58. Watterson, 1997, p. 26.
59. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 80.
60. Ostracon GCC 25677.
61. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 233.
62. Watterson, 1997, p. 31.
63. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 72.
64. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 217.
65. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 42.
66. Watterson, 1997, p. 32.
67. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 2.
68. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 77.
69. Bierbrier, 1982, p. 109.
70. Ibid., p. 109.
71. Davies, 2011, p. 32.
72. Peet, 1930, p. 31.
73. Ibid., p. 17.
74. McDowell, 1999, p. 192.
75. Peet, 1930, p. 33.
76. Ibid., p. 47.
77. Ibid., p. 54.
78. Ibid., p. 104.
79. Ibid., p. 54-5.
80. Ibid., p. 119.
81. Ostracon Nash 5. Graves-Brown 2010, p. 40.
82. Nunn, 1996, p. 197.
83. Parkinson, 1995, p. 66.
84. Elliot Smith, 1908, p. 734.
85. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 64.
86. Ibid., p. 219.
87. McDowell, 1999, p. 170.
8. Disease and Medicine
1. Nunn, 1996, p. 87.
2. Sélincourt, 1973, Book III, p. 203.
3. Save-Soderberg, T., 1958: Pharaohs and Mortals. London. Robert Hale Limited. p. 203.
4. Nunn, 1996, p. 131.
5. Reeves, C., 1992: Egyptian Medicine. Buckinghamshire. Shire Egyptology. p. 19.
6. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 205.
7. Burden, G. M., 2005: ‘Ancient Egyptian Medicine’ in Ancient Egypt Magazine Vol. 6 No. 3 Issue 33. p. 18.
8. Meskell, 2000, p. 92.
9. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 62.
10. Ibid., p. 67.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 68.
13. Nunn, 1996, p. 136.
14. Ibid., p. 131.
15. Ibid., p. 128.
16. Sélincourt, 1972, p. 160.
17. 47,218.48 and 47,218.85.
18. Nunn, 1996, p. 135.
19. Ibid., p. 128.
20. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 120.
21. Nunn, 1996, p. 132.
22. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 214.
23. Amherst Papyrus. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 162.
24. Nunn, 1996, p. 115.
25. Ibid., p. 113.
26. Stetter, 1993, p. 29.
27. Ebeid, N., 1999: Egyptian Medicine in the Days of the Pharaohs. Cairo. General Egyptian Book Organization. p. 58.
28. Stetter, 1993, p. 27.
29. Nunn, 1996, p. 141.
30. Cline, E. and J. Rabalcaba, 2005: The Ancient Egyptian World. Oxford. Oxford University Press. p. 73.
31. Ebeid, 1999, p. 253.
32. Tisserand, R., 1988: Aromatherapy for Everyone. London. Arkana. p. 19.
33. Nunn, 1996, p. 183.
34. Ibid., p. 182.
35. Ibid., p. 149.
36. Ibid., p. 138.
37. Ibid., p. 148.
38. Ibid., p. 173.
39. Humber, 2008, p. 42.
40. Nunn, 1996, p. 147.
41. Ibid., p. 198.
42. Manniche, 1989, p. 47.
43. Allen, J., 2005: ‘The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt: an exhibition at the metropolitan Museum of Art’ in KMT Vol. 16 No. 3. p. 44.
44. Nunn, 1996, p. 172.
45. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 144.
46. Nunn, 1996, p. 93.
47. David, R. (ed.), 2008: Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
48. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 116.
49. David, R. and Tapp, E., 1984: Evidence Embalmed: Modern Medicine and the Mummies of Ancient Egypt. Manchester. Manchester University Press. p. 95.
50. David and Tapp, 1984, p. 82.
51. Nunn, 1996, p. 81.
52. Ibid., p. 87.
53. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 132.
54. Wood Jones, F., 1908: ‘Some Lessons from Ancient Fractures’ in the BMJ Vol. 2 No. 2486. p. 456.
55. Nunn, 1996, p. 177.
56. Elliot Smith, G., 1908: ‘The Most Ancient Splints’ in British Medical Journal Vol. 1 No. 2465. p. 733.
57. Nunn, 1996, p. 177.
58. Ibid., p. 175.
59. Ibid., p. 188.
60. Ibid., p. 189.
61. Ibid., p. 144.
62. Ibid., p. 141.
63. Halioua & Ziskind 2005, p. 116.
64. Ibid., p. 137.
65. Nunn, 1996, p. 190.
66. Tisserand, 1988, p. 18.
67. Nunn, 1996, p. 133.
68. Macy-Roth, 1991, p. 68.
69. Nunn, 1996, p. 133.
70. Okasha, A., 2005: ‘Mental Health in Egypt’ in Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences No. 42. pp. 116–25.
71. Reeves, 1992, p. 24.
72. Stetter, 1993, p. 65.
73. Nunn, 1996, p. 118.
74. Reeves, 1992, p. 21.
75. Nunn, 1996, p. 124.
76. Forshaw, R., 2009: ‘Dental Health and Dentistry in Ancient Egypt’ in Ancient Egypt Magazine Vol. 9 No. 6. p. 24.
77. David and Tapp, 1984, p. 126.
78. Samuel, D., 1994: ‘A New look at Bread and Beer’ in Egyptian Archaeology No. 4. p. 15.
79. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 161.
80. David and Tapp, 1984, p. 131.
81. Stetter, 1993, p. 31.
82. Nunn, 1996, p. 76.
83. David and Tapp, 1984, p. 130.
84. Ibid., p. 123.
85. Forshaw, 2009, p. 26.
86. Section taken from Craig, P. and J. Davey, 2001: ‘Possible evidence for ancient Egyptian Orthodontics’ in Egyptian Archaeology No. 18 pp. 37–9.
87. Allen, 2005, p. 46.
88. Forshaw, 2009, p. 27.
89. David and Tapp, 1984, p. 105.
90. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 167.
91. Forshaw, 2009, p. 25.
92. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 167.
93. Forshaw, 2009, p. 24.
94. Ibid., pp. 481–6.
95. Reeves, 1992, p. 16.
96. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 213.
97. Anne Austin, Stanford University, 2014. Found on http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/november/healthcare-ancient-egypt-111714.html [accessed 19 November 2014].
98. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 129.
99. Ebers Papyrus. Nunn, 1996, p. 159.
100. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 118.
9. Death and Burial
1. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 218.
2. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 207.
3. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 7.
4. Romer, 1984, p. 75.
5. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 5.
6. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 218.
7. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 74.
8. Ibid., p. 76.
9. McDowell, 1999, p. 37.
10. Romer, 1984, p. 74.
11. Černy, 1973, p. 333.
12. Bierbrier, 1982, p. 35.
13. Černy, J., 1945: ‘The Will of Naunakhte and the Related Documents’ in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Vol. 31. p. 31.
14. Ibid., p. 31.
15. Ibid., p. 32.
16. Bierbrier, 1982, p. 75.
17. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 192.
18. Černy, 1945, p. 32.
19. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 190.
20. Meskell, 2002, p. 195.
21. Tomb of Rekhmire, TT100. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 92.
22. Ibid., p. 8.
23. Ibid., p. 9.
24. Ibid., p. 9.
25. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 209.
26. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 99.
27. Ibid., p. 103.
28. Meskell, 2002, p. 189.
29. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 218.
30. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 168.
31. I
bid., p. 136.
32. TV Documentary, 2011: Mummifying Alan. Channel 4. Aired in October 2011. Taxi driver Alan Billis donated his body to be mummified according to this ancient technique.
33. Reeves, 1992, p. 41.
34. Taylor and Antoine, 2014, p. 105.
35. Ibid., p. 56.
36. Ibid., p. 125.
37. Faulkner, 1972, p. 36.
38. Ikram, S. and A. Dodson, 1998: The Mummy in Ancient Egypt. London. Thames and Hudson. p. 104.
39. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 136.
40. Meskell, 2002, p. 183.
41. Ikram, S., 2005: ‘Manufacturing Divinity; the Technology of Mummification’ in Ikram, S. (ed.), Divine creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt. Cairo. Cairo University Press. pp. 29–40.
42. Meskell, 2002, p. 190.
43. Ibid., p. 192.
44. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 137.
45. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 172.
46. Meskell, 2002, p. 179.
47. Faulkner, 1972, p. 52.
48. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 124.
49. Manniche, 1997, p. 105.
50. Green, 2001, p. 56.
51. Faulkner, 1972, p. 31.
52. Ibid., p. 27.
53. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 171.
54. Lange, H. and H. Schäfer, 1902: Grab- und Denksteine des Mittleren Reichs im Museum von Kairo. Berlin, Reichsdruckerei. p. 3.
55. Robins, 1993, p. 175.
56. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, pp. 57–9.
57. Ibid., p. 50.
58. Meskell, 2002, p. 179; Parkinson, 1997, pp. 151–65.
59. Lichtheim, 1975, p. 196.
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