50. Interview with Emil Storkaw, conducted by Richard Schwarz, June 5, 1962 (Card VII-B-2,4), B9, F8, Storkaw, Richard Schwarz Collection, Center for Adventist Research; unidentified clipping, “Dr. Kellogg Will to Be Contested,” February 18, 1944 (Image 464); “Kellogg Will Suit Date Set,” Detroit Times, February 26, 1944 (Image 471), both clips in Reel 32, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
51. Wilson, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Religion of Biologic Living, pp. 149–50; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 147–56.
52. Boyle, The Road to Wellville, pp. 46–48.
53. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, pp. 108h-108i, Box 1, Folder 13; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 147–56.
54. Boyle, The Road to Wellville, pp. 380–82, 448–63.
55. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 70–71.
56. This creaky firetrap of an opera house was built in 1868 for $40,000 (or $687,000 in 2016). “Mass Meeting, March 17, 1902 at Hamblin’s Opera House,” Reel 8, Images 389–428, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; advertisement for Wooden’s Buff Wyandotte chickens and Indian Runner ducks, in Michigan Poultry Breeder, May 1904, 19(5) (Battle Creek: George S. Barnes, 1904).
57. “Report of a portion of a council meeting held at Mrs. E. G. White’s home, ‘Elsmhaven,’ St. Helena, Cal., 8 a.m., October 19, 1902. Present: Mrs. E. G. White, elders A. G. Daniells, W. C. White, W. T. Knox, E. R. Palmer, A. T. Jones, J. O. Corliss,” Reel 1, Images 155–60; Correspondence with SDA Members on Rebuilding the Sanitarium, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
58. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to E. G. White, March 8, 1899, Images 34–37; Mrs. White’s sermon and letter “To Our Brethren in All Lands,” January 25, 1899, Reel 1, Images 43–47, Correspondence with SDA Members on Rebuilding the Sanitarium, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
59. “Mass Meeting, March 17, 1902 at Hamblin’s Opera House,” p. 5, Reel 8, Images 389–428, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also “A Great Philanthropic Enterprise. (Report of the Citizen’s Committee Investigating the Sanitarium’s Finances),” March 17, 1902, Reel 33, Images 365–68, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
60. “Remarks Made at the Laying of the Cornerstone, May 11, 1902 by Dr. J. H. Kellogg,” Reel 8, Images 442–47, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. Sixteen months later, on May 31, 1903, he would dedicate and open the new sanitarium. “New Sanitarium Dedication Exercises. May 31, 1903,” Reel 8, Images 1040–67, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
8.
THE NEW SAN
1. “Remarks Made at the Laying of the Corner Stone, May 11, 1902 by Dr. J. H. Kellogg,” Reel 8, Images 442–47, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
2. The New Sanitarium’s dedication ceremony is discussed in detail in “New Sanitarium Dedication Exercises, May 31, 1903,” Reel 8, Images 1040–67, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also “Battle Creek’s New Temple of Health,” Battle Creek Daily Moon, June 1, 1903, p. 1; “A Grand Temple of Health. The Battle Creek Sanitarium Arises from Its Ashes, Stands Forth Today the Largest and Best Appointed in the World,” Battle Creek Morning Enquirer, June 1, 1903, p. 1.
3. See, for example, letter from W. K. Kellogg to William Janney, January 15, 1903, which documents Janney’s loan of $1,500 to the rebuilding project. Reel 1, Images 242–43, Box 1, File 1; Letter from W. K. Kellogg to Caroline S. Cowels, February 14, 1903, Reel 1, Images 217–18, Box 1, File 1. J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU. W. K. Kellogg sent out hundreds of such requests and was quite successful in generating the necessary funds through appeals to Adventist “brothers and sisters across the nation.” He also kept these donors up to date on the battles between the Adventist elders and the doctor, defending John’s methods of operation and tamping down the whispering campaign orchestrated by William White and his cronies. Many examples of such letters can be found on this same file of archival materials. See also Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 71, 174–92.
4. One notice announces a capital campaign for $2 million to fund the new San and states the insurance policy was for $154,900. “Note for the Review,” undated, circa 1902–1903, Reel 28, Images 192–93, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
5. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to S. N. Haskell, March 30, 1903, Reel 1, Images 537–39, Box 1, File 4, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU. Stephen N. Haskell was an Adventist missionary and one of Dr. Kellogg’s loyal friends during the battles between him and the Whites.
6. J. H. Kellogg, title page, The Living Temple (Battle Creek, MI: Good Health Publishing Company, 1903). Dr. Kellogg abbreviates the line from the King James version: “What? know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own?”
7. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Sarah McEnterfer. January 28, 1906, Reel 3, Images 355–68, Box 3, File 6. See also Letter from George Butler to J. H. Kellogg, December 8, 1905, Reel 3, Images 175–79, Box 3, File 4; Letter from J. H. Kellogg to S. N. Haskell, December 27, 1905, Reel 3, Images 215–16, Box 3, File 4; Letter from J. H. Kellogg to G. Butler, January 1, 1906, Reel 3, Images 245–49, Box 3, File 5, all in J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU. For nuanced analyses of this battle as well as the theological and semantic tangles it involved, see Richard H. Schwarz, “The Kellogg Schism: The Hidden Issues,” Spectrum 1972 (Autumn); 4:23–39; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 174–208; Wilson, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Religion of Biologic Living, pp. 82–132. See also Norman Young, “The Alpha Heresy: Kellogg and the Cross,” Adventist Heritage, 1972; 12(1): 33–42.
8. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Ellen White, November 12, 1903, Battle Creek Sanitarium Collection No. 234, Box 9, File 18, Center for Adventist Research.
9. Letter from William White to A. G. Daniells, December 20, 1906. This letter quotes Ellen White in long passages, especially with respect to Dr. Kellogg’s supposed pact with the devil. Reel 3, Images 1096–1102, Box 4, File 3, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
10. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to G. I. Butler, April 1, 1906, Reel 3, Images 678–81, Box 3, File 9, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
11. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to G. I. Butler, November 5, 1905, Reel 3, Images 135–40, Box 3, File 3, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
12. The back-and-forth accusations between Adventist Elders and Dr. Kellogg, the controversies raised by his book, and his anguish over the controversy are preserved in the doctor’s papers at Michigan State University, Reel 1, Files 3–9. His excommunication proceedings are on Reels 3 and 4; there also is an interview with Dr. Kellogg, conducted by Elders George Amadon and A. C. Bordeau, October 7, 1907, wherein Dr. Kellogg gives his views and notes that the controversy over his book was largely a political affair generated by allegations that he doubted the primacy of Mrs. White and her teachings, as well as her “direct connection to God.” See also An authentic interview between Elder G.W. Amadon, Elder A.C. Bordeau and Dr. John Harvey Kellogg in Battle Creek, Michigan on October 7th, 1907 (Battle Creek, MI, 1907).
13. J. H. Kellogg, “My First and Last Word,” December 16, 1907, Reel 4, Images 324–29, Box 4, File 10, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU. He also defended his Sanitarium as an independent institution that drew no funds from the Adventists that were not fully paid back with interest, and defended his honor and faith.
14. Daily Programme and Expenses, circa 1903, Battle Creek Sanitarium, Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
15. “Battle Creek’s New Temple of Health,” Battle Creek Daily Moon, June 1, 1903, p. 1.
16. “A Grand Temple of Health,” Battle Creek Morning Enquirer, June 1, 1903, p. 1.
17. “Battle Creek’s New Temple of Health,” p. 1.
18. “New Sanitarium Dedication Exercises. May 31, 1903,” Reel 8, Images 1040–67, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also “Dedication of the New Main Building of the Battle Creek Sanitarium” (typescript program of the event), Reel 28, Images 30–33, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
19. “A Grand Temple of Health,” Battle Creek Morning Enquirer, June 1, 1903, p. 4. See also The Battle Creek Sanitarium (undated patient pamphlet and promotional brochure), Shaw Printing Co., Battle Cre
ek, MI, p. 2, Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
20. “A Chewing Song. Dedicated to Horace Fletcher by One Who Chews.” J. H. Kellogg wrote the lyrics to this song. (Battle Creek, MI: Good Health Publishing Co., 1903), Reel 31, Images 214–17; J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. For more on Horace Fletcher, see Horace Fletcher, Fletcherism, What It Is or How I Became Young at Sixty (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1913, 3rd edition); James C. Whorton, “ ‘Physiologic Optimism’: Horace Fletcher and Hygienic Ideology in Progressive America,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1981; 55: 59–87; Patsy Gerstner, “The Temple of Health: A Pictorial History of the Battle Creek Sanitarium.” A photograph of the “Fletcherize” sign in the dining room can be found on p. 45.
21. See, for example, typescript of “Stereopticon Lecture, November 3, 1910 at 8 pm,” Reel 12, Image 111, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
22. “A Grand Temple of Health,” Battle Creek Morning Enquirer, June 1, 1903, p. 1; Patsy Gerstner, “The Temple of Health: A Pictorial History of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, Caduceus: A Humanities Journal for Medicine and the Health Sciences, 1996 (Autumn): 12(2): 33.
23. Powell, p. 56; “Battle Creek’s New Temple of Health,” Battle Creek Daily Moon, June 1, 1903, p. 1; “The Great and Magnificent New Battle Creek Sanitarium: Fire Proof,” Battle Creek Morning Enquirer, June 1, 1903, p. 1.
24. Gerstner, “The Temple of Health: A Pictorial History of the Battle Creek Sanitarium,” pp. 1–99, quote is from p. 33. See also: Battle Creek Idea, January 21, 1910, pp. 3–4.
25. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (n.d., patient pamphlet and promotional brochure), Battle Creek, MI: Shaw Printing Co., p. 2. Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.
26. Ibid., pp. 1–2. See also Gerstner, “The Temple of Health: A Pictorial History of the Battle Creek Sanitarium,” p. 31.
27. When the Israelites were gathered together by Moses, they swore allegiance to their God with this phrase. I am indebted to Mr. Timothy Hoyle, Public Affairs Specialist, U.S. Department of Defense Logistics Agency, Hart-Dole-Inouye Federal Center, Battle Creek, MI (formerly the Battle Creek Sanitarium) for pointing this window out to me during a tour of the facility.
28. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (n.d., patient pamphlet and promotional brochure), p. 2.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., p. 4.
31. Advertisements: “The Battle Creek Food Idea Is the Health Food Idea Today. We Are the Originators,” Review of Reviews, circa 1903; “Make an Investment This Summer Which Will Pay Dividends in Lengthened Life in the Years to Come…Come to the Battle Creek Sanitarium. The Greatest and Pleasantest Health Resort in the World,” Literary Digest, July 14, 1906, p. 63; “The Battle Creek Sanitarium: Come to Battle Creek,” Review of Reviews, circa 1913; “Where Should an Invalid Spend the Winter?,” Battle Creek Sanitarium brochure, circa 1908; “Sun Baths All Winter at Battle Creek Sanitarium,” Battle Creek Sanitarium Brochure, circa 1929; “Winter at the Battle Creek Sanitarium,” n.d.; “Sun Baths All Winter at Battle Creek,” circa 1915; “Battle Creek for Rest,” circa 1929–1930; Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
32. Letter from W. K. Kellogg to Mrs. Caroline S. Cowels, January 14, 1903, Reel 1, Images 217–18, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
33. J. H. Kellogg, The Battle Creek Sanitarium: History, Organization, Methods (Battle Creek, MI: The Battle Creek Sanitarium, 1908), pp. 23–24; Sweet’s Indexed Catalogue of Building Construction (New York: Architectural Record Company, 1906), pp. 112–16; Letter from W. K. Kellogg to Mrs. Caroline S. Cowels, January 14, 1903, Reel 1, Images 217–18, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
34. Gerstner, “The Temple of Health: A Pictorial History of the Battle Creek Sanitarium,” p. 31.
35. J. H. Kellogg, The Battle Creek Sanitarium, pp. 67–106.
36. J. H. Kellogg, The Crippled Colon: Causes, Consequences, Remedies (Battle Creek, MI: The Modern Publishing Co., 1931).
37. J. H. Kellogg, The Art of Massage: A Practical Manual for the Nurse, the Student and the Practitioner (Battle Creek, MI: Good Health Publishing Co., 1895).
38. Dr. Kellogg appears to have developed many, if not all, of his exercise machines directly based on the work of Gustav Zander in Sweden. The doctor always gave due credit to its originator but insisted that his versions were much improved and more beneficial, an ironic stance for someone who often railed against those who “copied” his more original inventions. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 33, 124, 127. See also J. H. Kellogg, Good Health, August 1883, pp. 246–49, and J. H. Kellogg, “A Hygienist Abroad,” Good Health, February 1884, 19: 50–52; “Mechanical Exercise,” Good Health, January 1896, 31: 10–12; February 1896, 31: 42–44; and March 1896, 31: 74–75; T. J. Hartelius, translated by A. B. Olsen, with Introduction and Notes by J. H. Kellogg, Swedish Movements of Medical Gymnastics (Battle Creek, MI: Modern Medicine Publishing Co., 1896).
39. These dynamometers were used by the U.S. Navy for twenty-five years to measure the muscle strength, before and after training, of cadets matriculating into and graduating from the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 76–77, 125.
40. “Health and Beauty in 15 Minutes a Day…That’s what Barbara Stanwyck…says about the Battle Creek Health Builder…The Health Builder Keeps You Fit, Sanitarium Equipment Company, unidentified clipping, circa 1927. Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine; Richard Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 123–24.
41. J. H. Kellogg, The Battle Creek Sanitarium, pp. 23–25.
42. Dr. Kellogg frequently wrote zookeepers around the world asking about the bowel habits of their gorillas. On October 23, 1939, he received a fecal analysis, with respect to Lactobacillus acidophilus growth in chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas. They were considered low. Nicholas Kepeloff, Ph.D., Consulting Bacteriologist to Battle Creek Food Company, Attn: Dr. J. H. Kellogg, October 23, 1939, Reel 5, Image 767, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also Letter from Leonard J. Goss, DVM, Laboratory and Hospital of New York Zoological Park, to J. H. Kellogg: “The primates frequently evacuate within two hours of feeding time.” They also occasionally develop constipation which was relieved by altering the diet by decreasing rice and cereal and increasing fruits. Goss also reports trying the doctor’s soy acidophilus on sick animals, including a dying monkey and, more successfully, dogs with diarrhea. Letter from Leonard J. Goss to J. H. Kellogg, November 28, 1939, Reel 5, Images 818–19, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. On August 14, 1940, J. H. Kellogg wrote to Mary L. J. Ackley, wife of a professor who worked at the New York Museum of Natural History, “The stools were not in the least degree offensive…the gorilla is the cleanest thing I have encountered.” Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Mrs. Mary Ackley, August 14, 1940, Reel 5, Images 1251–52, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
43. “In very chronic cases and when rapid results are desired, the culture should be used both by enema and by mouth, thus planting the protective germs where they are most needed and may render the most effective service.” J. H. Kellogg, The Health Question Box, or A Thousand and One Health Questions Answered (Battle Creek, MI: Modern Medicine Publishing Co., 1920), pp. 437–38, quote is from p. 438.
44. Gerstner, “The Temple of Health: A Pictorial History of the Battle Creek Sanitarium,” p. 34; “Laundering for the Sanitarium,” Battle Creek Idea, March 10, 1911, p. 4; “The Icehouse,” Battle Creek Idea, January 23, 1908, p. 3.
45. J. H. Kellogg, The Battle Creek Sanitarium, pp. 23–27.
46. Battle Creek Sanitarium, pamphlet, “Rate Schedule, Battle Creek Sanitarium, effective January 1, 1916.” Room, board, and treatment in the main building was $30 to $60 per week and about $20 to $40 per week in the annex and depending on treatment options. Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
47. Daily program and expenses, circa 1903, Battle Creek Sanitarium, pamphlet, “Rate Schedule, Battle C
reek Sanitarium, effective January 1, 1928.”
48. “What I Found at Battle Creek by a Guest,” Battle Creek Sanitarium Brochure, n.d., Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine, p. 21.
49. Ibid., p. 5.
50. Ibid., pp. 3–4.
51. Ibid., p. 5.
52. J. H. Kellogg, The Battle Creek Sanitarium, p. 31.
53. See, for example, “Question Box Hour Lecture,” November 26, 1906, Reel 10, Images 753–74 (quote is on Image 769 or p. 16 of the typescript); and “Question Box Hour Lecture,” November 29, 1910, Reel 12, Image 274, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. In each lecture, he invites anyone who wants to see him to make an appointment through the medical office.
54. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 142.
55. “Living Leaders: Dr. J. H. Kellogg Performs Prodigies of Hard Work. How Does Dr. J. H. Kellogg Labor Day and Night to Advance Christ’s Kingdom—The Secret of His Power,” Ram’s Horn, December 17, 1897, Reel 36, Images 207–9, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
56. Postcard Image of a doctor examining a patient at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, circa 1909, Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
57. The Battle Creek Sanitarium. “Rates for board, treatment, etc., January 1, 1916, Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine. By 1928, an entrance physical examination, which included a “physical inventory,” X-ray (fluoroscopic) examination of the heart and lungs, alveolar CO2 tension test, urinary, fecal, and blood analyses, blood pressure, examination of colon, mouth, teeth, and tonsils, test of vision, and strength test cost $75. “The Battle Creek Sanitarium. Weekly Rates, effective June 1, 1928,” Reel 33, Images 229–48, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
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