19. Proceedings of Societies, American Public Health Association, 3rd Annual Meeting (3rd Day, Morning Session); Frederic R. Sturgis, “How Does Syphilis Affect Public Health?,” Medical Times and Register, November 28, 1874; 5: 140; William W. Sanger, The History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes and Effects Throughout the World (New York: The Medical Publishing Co., 1913), p. 686.
20. Venereal Diseases, March 13, 1874, Medical School Notes, Images 196–206, quote is from Reel 38, Image 198, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
21. See Fordyce Barker, The Puerperal Diseases: Clinical Lectures Delivered at Bellevue Hospital (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1874, 3rd edition), Preface, pp. iii–v, pp. 464–67, 516; John H. Kellogg’s notes, “Puerperal Fever, February 25, 1874,” Medical School Notes, Reel 38, Images 406–13, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; Sherwin B. Nuland, The Doctors’ Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever and the Strange Story of Ignac Semmelweis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004); Irvine Loudon, The Tragedy of Childbed Fever (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., “The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever,” in Medical Essays, 1842–1882 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1883, 2nd edition), pp. 103–72; Ignac Semmelwers (translated by K. Codell Carter), The Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childhood Fever (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin, 1983).
22. Perhaps even more inspiring to John was Smith’s success as the popular author of The City That Was, in which Smith proposed several important municipal, state, and national regulations related to public health. See “Stephen Smith,” in Malone, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 17, pp. 348–49; Stephen Smith, The City That Was (New York: Frank Allaban, 1911); typescript of “The Battle Creek Idea,” Stereo-opticon Lecture at the Sanitarium Parlor, September 15, 1910, Reel 12, Images 546–50, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
23. Carson, p. 93; Howard Markel, Quarantine! East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
24. Medical School Notes, Reel 38, Images 192–317, 318–405, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
25. Ibid., Reel 38, Images 812–43.
26. Carson, p. 118; Schwarz, PhD thesis, pp. 33–34.
27. Testimony of J. H. Kellogg, Kellogg v. Kellogg, State of Michigan Supreme Court Record, Volume 2, p. 362, J. H. Kellogg Papers, Michigan State University Archives, East Lansing, Michigan (hereinafter J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU); Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 34.
28. Lawrence Veiller, “Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1834–1900,” in Robert W. DeForest and Lawrence Veiller, The Tenement House Problem, Including the Report of the New York State Tenement House Commission of 1900 (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1903), pp. 71–118, quote is from p. 94. See also Richard Planz, A History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Social Change in the American Metropolis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), pp. 1–20. In his Model Housing Law, first published in 1914, Lawrence Veiller urged legislating the removal and disinfecting of all privy vaults in the city. Lawrence Veiller, A Model Housing Law (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1920, revised edition), pp. 246–48.
29. Veiller, “Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1834–1900,” p. 78; C. A. Mohr, “Tenement Evils as Seen by an Inspector,” in DeForest and Veiller, The Tenement House Problem, pp. 421–43, quote is from p. 434.
30. Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 34; Seventeenth Annual Announcement of the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Sessions of 1877–1878, with the Annual Catalogue for 1876–1877, pp. 16–18.
31. J. H. Kellogg, “What Is Disease?,” MD thesis for Graduation, Bellevue Hospital Medical College, February 14, 1875, Reel 6, Images 269–284, “Lectures, Speeches and Related, 1875–1943,” J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
32. Seventeenth Annual Announcement of the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Sessions of 1877–1878, with the Annual Catalogue for 1876–1877, p. 16.
33. Ibid., pp. 16–17. For a review of these “irregular” systems of medicine, see Norman Gevitz, ed., Other Healers: Unorthodox Medicine in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988); John S. Haller Jr., Medical Protestants: The Eclectics in American Medicine, 1825–1939 (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994).
34. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 32.
35. The same critic found “every other aspect” of the building—its overall design and architecture, the decor and the too closely spaced seats—to be a “decided failure.” “Opening of the Academy of Music,” New York Times, October 3, 1854.
36. Henry E. Krehbiel, The Philharmonic Society of New York: A Memorial Published on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Philharmonic Society, April, 1892, by the Society (New York: Novello, Ewer & Co., 1892); Howard Shanet, Henry Edward Krehbiel, James Huneker, and John Erskine, Early Histories of the New York Philharmonic (New York: DaCapo, 1979); Howard Shanet, Philharmonic: A History of New York’s Orchestra (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975); H. Wiley Hitchcock and Joseph Horowitz, Grove Music Online (New York: Oxford University Press, April 2015).
37. Graduating Exercises: Bellevue Medical College, Fourteenth Annual Commencement, Order of Exercises, List of the Graduates and Prizes, Judge Brady’s Address, New York Times, February 26, 1875; “Bellevue Hospital Medical College Commencement,” Medical Record, 1875; 10: 175–76.
38. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 33.
39. Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 36.
40. Ibid., p. 37.
41. Ibid., p. 37, citing Certificate of Instruction signed by George M. Beard, April 5, 1875, Scrapbook No. 1, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
42. Dr. Beard testified that Guiteau was a “hereditary monomaniac” in a then novel effort to prove the assassin “not guilty by reason of insanity.” C. E. Rosenberg, The Trial of the Assassin Guiteau (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 227. For a popular account of the trial, see Candice Millard, Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine and the Murder of a President (New York: Doubleday, 2011).
43. Charles M. Beard, American Nervousness: Its Causes and Consequences. A Supplement to Nervous Exhaustion (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1881), quotes are from pp. 96, 176; George M. Beard, “Neurasthenia or Nervous Exhaustion,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 80 (1869): 217–21; George M. Beard, A Practical Treatise on Nervous Exhaustion (Neurasthenia): Its Symptoms, Nature, Sequences, Treatment (New York: William Wood and Co., 1880). See also Tom Lutz, American Nervousness, 1903: An Anecdotal History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), pp. 1–30; H. A. Bunker, “From Beard to Freud: A Brief History of the Concept of Neurasthenia,” Medical Review of Reviews, 1930; 36: 108–14; Charles E. Rosenberg, “The Place of George Miller Beard in American Psychiatry,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1962; 36: 245–59; Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), pp. 129–30; Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, and American Society (New York: Pantheon, 1986), pp. 137–66; F. G. Gosling, Before Freud: Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community, 1870–1910 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987).
44. Charles E. Rosenberg, “George M. Beard and American Nervousness,” in Charles E. Rosenberg, No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), pp. 98–108, quote is from p. 108.
45. George M. Beard and A. D. Rockwell, The Medical Uses of Electricity (New York: William Wood and Co., 1867). For a useful synopsis of the medical uses of electricity during this period, see Green, Fit for America, pp. 167–80.
46. John subsequently invented shocking devices that he marketed, sold, and employed on his patients at the Battle Creek Sanitarium. J. H. Kellogg, Light Therapeutics; a Practical Manual of Phototherapy for the Student and the Practitioner, with Special Reference to the Incandescent Electric-Light Bath (Battle Creek, MI: The Good Health Publishing Co., 1910).
47. The Seventh-day Adventist Battle Creek College was founded in
1874, primarily as a Christian-based school for young Adventist students. In 1901, after Ellen White began making predictions of the destruction of sinful Battle Creek, it was moved to Berrien Springs, Michigan, as the Emmanuel Missionary College and later Andrews University. John ran a smaller-scaled Battle Creek College from 1902 to 1938. It supported itself with tuition dollars, grants from the Race Betterment Foundation, the proceeds of his food companies, and occasional gifts from donors. See The Battle Creek Schools: Professional, Academic, Biblical, Technical, Industrial. Announcement for 1905–1908. Incorporated Under the Statutes of the States of Michigan and Illinois (Battle Creek, MI: Battle Creek Schools, 1905).
48. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 60–61.
49. J. S. Ingram, The Centennial Exposition Described and Illustrated (Philadelphia: Hubbard Brothers, Publishers, 1876), p. 5.
50. “Healds’ Hygeian Home of Wilmington, Delaware in successful operation since January 1, 1871, with 500 patients from 35 States, Territories and the Canadas. Terms Reduced for 1875” (advertisement), The Herald of Health Devoted to the Culture of Body and Mind (New York: Wood and Holbrook, 1875), Volume 59, p. 232.
51. See, for example, Stephen Smith, “Alcohol: Its Nature and Effects,” in Centennial Temperance Volume: A Memorial of the International Temperance Conference Held in Philadelphia, June, 1876 (New York: National Temperance Society and Publication House, 1877), pp. 251–57.
52. For excellent guides of the exhibits that J. H. Kellogg saw in 1876, see U.S. Centennial Commission, International Exhibition, 1876: Official Catalogue, Complete in One Volume (Philadelphia: John R. Nagle and Co., 1876), pp. 92 (Special Buildings), 120, 129 (Department II, Manufacturers), 255 (Classification, Department III, Science and Education); 67, 284–85 (U.S. Government Building); Carson, pp. 94–95; A Facsimile of Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition of 1876 (New York: Paddington Press/Two Continents Publishing Group, 1974), pp. 154, 236, 239, 319; Robert C. Post, 1876: A Centennial Exhibition (Washington, DC: National Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 1976), pp. 75–100, 153–57. For an engaging study on health exhibits at the world’s fairs of this era, see Julie K. Brown, Health and Medicine on Display: International Exhibitions in the United States, 1876–1904 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009), pp. 11–41.
53. Charles M. Gilmore, The Herald Guide Book and Directory to the Centennial Exposition (Philadelphia: Herald Guide Books, 1876), p. 8.
54. Howard Markel, “From Eakins’s Canvas, 1800s Version of Medical Docudrama,” New York Times, August 13, 2002, p. D5.
55. James D. McCabe, The Illustrated History of the Centennial Exhibition (Philadelphia: The National Publishing Co., 1876), p. 585.
56. The Zander Institute, Mechanical Exercise, A Means of Cure: Being a Description of the Zander Institute, London, Its History, Appliances, Scope and Object (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1884), p. 5.
57. J. H. Kellogg, “A Hygienist Abroad,” Good Health, August 1883, pp. 246–49. John visited Europe again in 1899, 1907, 1911.
58. Powell, p. 38. Ann Janette died at the age of sixty-nine in 1893 of heart failure. In 1932, Will endowed a school in her name. It was designed to teach disabled children right alongside other children, a pioneering educational advance now called “mainstreaming” but at the time was anything but mainstream in the American educational system.
59. Ibid., pp. 37–38.
60. Ibid., p. 37.
61. Carson, p. 90.
62. Ibid., p. 91; Powell, p. 35.
63. Carson, p. 91.
64. Powell, p. 40.
65. Will Kellogg’s diary for this period is excerpted and quoted in ibid., pp. 41–45.
66. Powell, pp. 41–42.
67. Ibid., p. 42.
68. Will’s grandson Norman Williamson Jr. reported, “his teeth were very bad. He wrote of frequent toothaches and subsequent extractions. By the time he got to Battle Creek, he had lost all of his molars. He was to depend on store teeth [dentures] for most of the seventy odd years remaining in his life.” Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, p. 11.
69. Powell, p. 42.
70. Ibid., p. 43.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., p. 44.
73. Ibid., pp. 44–45.
74. Ibid., p. 43.
75. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, p. 155.
76. Powell, p. 43.
77. Ibid., p. 45.
78. Ibid., p. 47.
79. Ibid., p. 46. Will’s “graduation certificate” is reproduced in Powell’s book.
80. Ibid., p. 69.
81. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, p. 14.
82. Powell, p. 259.
83. Ibid., pp. 265–66. By the 1930s, Richards’s show, The Voice of Prophecy, broadcast his evangelism in thirty-six languages on more than 1,100 stations.
84. Ibid., p. 265.
85. Brian Wilson, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Religion of Biologic Living (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014), p. 132.
5.
BUILDING THE SAN
1. Map of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, “Water Level Route,” Map Collections of the University of Michigan Libraries; T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (New York: Vintage, 2010), p. 334; New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, Railway Timetable (New York: American Bank Note Co., 1885).
2. Charles MacIvor, “The Lord’s Physician,” Chapter 11, “Dr. Kellogg—a Wise Decision,” p. 1, Charles MacIvor Collection, No. 251, Box 10, File 12, Chapters 11–20, Center for Adventist Research.
3. The Friday Sabbath service was actually held on June 5, 1867, but because the sun had already set, the new day was considered to have begun, in keeping with the Hebrew method of dating events; hence, in many Adventist writings, both dates for the vision are given, Friday the 5th and Saturday the 6th. Since Ellen White states it was the 6th, in her recollection of the event for the Adventist newspaper, I used the latter. See Ellen White, “Questions and Answers,” Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, October 8, 1867; 30(17): 260–61. See also Testimonies for the Church, Volume 1, pp. 485–95, 552, 553–67; www.gilead.net/egw/books/testimonies/Testimonies_for_the_Church_Volume_One/; MacIvor, “The Lord’s Physician,” Chapter 12 (“A Noble Experiment”), Charles MacIvor Collection, No. 251, Box 10, File 12, Chapters 11–20, Center for Adventist Research. And see also E. G. White, Christian Temperance and Bible Hygiene (Battle Creek, MI: Good Health Publishing Co., 1890), p. 219; Harold M. Walton and Kathryn J. Nelson, Historical Sketches of the Medical Work of the Seventh-Day Adventists (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1948), p. 31; John Skrzypaszek, “The Heart of the Seventh-day Adventist Health Message,” Ministry: The International Journal for Pastors, December 2014, accessed January 21, 2016, at https://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/2014/12/.
4. Ellen G. White, Testimonies, Volume 1, No. 87, pp. 485–95. See also Nos. 88, 89, 90, 91, 100, 101 102, 112, 117, accessed June 23, 2015 at www.gilead.net/egw/books/testimonies/Testimonies_for_the_Church_Volume_One/.
(John Harvey Kellogg used May 20, 1866, as the founding date of the San and in 1916 held a fiftieth “Golden Jubilee” anniversary convocation in Battle Creek to commemorate the event.)
5. Ronald Numbers, Prophetess of Health: A Study of Ellen G. White (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008, 3rd edition), p. 156; D. E. Robinson, The Story of Our Health Message (Nashville: Southern Publishing Association, 1965 revised and enlarged edition), pp. 144–52; The Western Health Reform Institute, Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, June 19, 1866; 28(3): 24; J. N. Loughborough, “Report from J. N. Loughborough,” Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, September 11, 1866; 28(15): 117.
6. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 59–61; Western Health Reform Institute/Battle Creek Sanitarium Minutes for May 17, July 22, 1867; September 11, 1867; October 1 and 11, 1880, Center for Adventist Research; Battle Creek Daily Journal, September 10, 1872, p. 1.
7. Ch
arles MacIvor, “The Lord’s Physician,” Chapter 12, “A Noble Experiment,” p. 2, Charles MacIvor Collection, No. 251, Box 10, File 12, Chapters 11–20, Center for Adventist Research; J. N. Loughborough, Rise and Progress of the Seventh-Day Adventists (Battle Creek, MI: Herald and Review Publishing Co, 1892), p. 262.
8. Charles MacIvor, “The Lord’s Physician,” Chapter 12, “A Noble Experiment,” p. 3, Charles MacIvor Collection, No. 251, Box 10, File 12, Chapters 11–20, Center for Adventist Research.
9. Ellen G. White, Testimonies, Volume 3, pp. 165–85, quote is from p. 181, accessed June 24, 2015, at www.gilead.net/egw/books/testimonies/Testimonies_for_the_Church_Volume_Three/index.xhtml?http&url=www.gilead.net/egw/books/testimonies/Testimonies_for_the_Church_Volume_Three/1_THE_TIMES_OF_VOLUME_THREE.xhtml.
10. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 59–61; Carson, pp. 69–70, 82–83.
11. Ellen G. White, Testimonies, Volume 3, pp. 165–85, quote is from p. 175, accessed June 24, 2015, at: http://www.gilead.net/egw/books/testimonies/Testimonies_for_the_Church_Volume_Three/index.htm?http&url=www.gilead.net/egw/books/testimonies/Testimonies_for_the_Church_Volume_Three/1_THE_TIMES_OF_VOLUME_THREE.htm.
12. James White, “Eight Weeks in Battle Creek,” Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, June 1, 1876; 47(22): 172.
The Kelloggs Page 47