Sybil Exposed
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4. Flora Rheta Schreiber, Sybil (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2009).
5. Ibid.
6. Richard K. Baer, Switching Time: A Doctor’s Harrowing Story of Treating a Woman with 17 Multiple Personalities (New York: Crown, 2007); Robert B. Oxnam, A Fractured Mind: My Life with Multiple Personality Disorder (New York: Hyperion, 2005); Herschel Walker and Jerry Mungadze, Breaking Free: My Life With Dissociative Identity Disorder (New York: Touchstone, 2008).
7. Jeanne Dorin McDowell, “The four (at least) faces of Tara,” New York Times, 9 January 2009.
8. Alfonso Martinez-Taboas, “Multiple personality disorder as seen from a social constructionist viewpoint,” Dissociation 4: 3 (1991): 129–133.
9. Lina Hartocollis, “The making of multiple personality disorder: A social constructionist view,” Clinical Social Work Journal 26: 2 (1998): 159–176.
INDEX
advertising agencies, 67–69, 72
age regression therapy, 42–43, 130, 131
alcoholism, 70, 71, 120
Alexander, Franz, 126
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 42, 84–85, 86, 119, 124, 131, 212, 219, 225
amphetamines, 89, 97, 99
anemia, 9, 18, 19, 54, 59, 87, 220
pernicious, 219–21
Aronson, Irving, 31
Aronson, Stanley, 31, 176, 202, 207
asthenia, 9, 166
barbiturates, 47–49, 50–52, 53, 60, 88, 89, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105, 108, 111, 158, 175, 219 see also Pentothal
Barr, Roseanne, 222–23
Bartha, Jeanette, 224, 236
BBDO (Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn), 67, 68–69
Beauchamp, Christine, 92
Bennett, Abram, 49–50, 51, 52–53
Benzedrine, 97, 105
Berry, Halle, 234
Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel, 228, 233
Bowen, Murray, 117–18
Braun, Bennett, 223
Breuer, Joseph, 58
Brown, Frederick Keith, 83, 125, 139, 146, 194, 196, 201, 202
Burwell, Arthur Warner, 20, 21–22, 24, 25, 26–27, 62, 219
Burwell, Bertie, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26
Burwell, Brenda, 214–15
Burwell, Oliver, 21–22, 214
Burwell, Richard, 21
Calvalcade Theater, 67, 68, 69, 70
Capote, Truman, 143–44, 168
Carr, Gladys, 151
Cash, Paul, 50, 52
Cavett, Dick, 174–75
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 39, 40, 41, 42, 131, 210
child abuse:
as assumed root cause of mental illness, 40, 52, 82–83, 91–92, 95, 157, 204, 205, 206, 211, 217
factual discrepancies in Mason’s claims of, 136, 158, 161–64, 166, 199, 233
Mason’s “recovered memories” of, xi, xii–xiii, xiv, 94, 103, 107, 108–11, 132–33, 136, 155, 157–58, 162, 164, 184–85
MPD’s assumed link to, xv, 40, 211, 216, 217, 218, 235
MPD treatment in uncovering “memories” of, xv–xvi, 148, 211, 213, 216–18, 222, 223–25, 226, 235
rise in public consciousness of, 156–57, 178
Satanic and ritualistic “memories” of, 40, 50, 216–18, 223, 225, 226, 235
in Sybil, xiv, 157, 158, 169, 175, 178–79, 182, 186, 211 see also sexual abuse
Childhood Experience and Personal Destiny (Silverberg), 82–83
Christian Science, 22–23, 26, 62, 63
Clarkson Memorial Hospital, 49–50, 51–52, 53, 63, 64
Cleckley, Hervey, 85
Clift, Montgomery, 120
Columbia University, xiii, 28, 127, 131, 149, 168
Teacher’s College of, 32–33, 75, 78, 88, 89, 96, 100, 127
Conkling, Effie, 55–57
Cosmopolitan, 99, 113, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122
countertransference, 65
Cravens, Virginia, 19
Crouch, Genevieve, 161
Daprisal, 88–89, 99
Demerol, 88, 99, 104
depression, 38, 49, 60, 70, 71, 99, 100, 103, 104, 127, 166, 220, 224, 225
Dexamyl, 99, 104
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 212, 213, 218, 225–26, 233
Dick Cavett Show, 174–75
Dickinson, Emily, ix, 34, 70, 122
Dieterle, Robert, 37, 41–43, 46, 65–66, 86
dissociation, xvi–xvii, 40, 58, 90, 91, 93, 101, 104, 141, 155, 184, 235 see also fugue states;
multiple personality disorder (MPD)
Dissociation of a Personality (Prince), 66
dissociative identity disorder (DID), 225–26, 233, 234, 235 see also multiple personality disorder (MPD)
drugs, prescription, 88–89, 97, 99, 104, 128, 140
drug therapy, 45–52, 64, 80, 81, 88, 225, 236 see also narcosynthesis; Pentothal
Eddy, Mary Baker, 22–23
Edrisal, 88–89, 99
electro-convulsive treatment (ECT), 46, 80, 99–100, 101, 209
electro-encephalograph (EEG), 148, 227
enemas, xi, 11, 82–83, 103, 109, 110, 157, 164, 166, 169, 175, 182
Engbard, Dessie Blood, 136, 162, 189–90, 199, 201
Equanil, 99
Falkirk mental hospital, 127–28, 129–30, 137
false memories, 82, 213, 223, 224
of child abuse, see child abuse
epidemic of, 222–25
graphic nature of, 40, 107, 213, 216, 235
hypnosis and, xv–xvi, 40, 130, 158, 223, 224, 225, 227
lawsuits and ruined reputations due to, xvi, 223–25, 226
MPD treatments and, xv–xvi, 148, 213, 216–18, 222, 223–24, 225, 226, 235
narcosynthesis and potential for, 50, 52, 93, 107, 158, 225, 227
Satanic and ritualistic themes of, 40, 50, 216–18, 225, 226, 235
Wilbur-Mason therapy revelations as, xii–xiii, 93–95, 103, 107, 108–11, 130, 158, 182, 185
False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF), 223, 224 Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), xix–xx, 116
feminist theory, feminism, 203–4
at Mankato State Teachers College, 56–57, 59
MPD as metaphor of, xix, 85–86, 177–78, 179, 233
Field, Sally, 185–86
Flores, Otoniel, 18, 19, 94, 136, 137, 163, 198, 229
Fogerty, Elsie, 33–34
Frederickson, Wylene, 54–55, 56, 191
freelance journalism, 112–14, 115–18
Freeman, Walter, 49
Freud, Sigmund, 17, 38, 39, 40–41, 50, 58–59, 62, 76, 81, 91, 118, 157, 164, 228, 236
Freyd, Jennifer, 223
Freyd, Pamela and Peter, 223–24
Friedan, Betty, xix–xx, 116
Fromm-Reichman, Frieda, 82
fugue states, 58, 61, 89, 167
as depicted in Sybil, xiii, xiv, 158–59, 168–69, 182, 192, 194, 199
Mason’s alleged experiences with, 61, 89–90, 92–93, 99, 101, 106, 158–60, 165, 168–69, 182, 192, 194, 199
Gág, Wanda, 57
Genovese, Kitty, 138
Ginsberg, Allen, xix
Goldwater, Barry, 113
Graham, Sylvester, 10–11
Graves’ disease, 20, 27, 37
Gray, Charlotte, 201–2
Greenwald, John, 55, 93
Guy, Roberta, 230–31
Halmbrecht, Hattie, 136
Hartocollis, Lina, 236
Hayes, Helen, 116–17
Herman, Mel, 117, 118
homosexuality, xix, 105, 193, 261n
as depicted in Sybil, xiv, 169, 173, 182, 191–93
and Mattie Mason’s alleged orgies, xiv, 133, 157, 158, 163–64, 169, 173, 182
Wilbur-Mason relationship and, 126, 197, 202
Wilbur’s clinical views on, 105, 119–22, 133–34
Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study, 119–20
Horsley, J. Stephen, 48
hypnosis, 23, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 130, 218, 225
hysteria treatments with, 39, 40, 41
multiple personalities treated with, 40, 66, 148, 212, 224, 227, 236
potential for false memories in, xv–xvi, 40, 130, 158, 223, 224, 225, 227
Spiegel-Mason sessions of, 130–32
suggestibility of patients in, 40, 131–32, 158, 223
in Wilbur-Mason therapy sessions, xi, xii–xiii, xiv, xv, 130, 132–33, 136, 139, 155, 158, 163, 175, 183
hysteria, hysterics, xv, 9, 38–41, 44, 46, 58, 77, 90, 175, 209, 212
Charcot’s treatment of, 39, 40, 41, 42, 210
Dieterle’s treatment of, 41–43, 46, 65–66
Freud’s treatment of, 17, 38, 39, 40–41, 228
Shirley Mason diagnosed with, 60–61, 63, 87, 164, 220, 236
Wilbur’s treatment of, 27, 37, 43, 44, 51–52, 53, 62, 126
“idioms of distress,” xv–xvii, xx, xxi, 233, 237
In Cold Blood (Capote), 143–44
insomnia, 59, 88, 220
International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociative States (ISSMP&D), 215–17, 218, 219, 221, 223, 226–27, 230
International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD), 234–35
Janet, Pierre, 40
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, xi–xii, xviii, xix, xxi, 118, 149, 163, 202, 205, 207, 228
Kalamazoo State Hospital, 43–44
Kallinger, Joe, 203, 204–5, 206, 207
Kallinger, Michael, 203, 204
Kellogg, John Harvey, 11
Kentucky, University of, 146–48, 171, 195, 209, 211, 213–14, 227
Kluft, Richard, 234, 235
Koch, Edward, 42–43
Kondolf, George, 68, 69
Kovac, Deborah, 194–95
Kraus, Robert, 213–14
Ku Klux Klan, 216, 235
Lakin State Hospital, 140, 141, 145
Lane, Jean, 57–59, 60, 61, 76, 78, 105, 193
Lange, Jessica, 234
LaPorte, Gerry, 168, 271n
Lennon, John, 178
lobotomies, 49, 50, 64
Lohrbach, Pearl Peterson, 199
Long, Stuart, 150, 202
Lorand, Sandor, 98, 107
Ludwig, Arnold, 148
McDowall, Roddy, 118–20, 125
manic depressives, 47, 209
manics, 37–38, 61, 83
Mankato State Teachers College, 55–60, 61, 76, 78, 159, 193
Marcy (MPD patient), 210, 211, 213
Margaret (schizophrenic patient), 128, 130
Mario (Shirley Mason’s boyfriend), 139–40, 171, 172
Martinez-Taboas, Antonio, 235
Mason, Florence Eichman, 76, 77, 123, 125, 127, 129, 130, 133, 190
Mason, Mary (grandmother), 7, 9, 10, 13, 100, 102
Mason, Mattie Atkinson, 3, 6, 7, 8–10, 11–13, 15–18, 54, 61–62, 64–65, 66, 90, 94, 103, 105, 136, 161, 200
alleged bizarre behavior of, xiv, 132–33, 157, 158, 161, 162, 163–64, 169, 171, 173, 182, 199
authentic mental health issues of, 9, 11, 12, 14, 59, 105, 165–66, 220
death of, 76
as depicted in Sybil, xiv, 157, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 178, 179, 182, 184, 186, 199, 211
enemas allegedly administered by, xi, 11, 103, 109, 110, 157, 164, 166, 169, 175, 182
overprotectiveness of, 13, 59, 199
physical health issues of, 8–9, 61–62, 76, 166, 220
“recovered memories” of abuse at hands of, xi, xii–xiii, xiv, 108–11, 132, 136, 155, 157–58, 162, 184–85
schizophrenia falsely characterized in, xiv, 95, 107, 108, 109, 136, 158, 162, 166, 170
Shirley’s conflicted feelings for, 14, 19, 55, 59, 61, 76, 89, 164, 196–97
unsupported evidence in abuse allegations against, 136, 158, 161–64, 166, 199, 233
Wilbur’s demonization of, xiii, 65, 95, 97, 101, 106–7, 108, 110, 133, 158, 184
Mason, Neill (grandfather), 4, 7, 8, 13, 15
Mason, Shirley Ardell, 27, 67, 119, 176, 180, 261n
age regression therapy of, 130, 131
“alter” personalities exhibited by, xiii, xiv, 90–91, 92–94, 95–97, 98, 100, 101, 102–3, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109–10, 130, 131, 132, 134, 139, 141, 143, 146, 155, 157, 158–60, 166, 169–70, 172, 175, 183, 199
anemia diagnosis of, 18, 19, 54, 59, 87, 219–21, 236
anxiety of, 16–18, 54, 59, 60, 75, 77, 88, 99, 104, 123, 139, 215, 220
artistic endeavors of, xx, 3, 6, 16, 19, 54–56, 57, 61, 76–77, 96, 106, 123, 128, 149, 159, 162, 191, 198, 212, 231
art therapist jobs of, 77, 87, 88, 127–28, 129–30, 137, 140, 141, 145
authentic physical and mental issues of, 16–19, 20, 54, 59, 60, 61, 63, 77, 78–79, 87, 88, 107, 123, 166, 220, 236
in book project collaboration, xv, xx–xxi, 98, 122, 123, 124, 134, 137, 139, 141, 143, 146, 150–51, 155–56, 158, 159–60, 170–71, 190, 202
cancer suffered by, 221, 231–32
childhood and adolescence of, 3–4, 6–7, 9–19, 54–55, 59, 91, 94–95, 107, 133, 135–36, 145, 161, 199, 220, 232
close friendships of, 14, 19, 56, 57–59, 60, 61, 76, 79, 96, 105, 111, 128, 133, 135–36, 159, 162, 189–91, 193, 199
“curing” of, 141, 145–46
death of, 232
depression suffered by, 99, 100, 103, 104, 220
devotion to Wilbur, xviii, 62–65, 75, 88, 97, 108, 110, 111, 125, 131, 134, 137–38, 140, 214, 215
diaries kept by, 97, 100–101, 103, 158, 166–68, 271n
doll collection of, 13, 14, 16, 19, 54, 103, 123, 135, 215, 232
drug addiction of, 102, 103–4, 105, 110, 111, 191, 220
enemas allegedly given to, xi, 11, 103, 109, 110, 157, 164, 166, 169, 175, 182
factual discrepancies in claims made by, 136, 157–58, 161–64, 165, 166, 168, 182, 183, 185, 194, 199, 220–21, 233
family background of, 7–9
fantasy life of, 3, 6, 7, 10, 16, 18–19, 55, 60, 62, 78, 88, 91, 199
financial struggles of, 76–77, 122–23, 128–29, 137, 230–31
Flores’s medical treatment of, 18, 19, 94, 136, 163, 220
“fugue” states of, 61, 89–90, 92–93, 99, 101, 106, 158–60, 165, 168–69, 182, 192, 194, 199
hysteria diagnosed in, 60–61, 63, 87, 164, 220, 236
loneliness of, 19, 54, 78, 88, 133, 138
at Mankato State Teachers College, 55–60, 61, 76–77, 159, 193
Mario’s relationship with, 139–40, 171, 172
MPD diagnosed in, 92, 96, 139, 155, 169, 170, 236
physical appearance of, 3, 58, 61, 62, 76, 126, 135, 195–96, 215
physical health issues of, 17, 18, 19, 20, 59, 61, 66, 77, 78–79, 166, 201, 219–21, 236
post-Sybil distancing from friends by, xxi, 189–91, 194, 199
prescription drugs taken by, 63, 88–89, 97, 99, 104, 110, 123, 128, 140
Price’s notes and observations of, 96–97, 103, 105
protecting anonymity of, xii, 151, 172, 186, 189–91, 192, 193–94, 196, 197, 200–201, 202, 214, 228, 231