by David Loades
17. It is possible that Sir Thomas’s wife, Elizabeth, was also present among Catherine’s ladies, because she had been a member of the Queen’s Privy Chamber since 1509.
18. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 32-3.
19. This was Edward Herbert’s opinion in the seventeenth century. Herbert, History of England under Henry VIII, ed., White Kennett (1870), p. 399. See Cal. Span. Supplement, 1513–42, p. 30. L & P, III, no. 1994. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 32-3.
20. L & P, II, no. 1277.
21. L & P, III, no. 1628. State Papers, II, p. 49. D. B. Quinn, ‘Henry VIII and Ireland’, Irish Historical Studies, 12, 1961, pp. 318-44.
22. L & P, III, no. 1762.
23. S. G. Ellis, Tudor Ireland (1985), pp. 104-5.
24. Hall, Chronicle, p. 631. L & P, III, no. 1559.
25. Nicholas Sander, The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism, ed. D. Lewis (1877), p. 25.
26. George Wyatt in The Life of Cardinal Wolsey, by George Cavendish, ed. S. W. Singer, (1827), p. 424. George Wyatt was writing in about 1597, deriving his information from Anne Gainsford, then very aged, who had known Anne Boleyn as a young woman.
27. For the latest round in these investigations, see Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 15-18. The most satisfactory explanation is that given by Ives, Life and Death, pp. 63-83.
28. The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey by George Cavendish, ed. R. S. Sylvester and D. P. Harding, in Two Early Tudor Lives (1962), p. 32.
29. Ibid, pp. 33-4.
30. Ibid, pp. 34-5.
31. Ibid, p. 36.
32. Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 72-8.
33. For a summary of this speculation, and a suggested timetable see Ives, Life and Death, pp. 81-92.
34. Guy Bedouelle, ‘Les scruples du roi Henry VIII’, in Bedouelle and Le Gal, Le ‘Divorce’ du roi Henry VIII (1987), pp. 26-8.
35. Fernando Felipez, the messenger, defeated an attempt to intercept him in France by travelling by sea. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 157.
36. Ives, Life and Death, p. 90.
37. Cal. Ven., 1527–29, p. 432.
38. The Love Letters of Henry VIII, ed. H. Savage (1949), pp. 40- 41.
39. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 85-6.
40. Love Letters, pp. 29-30.
41. A pendant diamond was the symbol of a constant heart. Chaucer, Roman de la Rose, line 4385.
42. Love Letters, pp. 34-6.
43. State Papers, I, nos. 205, 225, 230. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp. 146-7.
44. His specific target appears to have been Renée, the 2nd daughter of Louis XII.
45. Hall, Chronicle, p. 707.
46. When the legitimation of the Beauforts was confirmed by Henry IV in February 1407, the phrase excepta dignitate regali, was inserted, on the insistence of Archbishop Arundel. E. F.Jacob, The Fifteenth Century, p. 105.
47. B. Murphy, Bastard Prince: Henry VIII’s Lost Son (2001), pp. 110-12.
48. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp. 163-5.
49. Ibid, p. 203
50. L & P, IV, no. 5604. Stefan Ehses, Romische Dokumente zur Geschich der Ehesscheidung Heinrichs VIII von England, 1527– 1534 (1893), p. 107.
51. Cal. Span., 1527–29, pp. 789, 831.
52. Hall, Chronicle, p. 754.
53. Love Letters, pp. 36-7, 48.
54. Hall, Chronicle, p. 756.
5 Thomas, Earl of Wiltshire – the Westminster Years
1. Letters and Papers, IV, no. 3619. November 1527.
2. State Papers, I, p. 261. L & P, IV, no. 3361.
3. L & P, IV, no. 1963. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 142.
4. Calendar of State Papers,Venetian, IV, p. 105.
5. State Papers, I, pp. 191 et seq. L & P, IV, no. 3186.
6. Nicholas Pocock, Records of the Reformation, I, pp. 22 et seq. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp. 159-60.
7. Ibid, p. 162.
8. L & P, IV, no. 3644.
9. The envoy chosen was Silvester Darius, a papal collector, chosen for his neutrality. For an account of his mission, see L & P, IV, nos. 4269, 4637, 4802, 4909-11.
10. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 100-01.
11. Stefan Ehses, Romische Dokumente, pp. 48 et seq.
12. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp.13-5. H. A. Kelly, The Matrimonial Trials of Henry VIII (1976), pp. 59-60.
13. Ibid, p. 67.
14. Ehses, Romische Dokumente, pp. 89 et seq.
15. The court record is calendared in L & P, IV, nos. 5695, 5697-8. Kelley, Matrimonial Trials, p. 87.
16. George Cavendish, The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. R. S. Sylvester, (EETS, 1958), p. 89.
17. G. Walker, John Skelton and the Politics of the 1520s (1988).
18. L & P, IV, no. 5742. Ives, Life and Death, p. 121.
19. L & P, IV, no. 5996.
20. Miller, Henry VIII and the English Nobility, p. 25. D. Loades, Henry VIII, Court Church and Conflict (2007).
21. ODNB.
22. Nichols, Narratives of the Days of the Reformation, p. 242.
23. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, p. 47.
24. Graham Nicholson, ‘The act of Appeals and the English Reformation’, Law and Government under the Tudors, pp. 19-30.
25. David Wilkins, Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae, (1737), III, pp. 727 et seq.
26. P. L. Hughes and J. F.Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, I, p. 193.
27. Cal. Ven., 1526–33, no. 567. His return was reported on 4 August, ibid, no. 598.
28. Ibid, no. 682. An Italian narration of England.
29. Ibid, no. 694.
30. L & P, IV, no. 672, undated but ascribed to 1531.
31. N. Pocock, Records of the Reformation, II, pp. 385-421. Kelly, Matrimonial Trials, p. 123.
32. Wilkins, Concilia, III, pp. 725 et seq. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp. 274-5.
33. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, p. 231.
34. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 300.
35. Hall, Chronicle, p. 790. Cal. Span, 1531–33, p. 508. L & P, V, no. 1370.
36. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 157-61. L & P, V, no. 1256.
37. R. J. Knecht, Francis I (1982), pp. 226-30. Francis, like Clement, did not want the general council to which Henry had appealed.
38. Bernard, Anne Boleyn, p. 62.
39. Cal. Span., 1531–33, p. 602. S. E. Lehmberg, The Reformation Parliament, pp. 161, 168.
40. Cal. Span., 1531–33, p. 609. L & P, VI, no. 180. For a discussion of the various rumours circulating about this marriage, see Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 66-7, and Ives, Life and Death, pp. 170-71.
41. Wilkins, Concilia, III, pp. 756 et seq.
42. Ives, Life and Death, p. 158.
43. Ibid, p. 171.
44. L & P, VIII, no. 121.
45. L & P, VI, no. 407.
46. The noble tryumphaunt coronacyon of quene Anne wyfe unto the most noble kynge Henrye the viii [RSTC 656], reprinted in Pollard, Tudor Tracts, pp. 9-29.
47. Cal. Span., 1531–33, p. 704.
48. L & P, VI, nos. 953, 998.
49. Hughes and Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, I, pp. 209- 10.
50. Cal. Span., 1531–33, pp. 721, 724. Ives, Life and Death, p. 183.
51. Hall, Chronicle, p. 805.
52. De Carles, in Ascoli, L’Opinion, lines 183-5.
53. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 185-6.
54. 26 Henry VIII, c.13. Statutes of the Realm, IV, pp. 18-22.
55. L & P, VI, no. 1485.
56. Cal. Span., 1534–35, p. 57. L & P, VII, no. 214.
57. L & P, VIII, no. 1031.
58. L & P, IX, no. 90.
59. T. S. Freeman, ‘Research, Rumour and Propaganda: Anne Boleyn in Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs”’, Historical Journal, 38, 1995, pp. 802-10.
60. G. R. Elton, Reform and Renewal, (1973) p. 23.
61. Ives, Life and Death, p. 285.
6 The Boleyns as a Political Faction – the Whitehall Years
1. TNA SP1/54, fs. 234-43. L & P, IV, no. 5749. Lord Darcy was later to be executed for his involvement in the
Pilgrimage of Grace.
2. Cal. Span., 1527–29, pp. 885-6.
3. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 115-6.
4. BL Cotton MS Otho C.x, f.220. Gilbert Burnet, History of the Reformation, ed. N. Pocock (1865), I, p. 104.
5. State Papers, VII, p. 102 et seq. L & P, IV, no. 4897.
6. The petition was eventually sent on 12 June 1530. Cal. Span., 1530–33, nos. 354, 366.
7. Ives, Life and Death, p. 114.
8. State Papers, VII, p. 170. L & P, IV, no. 5519.
9. TNA SP1/54, fs. 234-43. J. A. Guy, The Public Career of Sir Thomas More (1980), pp. 206-7.
10. Cavendish, Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. R. S. Sylvester (1962), p. 97.
11. L & P, IV, no. 5816.
12. Correspndence du Cardinal Jean du Bellay, ed. R. Scheurer (1969), I, 16, pp. 52-3.
13. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 233.
14.Du Bellay, Correspondence, I, 24, pp. 70, 72.
15. State Papers, I, p. 344. L & P, IV, no. 5936.
16. According to Thomas Alward. H. Ellis Original Letters Illustrative of English History, (1824–46), I, pp. 307-10.
17. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp. 235-6.
18. L & P, IV, no. 4477. D. Knowles, ‘The Matter of Wilton’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 31, 1958, pp. 92- 6.
19. L & P, IV, no. 4477.
20. Cavendish, Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, p. 104 et seq.
21. Ibid, p. 123.
22. Ibid, p. 120.
23. L & P, IV, no. 6720. State Papers, VII, p. 212.
24. Stephen Gardiner had originally been in Wolsey’s service, but he switched his loyalty to the King in 1527–28, and became his secretary in July 1529. Thereafter he was active in securing Wolsey’s fall. Glyn Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic: the Life of Stephen Gardiner, (1990), pp. 23-26.
25. This group also included Lord Montague, the son of the Countess of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Arundel and Sir Henry Parker. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, p. 288.
26. L & P, V, no. 879. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 329.
27. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 55-7.
28. Notably The Glass of the Truth, and The Articles Devised. Apparently Anne attempted to persuade Henry to make use of Tyndale’s Obedience of a Christian Man, but did not succeed. Bernard, Anne Boleyn, p. 111.
29. A. D. Cheney, ‘The Holy Maid of Kent’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 2nd series, 18, 1904, pp. 107-30.
30. D. Knowles, The Religious Orders in England, III, pp. 182 et seq.
31. Cheney, op. cit.
32. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 322.
33. Ibid.
34. L & P, VI, no. 1572.
35. Pocock, Records of the Reformation, II, pp. 523 et seq. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 323.
36. L & P, VII, no. 1483, VIII, no. 176.
37. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 277-80.
38. BL Royal MS 20. B. xvii, f.1. Ives, Life and Death, p. 269.
39. William Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, f.24.[Bod. MS Don. C. 42]. Ives, Life and Death, p. 279.
40. Ibid, p. 280.
41. T. S. Freeman, ‘Research, Rumour and Propaganda; Anne Boleyn in Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’, Historical Journal, 38, 1995, pp. 797-819. Foxe, however, was careful not to describe her as a martyr.
42. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 272-3. Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 98-108.
43. Other bishops, such as Nicholas Shaxton and Thomas Goodrich also seem to have owed their promotion to her influence. Alexander Ales, ‘Letter to Queen Elizabeth’, TNA SP70/7, ff.1-11. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, 1558–9, no. 1303.
44. The former figure comes from George Wyatt, ‘The Life of Queen Anne Boleign’, in the Life of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. S. W.Singer, (1827), p. 443 and the latter from Foxe, Acts and Monuments (1583), p. 1082.
45. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 170-71.
46. Ibid, p. 163.
47. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 258-73, 280-308. Catherine’s revised household was costing the King about £3,000 a year.
48. T. F. Mayer, Reginald Pole, Prince and Prophet (2000), pp. 13- 61.
49. David Loades, Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict (2009), p. 102.
50. David Loades, Mary Tudor: a Life (1989), p. 75.
51. Ibid, pp. 82-3.
52. Ibid, pp. 77-8. Randall Dodd did yeoman service for Mary in this respect.
53. Cal. Span., 1534–5, p. 67.
7 George & Jane – the Grimston Years
1. Ives, Life and Death, p. 10. His self-confessed weakness in Latin makes it less likely that he attended a university.
2. L & P, III, no. 2214.
3. L & P, IV, no. 4779.
4. Peter Gwyn, The King’s Cardinal (1990), pp. 613-15.
5. L & P, IV, no. 6539, 31 July 1530.
6. L & P. IV, nos. 5945, 5996, 6073. The Duke of Albany had, allegedly, gone to Scotland without Francis’s consent.
7. Cal. Ven., 1526–33, 10 March 1530, p. 567.
8. L & P, IV, no. 6115.
9. ODNB.
10. Ibid.
11. L & P, VI, no. 1164. Ives, Life and Death, p. 293.
12. According to Richard Hilles, who was forced into exile after Anne’s death. The Zurich Letters, ed. H. Robinson (Parker Society, 1842), I. p. 200.
13. Ives, Life and Death, p. 262.
14. J. P. Carley, The Books of Henry VIII and his Wives (2004), pp. 129-33.
15. Carley, ‘Her moost lovyng and fryndely brother sendeth gretyng’, in M. P. Brown and S. MacKendrick, Illuminating the Book, (1998), p. 272.
16. Ibid, p. 277.
17. L & P, VIII, no. 1062. Duke of Norfolk and Lord Rochford to Cromwell.
18. G. Burnet, History of the Reformation, I, p. 316. The dependence on Anthony Anthony is speculative.
19. L & P, 10, no. 1010.
20. ODNB.
21. L. B. Smith, A Tudor Tragedy (1961), pp. 121-3.
22. Loades, The Tudor Queens of England (2009), pp. 143-8.
23. Culpeppers’s testimony. L & P, XVI, no. 1339.
24. Loades, Tudor Queens, p. 152.
25. L & P, VI, no. 180. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, p. 86.
26. Lords Journals, I, p. 77. L & P, VI, no. 944. R. J . Knecht, Francis I (1982), pp. 229-31.
27. Statutes 25 Henry VIII, caps.20, 22. Statutes of the Realm, III, pp. 462-4, 471-4.
28. L & P, VI, no. 954.
29. L & P, VII, no. 922 (16).
30. L & P, VIII, no. 662.
31. L & P, VIII, nos. 609, 1105.
32. L & P, VIII, no. 686.
33. Knecht, Francis I, p. 235. L & P, VIII., no. 909.
34. Cal. Span., 1536–38, pp. 19, 28.
35. Ives, Life and Death, p. 328.
36. L & P, X, no. 878. Contrast with Henry Norris, worth £1,327, and William Brereton at £1,236.
37. Retha Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn, (1989), pp. 214-19. Ives, ‘Stress, Faction and Ideology in early-Tudor England’, Historical Journal, 34, 1991, p. 199.
8 The Fall of the Boleyns – the Tower Days
1. Notably by Eric Ives, George Bernard, Retha Warnicke and Maria Dowling. Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (2004), Bernard, Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions (2010) (and in numerous articles), Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn (1990), and Dowling, ‘Anne Boleyn and Reform’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 35, 1984.
2. Sir John had a large family, including several daughters, and it is thought to have been his inability to produce dowries for them all which accounts for Jane’s unmarried state at the age of twenty-seven.
3. Cal. Span., 1536–38, p. 39.
4. Ibid, pp. 39-40.
5. Knecht, Francis I, p. 275.
6. Charles Wriothesley, A Chronicle of England, 1485–1559, ed.W.D. Hamilton (Camden Society, 2nd series,11, 1875), I, p. 32.
7. Ives, Life and Death, p. 296. Anne was about thirty-five at the time, and could have been approaching the menopause.
8. Ibi
d. The miscarriage was unexpected, and no skilled midwife would have been in attendance.
9. Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
10. Cal. Span., 1531–33, p. 28. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 298-9.
11. L & P, X, no. 670.
12. Among other things, he saluted her in the Chapel Royal. Cal. Span., 1536–38, pp. 54, 75, 89, 91-8.
13. It was this opposition which prompted Henry to haggle in his dealings with the Imperial ambassador, in spite of an apparent consensus in his council in favour of a deal. L & P, X, no. 699.
14. R. W. Hoyle, ‘The origins of the dissolution of the monasteries’, Historical Journal, 38, 1995, pp. 284-99.
15. Ives, Life and Death, p. 316.
16. Bernard, Anne Boleyn, p. 163.
17. State Papers, VII, pp. 683-8.
18. Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 189-91.
19. S. E. Lehmberg, The Later Parliaments of Henry VIII, (1977), pp. 25-28.
20. Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 151-61.
21. Ives, Life and Death, p. 320.
22. Cavendish, The Life of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. Singer, pp. 451, 456.
23. Hall, Chronicle, p. 819.
24. Cavendish, Wolsey, ed. Singer, p. 451.
25. Cal. Span., 1536–38, pp. 107-8.
26. Cavendish, Wolsey, ed. Singer, pp. 458-9.
27. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 338-40.
28. Rochford was apparently given a writing containing her statement, for his comment. He then read it out publicly in court. Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 39.
29. Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 168-9.
30. L & P, X, no. 908.
31. N. H. Nicholas, The Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, (1827), pp. 97, 112, 168.
32. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 334-6.
33. The only possible impediments which could have been used in this context must have existed before the marriage had taken place. It could have been the King’s relationship with Mary, or Anne’s precontract with Henry Percy (if any such had existed).
34. S. Bentley, Excerpta Historica, (1831), p. 263.
35. The Papers of George Wyatt, ed. D. Loades (Camden Scoety, 4th series, 5, 1968) p. 189.
36. L & P, X, pp. 888, 1161, 1227.
37. Loades, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (2009), p. 92.
38. L & P, XIII, I, no. 1419.
39. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 338-56.
40. Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 161-82.
41. Ibid.
42. L & P, X, no. 908.
43. Statute 27 Henry VIII, cap. 28. Statutes of the Realm, III, pp. 575-8. For a discussion of the Bishops’ Book and its revisions, see MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, pp. 185-97, 207-13.