

  Langholtz, H. ed. The Psychology of Peacekeeping (New York: Praeger, 1998).

  Laszlo, E. and J. Yoo, World Encyclopedia of Peace (New York: Pergamon, 1988).

  Leiter, D. Neglected Voices: Peace in the Old Testament (Scottdale: The Herald, 2007).

  Lesaffer, R., ed. Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: From the Late Middle Ages to World War One (Cambrdge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

  Lowe, B. Imagining Peace: A History of Early English Pacifist Ideas, 1340–1560 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).