How Far We Slaves Have Come

by Nelson Mandela

  We know that the Cuban forces were willing to withdraw shortly after repelling the 1975 invasion, but the continued aggression from Pretoria made this impossible.

  Your presence and the reinforcement of your forces in the battle of Cuito Cuanavale was of truly historic significance.

  The crushing defeat of the racist army at Cuito Cuanavale was a victory for the whole of Africa!

  The overwhelming defeat of the racist army at Cuito Cuanavale provided the possibility for Angola to enjoy peace and consolidate its own sovereignty!

  The defeat of the racist army allowed the struggling people of Namibia to finally win their independence!

  The decisive defeat of the apartheid aggressors broke the myth of the invincibility of the white oppressors!

  The defeat of the apartheid army was an inspiration to the struggling people inside South Africa!

  Without the defeat of Cuito Cuanavale our organisations would not have been unbanned!

  The defeat of the racist army at Cuito Cuanavale has made it possible for me to be here today!

  Cuito Cuanavale was a milestone in the history of the struggle for southern African liberation!

  Cuito Cuanavale has been a turning point in the struggle to free the continent and our country from the scourge of apartheid!

  Apartheid is not something that started yesterday. The origins of white racist domination go back three and a half centuries to the moment when the first white settlers started a process of disruption and later conquest of the Khoi, San, and other African peoples – the original inhabitants of our country.

  The process of conquest from the very beginning engendered a series of wars of resistance, which in turn gave rise to our struggle for national liberation. Against heavy odds, African peoples tried to hold on to their lands. But the material base and consequent firepower of the colonial aggressors doomed the divided tribal chiefdoms and kingdoms to ultimate defeat.

  This tradition of resistance is one that still lives on as an inspiration to our present struggle. We still honour the names of the great prophet and warrior Makana, who died while trying to escape from Robben Island prison in 1819, Hintsa, Sekhukhune, Dingane, Moshoeshoe, Bambatha, and other heroes of the early resistance to colonial conquest.

  It was against the background of this land seizure and conquest that the Union of South Africa was created in 1910. Outwardly South Africa became an independent state, but in reality power was handed over by the British conquerors to Whites who had settled in the country. They were able in the new Union of South Africa to formalise racial oppression and economic exploitation of Blacks.

  Following the creation of the union, the passing of the Land Act, purporting to legalise the land seizures of the nineteenth century, gave impetus to the process leading to the formation of the African National Congress on 8 January 1912.6

  I am not going to give you a history of the ANC. Suffice it to say that the last eighty years of our existence has seen the evolution of the ANC from its earliest beginnings aimed at uniting the African peoples, to its becoming the leading force in the struggle of the oppressed masses for an end to racism and the establishment of a nonracial, nonsexist, and democratic state.

  Its membership has been transformed from its early days when they were a small group of professionals and chiefs, etc., into a truly mass organisation of the people.

  Its goals have changed from seeking improvement of the lot of Africans to instead seeking the fundamental transformation of the whole of South Africa into a democratic state for all.

  Its methods of achieving its more far-reaching goals have over decades taken on a more mass character, reflecting the increasing involvement of the masses within the ANC and in campaigns led by the ANC.

  Sometimes people point to the initial aims of the ANC and its early composition in order to suggest that it was a reformist organisation. The truth is that the birth of the ANC carried from the beginning profoundly revolutionary implications. The formation of the ANC was the first step towards creation of a new South African nation. That conception was developed over time, finding clear expression thirty-six years ago in the Freedom Charter’s statement that “South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white.”7 This was an unambiguous rejection of the racist state that had existed and an affirmation of the only alternative that we find acceptable, one where racism and its structures are finally liquidated.

  It is well known that the state’s response to our legitimate democratic demands was, among other things, to charge our leadership with treason and, in the beginning of the sixties, to use indiscriminate massacres. That and the banning of our organisations left us with no choice but to do what every self-respecting people, including the Cubans, have done – that is, to take up arms to win our country back from the racists.

  I must say that when we wanted to take up arms we approached numerous Western governments for assistance and we were never able to see any but the most junior ministers. When we visited Cuba we were received by the highest officials and were immediately offered whatever we wanted and needed. That was our earliest experience with Cuban internationalism.

  Although we took up arms, that was not our preference. It was the apartheid regime that forced us to take up arms. Our preference has always been for a peaceful resolution of the apartheid conflict.

  The combined struggles of our people within the country as well as the mounting international struggle against apartheid during the 1980s raised the possibility of a negotiated resolution of the apartheid conflict. The decisive defeat of Cuito Cuanavale altered the balance of forces within the region and substantially reduced the capacity of the Pretoria regime to destabilise its neighbours. This, in combination with our peoples struggles within the country, was crucial in bringing Pretoria to realise that it would have to talk.

  It was the ANC that initiated the current peace process that we hope will lead to a negotiated transfer of power to the people. We have not initiated this process for goals any different from those when we pursued the armed struggle. Our goals remain achievement of the demands of the Freedom Charter and we will settle for nothing less than that.

  No process of negotiations can succeed until the apartheid regime realises that there will not be peace unless there is freedom and that we are not going to negotiate away our just demands. They must understand that we will reject any constitutional scheme that aims at continuing White privileges.

  There is reason to believe that we have not yet succeeded in bringing this home to the government, and we warn them that if they do not listen we will have to use our power to convince them.

  That power is the power of the people, and ultimately we know that the masses will not only demand but win full rights in a nonracial, nonsexist, democratic South Africa.

  But we are not merely seeking a particular goal. We also propose a particular route for realising it, and that is a route that involves the people all the way through. We do not want a process where a deal is struck over the heads of the people and their job is merely to applaud.

  The government resists this at all costs because the question of how a constitution is made, how negotiations take place, is vitally connected to whether or not a democratic result ensues.

  The present government wants to remain in office during the entire process of transition. Our view is that this is unacceptable. This government has definite negotiation goals. It cannot be allowed to use its powers as a government to advance its own cause and that of its allies and to use those same powers to weaken the ANC.

  And this is exactly what they are doing. They have unbanned the ANC, but we operate under conditions substantially different from that of other organisations. We do not have the same freedom to organise as does Inkatha and other organisations allied to the apartheid regime.8 Our members are harassed and even killed. We are often barred from holding meetings and marches.

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sp; We believe that the process of transition must be controlled by a government that is not only capable and willing to create and maintain the conditions for free political activity. It must also act with a view to ensuring that the transition is towards creating a genuine democracy and nothing else.

  The present government has shown itself to be quite unwilling or unable to create a climate for negotiations. It reneges on agreements to release political prisoners and allow the return of exiles. In recent times it has allowed a situation to be created where a reign of terror and violence is being unleashed against the African communities and the ANC as an organisation.

  We have had ten thousand people murdered in this violence since 1984 and two thousand this year alone. We have always said that this government that boasts of its professional police force is perfectly capable of ending this violence and prosecuting the perpetrators. Not only are they unwilling, we now have conclusive evidence, published in independent newspapers, of their complicity in this violence.9

  The violence has been used in a systematic attempt to advance the power of Inkatha as a potential alliance partner of the National Party.10 There is now conclusive evidence of funds provided by the government – that is, taxpayers’ money – to Inkatha.

  All of this indicates the necessity to create an interim government of national unity to oversee the transition. We need a government enjoying the confidence of broad sections of the population to rule over this delicate period, ensuring that counter-revolutionaries are not allowed to upset the process and ensuring that constitution making operates within an atmosphere free of repression, intimidation, and fear.

  The constitution itself, we believe, must be made in the most democratic manner possible. To us, that can best be achieved through electing representatives to a constituent assembly with a mandate to draft the constitution. There are organisations that challenge the ANC’s claim to be the most representative organisation in the country. If that is true, let them prove their support at the ballot box.

  To ensure that ordinary people are included in this process we are circulating and discussing our own constitutional proposals and draft bill of rights. We want these to be discussed in all structures of our alliance – that is, the ANC, South African Communist Party, and Congress of South African Trade Unions, and amongst the people in general. That way, when people vote for the ANC to represent them in a constituent assembly, they will know not only what the ANC stands for generally, but what type of constitution we want.

  Naturally these constitutional proposals are subject to revision on the basis of our consultations with our membership, the rest of the alliance, and the public generally. We want to create a constitution that enjoys widespread support, loyalty, and respect. That can only be achieved if we really do go to the people.

  In order to avoid these just demands, various attempts have been made to undermine and destabilise the ANC. The violence is the most serious, but there are other more insidious methods. At present there is an obsession in the press, amongst our political opponents, and many Western governments with our alliance with the South African Communist Party.

  Newspapers continually carry speculations over the number of Communists on our National Executive and allege that we are being run by the Communist Party.

  The ANC is not a communist party but a broad liberation movement, including amongst its members Communists and non-Communists. Anyone who is a loyal member of the ANC, anyone who abides by the discipline and principles of the organisation, is entitled to belong to the organisation.

  Our relationship with the SACP as an organisation is one of mutual respect. We unite with the SACP over common goals, but we respect one another’s independence and separate identity. There has been no attempt whatsoever on the part of the SACP to subvert the ANC. On the contrary, we derive strength from the alliance.

  We have no intention whatsoever of heeding the advice of those who suggest we should break from this alliance. Who is offering this unsolicited advice? In the main it is those who have never given us any assistance whatsoever. None of these advisers have ever made the sacrifices for our struggle that Communists have made. We are strengthened by this alliance. We shall make it even stronger.

  We are in a phase of our struggle where victory is in sight. But we have to ensure that this victory is not snatched from us. We have to ensure that the racist regime feels maximum pressure right till the end and that it understands that it must give way, that the road to peace, freedom, and democracy is irresistible.

  That is why sanctions must be maintained. This is not the time to reward the apartheid regime. Why should they be rewarded for repealing laws which form what is recognised as an international crime? Apartheid is still in place. The regime must be forced to dismantle it, and only when that process is irreversible can we start to think of lifting the pressure.

  We are very concerned at the attitude that the Bush administration has taken on this matter. It was one of the few governments that was in regular touch with us over the question of sanctions, and we made it clear that lifting sanctions was premature. That administration nevertheless, without consulting us, merely informed us that American sanctions were to be lifted. We find that completely unacceptable.

  It is in this context that we value our friendship with Cuba very, very much. When you, Comrade Fidel, yesterday said that our cause is your cause, I know that that sentiment came from the bottom of your heart and that that is the feeling of all the people of revolutionary Cuba.

  You are with us because both of our organisations, the Communist Party of Cuba and the ANC, are fighting for the oppressed masses, to ensure that those who make the wealth enjoy its fruits. Your great apostle José Marti said: “With the poor people of this earth I want to share my fate.”

  We in the ANC will always stand with the poor and rightless. Not only do we stand with them. We will ensure sooner rather than later that they rule the land of their birth, that in the words of the Freedom Charter, “the people shall govern”. And when that moment arrives, it will have been made possible not only by our efforts but through the solidarity, support, and encouragement of the great Cuban people.

  I must close my remarks by referring to an event which you have all witnessed. Comrade Fidel Castro conferred upon me the highest honour this country can award. I am very much humbled by this award, because I do not think I deserve it. It is an award that should be given to those who have already won the freedom of their peoples. But it is a source of strength and hope that this award is given for the recognition that the people of South Africa stand on their feet and are fighting for their freedom.

  We sincerely hope that in these days that lie ahead we will prove worthy of the confidence which is expressed in this award.

  Long live the Cuban revolution!

  Long live Comrade Fidel Castro!

  FIDEL CASTRO

  We will never return to the slave barracks

  Dear Comrade Nelson Mandela; distinguished and illustrious political figures who are here with us this afternoon; relatives of those who died in the revolutionary struggle; guests; comrades of Matanzas and the entire country:

  It is truly a great honour for us to have Nelson Mandela here in our country and attending this event. [Applause] I’m not sure if we are fully conscious of the symbolism this entails and, above all, of the value of his example in these times – in these shameful times when so many are pulling down their banners, in these indecorous times when so many repent having once been progressive, not to mention Socialists or Communists or friends of Communists.

  If one wanted an example of an absolutely upright man, that man, that example would be Mandela. [Applause] If one wanted an example of an unshakably firm, courageous, heroic, calm, intelligent, and capable man, that example and that man would be Mandela. [Applause] I did not just reach this conclusion after having met him in person, after having had the privilege of talking w
ith him, after having had the great honour of receiving him in our country. I have thought this for many years. I identify him as one of the most extraordinary symbols of this era.

  That is what I think of him and his people, for if we are to speak of the most just of causes, it is the cause they have represented. If there is anything odious and repugnant in this world, where there are so many odious and repugnant things, it is apartheid. Who invented it? Communists, Socialists, socialism? [Shouts of “No!”] No! This invention expresses the essence of capitalism; it was invented by colonialism, neocolonialism, fascism.

  In what way is apartheid different from the practice in effect for centuries of dragging tens of millions of Africans from their land and bringing them to this hemisphere to enslave them, to exploit them to the last drop of their sweat and blood? Who would know this better than the people of Matanzas, since here in this part of western Cuba there were perhaps more than 100,000 slaves. In the first half of the last century there were as many as 300,000 slaves in Cuba, and one of the provinces that had the most slaves was this one, which was also the scene of great uprisings. For this reason there is nothing so just nor so legitimate as the monument to the rebellious slave that has just been erected in this province. [Applause]

  Apartheid is capitalism and imperialism in its fascist form and involves the idea of superior and inferior races.

  But the Black people of South Africa not only have had to confront apartheid, they have also had to confront the most brutal inequality and political repression, and they have had to confront the cruellest economic exploitation. They have had to confront these three great tragedies. Because of this I believe there can be no greater cause in our era than the one headed by the ANC, Comrade Mandela, and the many other capable and brilliant leaders of that organisation, several of whom we have had the privilege of meeting here in our country.