1944

by Jay Winik

  German takeover of, 245–46, 247

  Zama, Battle of, 197

  Zilina, 154–55, 171

  zinc, 282, 283, 305

  Zionism, Zionists, 92, 116, 155–56, 312, 376, 406, 422, 513, 516

  Wise and, 311–14

  Zürich, 27, 297–301, 304

  Zyklon B, 98–99, 111, 264, 472, 494

  Simon & Schuster

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  Copyright © 2015 by Jay Winik

  All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever. For information address Simon & Schuster Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

  First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition September 2015

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  Interior design by Ruth Lee-Mui

  Jacket design by Tom McKeveny

  Jacket photograph © Bettmann/Corbis

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Winik, Jay, 1957–

  1944: FDR and the year that changed history / Jay Winik.—

  First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition.

  pages cm

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  1. World War, 1939–1945—United States. 2. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945—Influence. 3. Political leadership—

  United States—History—20th century. 4. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945).

  I. Title. II. Title: FDR and the year that changed history.

  D769.W57 2015

  940.53'73—dc23                    2015013912

  ISBN 978-1-4391-1408-7

  ISBN 978-1-4391-3647-8 (ebook)

  Frontispiece: Roosevelt at Casablanca.