13. J. H. Kellogg, The American Medical Missionary College, Medical Missionary, October 1895; 5: 291.
14. Numbers, Prophetess of Health, p. 183.
15. Charles MacIvor, “The Lord’s Physician,” Chapter 12, “A Noble Experiment,” pp. 7–8, Charles MacIvor Collection, No. 251, Box 10, File 12, Chapters 11–20, Center for Adventist Research.
16. Battle Creek Enquirer and Evening News, April 21, 1921, p. 1.
17. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, p. 102a; Box 1, File 13.
18. For a history of the American Medical Association, see James G. Burrow, A.M.A.: Voice of American Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963).
19. It should be noted that the phrase “First, do no harm” (translated into Latin as “Primum non nocere”) is often mistakenly ascribed to the Hippocratic Oath, although it appears nowhere in that venerable pledge. Hippocrates came closest to issuing this directive in his treatise Epidemics, in an axiom that reads, “As to diseases, make a habit of two things—to help, or at least, to do no harm.” Hippocrates, Epidemics I, Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library (Book I, Section 11, 5), W. H. S. Jones, translator (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), p. 165; Howard Markel, “I Swear by Apollo—On Taking the Hippocratic Oath,” New England Journal of Medicine, 2004; 350: 2026–29.
20. Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 156; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 35.
21. See “The Battle Creek Sanitarium: For Profit and Pleasure, a Trip to Battle Creek,” circa 1910–1915. Other advertisements of this era include “Are You in Search of Health? The Battle Creek Sanitarium,” Country Life, circa 1906; “Where Should an Invalid Spend the Winter,” promotional booklet, 1903–1904; “The Battle Creek Sanitarium: Seven Acres of ‘Florida Sunshine,’ ” McClure’s Magazine, circa 1909; “A New Interest in Life: The Battle Creek Sanitarium,” Outlook Magazine, circa 1910; “Here the Very Air Inspires New Health: The Battle Creek Sanitarium,” Hamptons Magazine, circa 1910; “Rest Two Weeks in One: The Battle Creek Sanitarium,” unidentified magazine, circa 1915. Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine. There exist hundreds more advertisements for the San, dating from the 1880s through the 1930s, most of them identifying John as the medical director.
22. A year later, a few of John’s critics attempted to prefer charges against him to the Michigan State Medical Board but the charges went nowhere and were soon dropped. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 35–36; Battle Creek Daily Journal, June 27, 1877, December 5, 1877, December 4, 1878; Schwarz, PhD thesis, pp. 155–56.
23. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 138.
24. Typescript of “The Question Box Hour,” Lecture at the Sanitarium Parlor, February 6, 1911, Reel 12, Images 545–46 (pages 11–12 of the typescript), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also Carson, pp. 99–100.
25. Numbers, Prophetess of Health, pp. 179–83.
26. “The Sanitarium Buildings,” Health Reformer, 1877; 12: 257–61, quote is from p. 261; Patsy Gerstner, “The Temple of Health: A Pictorial History of the Battle Creek Sanitarium,” Caduceus, 1996 (Autumn); 12(2): 12–14.
27. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 61–72.
28. Ibid., p. 62.
29. This tale has been told to the author several times over the years while conducting research for this book but he can find no evidence of its truth, hence the term “legend.”
30. Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 183.
31. Carson, pp. 98–101; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 66.
32. Fannie Sprague Talbot, “The Sanitarium Kindergarten,” Battle Creek Sunday Journal-Record, June 7, 1908, Reel 32, Image 70, J. H. Kellogg Papers.
33. Gerstner, “The Temple of Health: A Pictorial History of the Battle Creek Sanitarium,” pp. 8–23, quote is from p. 15; Description of the Medical and Surgical Sanitarium Located at Battle Creek, Michigan (Battle Creek, MI: Battle Creek Sanitarium, 1888), p. 14.
34. Gerstner, “The Temple of Health: A Pictorial History of the Battle Creek Sanitarium,” pp. 8–23; Carson, p. 101; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 66.
35. Carson, p. 103.
36. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 66–69.
37. Ibid., p. 68.
38. Ibid., pp. 69, 174–92. In late December of 1905, Dr. Kellogg delivered a lecture to his patients at the San going over in great detail the contretemps between him and the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Sanitarium’s ownership issues, as well as how the Sanitarium was a nondenominational institution open to all who desired to come. See “Talk. Thursday, December 28, 1905 in the Sanitarium Chapel,” Reel 9, Images 1298–1358, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
39. Powell, p. 57; Schwarz, PhD thesis, pp. 47–48, Chapter 2; Richard Schwarz interviews with Kellogg secretaries Roy V. Ashley, November 6, 1958, and A. S. Bloese, October 16, 1958, Richard Schwarz Collection, No. 157, Box 33, Folder 1, Center for Adventist Research; A. S. Bloese Manuscript, pp. 255–56, 284, Box 1, Folder 14.
40. Over the years, the doctor created more than thirty companies, including the Michigan Sanitarium and Benevolent Association, Sanitary Supply Company, Sanitarium Health Food Company, the individual periodicals Health and Temperance Beacon, Modern Medicine Journal, Bacteriological World, Modern Medicine and Bacteriological Review, Health Reformer, as well as the American Health and Temperance Association, Good Health Publishing Company, Good Health Publishing Association, Sanitas Nut Food Co. Ltd., Sanitas Food Co., Modern Medicine Publishing Co., Modern Medicine Co., Race Betterment Foundation, Social Purity Association, Battle Creek Food Co., Kellogg Food Co., Noko Co., Electric Light Bath Co., the Kellogg Rice Flake and Biscuit Co., in addition to the many schools making up the Battle Creek College. See Powell, p. 60.
41. Ibid., pp. 57–66.
42. Ibid., p. 51.
43. George Howe Colt, Brothers: On His Brothers and Brothers in History (New York: Scribner, 2012), p. 124.
44. Powell, p. 59.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., p. 66.
47. Ibid., p. 64.
48. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 142.
49. Powell, p. 61.
50. Ibid., pp. 59–60.
51. Ibid., p. 61.
52. Ibid., p. 50.
6.
“WHAT’S MORE AMERICAN THAN CORN FLAKES?”
Chapter title: Kadish Millet, “What’s More American,” song recorded by Bing Crosby (with the “Bugs” Bower Orchestra), 45-RPM Single PIP 8940-A (Long Island City, NY: Pickwick International Productions, 1968). The first chorus announces: “What’s more American than Corn Flakes? / The Fourth of July and Uncle Sam. / What’s more American than Baseball? / I am, I am, I am!”
1. Joe Musser, The Cereal Tycoon: Henry Parsons Crowell, the Founder of the Quaker Oats Company (Chicago: Moody Press, 1997), pp. 82–84.
2. Ibid., pp. 88–95.
3. Testimony of J. H. Kellogg, State of Michigan Supreme Court Record, Volume 2 (Kellogg v. Kellogg, p. 362), Box 21, File 3, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU; Carson, p. 93.
4. Carson, p. 118.
5. Ibid., pp. 36–37. See also W. O. Huston, “The American Disease,” Columbus Medical Journal, 1896; 16: 1–6; J. C. Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); J. H. Baron and A. Sonnenberg, “Hospital Admissions for Peptic Ulcer and Indigestion in London and New York in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries,” Gut, 2002; 50: 568–70. In the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s, the English novelist George Eliot’s lover and domestic partner, G. H. Lewes (1817–1878), was a best-selling author of popular books on the physiology of digestion and indigestion. See, for example, G. H. Lewes, The Physiology of Common Life, in Two Volumes (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1859). Ivan Pavlov was a great admirer of Lewes’s studies on digestion.
6. Michael Foster, Lectures on the History of Physiology During the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1901); Owsei Temkin, Galenism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973); G
alen, A Translation of Hygiene (De Sanitate Tuenda), translated by R. M. Green (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1951); L. J. Rather, “The Six Things Non-Natural: A Note on the Origins and Fate of a Doctrine and Phrase,” Clio Medica, 1968; 3: 337–47; Jack W. Berryman, “Motion and Rest: Galen on Exercise and Health,” The Lancet, 2012; (380): 210–11; Nicholas Bauch, A Geography of Digestion: Biotechnology and the Kellogg Cereal Enterprise (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017).
7. For a précis of Dr. Kellogg’s admiration and understanding of Dr. Beaumont’s work, see “Question Box Hour Lecture,” September 24, 1908, Reel 11, Images 171–204 (Beaumont story is told on Images 172–78, pp. 2–7 of typescript), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; J. H. Kellogg, The Health Question Box, or A Thousand and One Health Questions Answered (Battle Creek, MI: Modern Medicine Publishing Co., 1920), pp. 881–86.
8. Jerome J. Bylebyl, “William Beaumont, Robley Dunglison, and the ‘Philadelphia Physiologists,’ ” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 1970; 25(1): 3–21; J. S. Myer, Life and Letters of William Beaumont (St Louis: C. V. Mosby & Co.; 1912), p. 289; R. L. Numbers, W. J. Orr Jr., “William Beaumont’s Reception at Home and Abroad,” Isis, 1981; 72(264): 590, 612; George Rosen, The Reception of William Beaumont’s Discovery in Europe (New York: Schuman, 1942).
9. Ivan P. Pavlov, The Work of the Digestive Glands, translated by W. H. Thompson (London: Charles Griffin and Co., 1902); Daniel Todes, Pavlov’s Physiology Factory: Experiment, Interpretation, Laboratory Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).
10. Pavlov, The Work of the Digestive Glands, pp. 45, 65–66, 152–53; Ivan Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, translated by G. V. Anrep (Oxford: Oxford University Press: Humphrey Milford, 1927); Horace W. Davenport, Physiology of the Digestive Tract (Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1982, 5th edition), pp. 103–12.
11. Carson, p. 118.
12. Candida J. Rebello, William D. Johnson, Corby K. Martin, Wenting Xie, Marianne O’Shea, Anne Kurilich, Nicolas Bordenave, Stephanie Andler, B. Jan Willem van Klinken, Yi-Fang Chu, and Frank L. Greenway, “Acute Effect of Oatmeal on Subjective Measures of Appetite and Satiety Compared to a Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereal: A Randomized Crossover Trial,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2013; 32(4): 272–79. Both the glycemic index and glycemic load of Corn Flakes are among the highest of common or representative foods; see David S. Ludwig, “The Glycemic Index: Physiological Mechanisms Relating to Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease,” JAMA, 2002; 287(18): 2414–23.
13. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, p. 70d, Box 1, File 13; Carson, p. 124.
14. Ronald Numbers, Prophetess of Health: A Study of Ellen G. White (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman’s Publishing Co., 2008, 3rd edition), pp. 127–55; James J. Jackson, “Diphtheria, Its Causes, Treatment and Cure,” Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, February 17, 1863; 21: 89–91; James C. Jackson, Hygiene and the Gospel Ministry (Dansville, NY: F. Wilson Hurd and Co., 1859); James C. Jackson, Hints on the Reproductive Organs: Their Diseases, Causes, and Cure on Hydropathic Principles (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1852); James C. Jackson, The Sexual Organization and Its Healthful Management (Boston: B. Leverett Emerson, 1862); James C. Jackson, Consumption: How to Prevent It, and How to Cure It (Boston: B. Leverett Emerson, 1862); James C. Jackson, How to Beget and Rear Beautiful Children (Dansville, NY: F. Wilson Hurd and Co., 1866); James C. Jackson, American Womanhood: Its Peculiarities and Necessities (Danville, New York: Austin, Jackson and Co., 1870); James C. Jackson, How to Treat the Sick Without Medicine (Danville, New York: Austin, Jackson and Co., 1877).
15. Today’s granola, of course, is a very different entity but the name is a Kellogg creation. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 209; Hilary Greenbaum and Dana Rubenstein, “Who Made That Granola?,” New York Times Magazine, March 23, 2012, p. MM22.
16. Powell, p. 90.
17. Carson, pp. 119–22; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 117–18.
18. Jim Holechek, Henry Perky: The Shredded Wheat King (New York: iUniverse, 2007), pp. 176–77. Based upon a handwritten agreement the two drew up in October of 1892, Ford took credit as the co-inventor of this manufacturing process for many years to come.
19. Carson, p. 120.
20. Carson, p. 120. In Holechek’s version (Henry Perky, pp. 181–83), Perky came to Battle Creek carrying “a wooden box containing his Shredded Wheat machine under one arm” and demonstrated the machine to Dr. Kellogg and, later, to Charley Post.
21. Powell, p. 147.
22. Carson, p. 121.
23. “The Wonders of Niagara: Scenic and Industrial,” promotional booklet for the Shredded Wheat Company (Niagara Falls, NY: The Shredded Wheat Co., 1914), Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine; “Henry Perky Is Dead. He Was an Advocate of Vegetarianism—End Hastened by Fall,” New York Times, June 30, 1906, p. 7; Holechek, Henry Perky, pp. 231–53.
24. Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World (New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2004), p. 329.
25. Carson, p. 121.
26. Powell, p. 90.
27. See Kellogg Company v. National Biscuit Company, 305 U.S. 111 (1938), Supreme Court of the United States, Nos. 2, 56; argued October 10, 1938; decided November 14, 1938. For a legal history of the case, see Graeme B. Dinwoodie, “The Story of Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.: Breakfast with Brandeis,” in Jane Ginsburg and Rochelle Dreyfuss, eds., Intellectual Property Stories (Foundation Press, 2005), pp. 220–58, accessed online on June 22, 2015, at http://works.bepress.com/graeme_dinwoodie/28.
28. Carson, pp. 219–20.
29. Elizabeth Neumeyer, “Mother”: Ella Eaton Kellogg (Battle Creek, MI: Heritage Battle Creek, 2001).
30. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 151. The address was 202 Manchester Street. Battle Creek, Michigan City Directory (Detroit: R. L. Polk Co., 1921), p. 581.
31. Interview with Mary Lamson, conducted by Richard Schwarz, May 17, 1959. B9, File 8, Lamson. Richard Schwarz Collection, Center for Adventist Research. Lamson later became the dean of women at Andrews University.
32. Neumeyer, “Mother”: Ella Eaton Kellogg, p. 54. Neumeyer does an excellent job of tracing the lives of the adopted Kellogg children in her book.
33. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, p. 108h, Box 1, Folder 13.
34. On Christmas night 1906, for example, John touchingly wrote his eighteen-year-old former foster daughter Cecile, who had recently left the home to continue her education in Philadelphia: “You are just as dear to me as though born in our house and you must not allow yourself to feel any less a member of our family and our home than if you were adopted. You have no other home and you need to be anchored somewhere.” Twelve years later, after a series of calamitous family events, he wrote the adult Cecile, “Be sure and let me know if you get into any serious trouble. I am always glad to come to your rescue.” Letter from John H. Kellogg to Cecile May Hatch-Kellogg, Christmas night 1906; Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Cecile May Hatch-Kellogg, November 3, 1918, Collection of Dr. Kenneth Woodside and Mrs. Kathleen D. Woodside of Battle Creek, Michigan. Dr. Broadside’s great-grandmother Cecile married a man named Clarence Parrish who worked at the San, first as a bellhop; later, he was in charge of the photography shop. The marriage ended in divorce. She subsequently married a man named Harry Pickard and lived on a farm outside Battle Creek. At the end of her life, she lived in a Kellogg-funded building called the Sunshine Center. I am grateful to Dr. Woodside for sharing his family heirlooms and history with me.
35. Ella E. Kellogg, Talks with Girls: An Address on the Social Purity Pledge (Battle Creek, MI: Good Health Publishing Co., 1889). John wrote a companion piece called Social Purity. See Neumeyer, “Mother”: Ella Eaton Kellogg, pp. 68–69, 74. Ella also wrote a book entitled Studies in Character Building. A Book for Parents (Battle Creek: Good Health Publishing Co., 1905).
36.
Carson, p. 111. Carson states: “In the days of his youth, [John] said, a young buck was almost expected to contract a venereal infection as proof of his manhood.”
37. Martha B. Roosevelt died at the age of forty-eight from typhoid fever on the same day, February 14, 1884, and in the same house as Theodore’s young wife, Alice Lee Roosevelt, who died from Bright’s disease or kidney failure. See William H. Harbaugh, The Life and Death of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Collier, 1963), pp. 50–52.
38. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, pp. 108b–108i, Box 1, File 13; In Memoriam, Ella Eaton Kellogg (Originally appeared in Good Health, July 1920).
39. Carson, pp. 110–11; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 149.
40. J. H. Kellogg, “My Helpmeet,” in “In Memoriam, Ella Eaton Kellogg” (originally appeared in Good Health, July 1920). Reprints from the Collections of the University of Michigan.
41. Carson, pp. 111–12.
42. “Recollections” (unpublished memoir of Ella Kellogg), Reel 1, Images 55–117, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; “Mrs. Kellogg Succumbs to Long Illness. Wife of Dr. J. H. Kellogg and One of the Best Known Women in the Community” (obituary), Battle Creek Moon-Journal, June 14, 1920, Reel 32, Images 99–100 (obituaries from the Detroit Free Press, June 15, 1920, and Detroit Evening News are clipped on Images 101–3, Reel 32, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; Mrs. E. E. Kellogg, Science in the Kitchen: A Scientific Treatise on Food Substances and Their Dietetic Properties Together with a Practical Explanation of Healthful Cookery and a Large Number of Original, Palatable, and Wholesome Recipes (Battle Creek, MI: Health Publishing Co., 1892); Ella E. Kellogg, Healthful Cookery: A Collection of Choice Recipes for Preparing Foods, with Special Reference to Health (Battle Creek, MI: The Modern Medicine Publishing Co., 1904); “In Memoriam, Ella Eaton Kellogg,” originally appeared in Good Health, July 1920. Reprints from the Collections of the University of Michigan; Neumeyer, “Mother”: Ella Eaton Kellogg.
43. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 156.
The Kelloggs Page 48