58. The examination protocol can be found in J. H. Kellogg, The Battle Creek Sanitarium, pp. 31–66.
59. J. H. Kellogg, “A Visit to Pavlov’s Laboratory”; and V. N. Boldyreff, “Ivan Pavlov as a Scientist,” in Special Issue in Honor of the 80th Birthday of Professor Ivan P. Pavlov. The Bulletin of the Battle Creek Sanitarium and Hospital Clinic, October 1929; 24(4): 203–11 and 212–29; T. Joe Willey, “Kellogg and Pavlov: Portrait of a Friendship,” Spectrum, 1983; 14(2): 16–19.
60. Daniel Todes, Ivan Pavlov: A Life in Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 316–17.
61. “A Great Scientist Visits the Sanitarium,” Battle Creek Sanitarium Idea, August 1923, p. 10, Reel 33, Image 636, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; W. Boldyreff, “Academician I. P. Pavlov,” American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 1934; 1(9): 747–54.
62. Todes, Ivan Pavlov, pp. 3, 456–57.
63. “What I Found at Battle Creek by a Guest,” Battle Creek Sanitarium Brochure, n.d., Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine, p. 11.
64. Ibid., p. 11; J. H. Kellogg, Rational Hydropathy: A Manual of the Physiological and Therapeutic Effects of Hydriatic Procedure, and the Technique of Their Application in the Treatment of Disease, in Two Volumes, Second Edition (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company, Publishers, 1903).
65. “Phototherapy and Electrotherapy as Employed at the Battle Creek Sanitarium,” Good Health, July 1909; 44: 565–68. Kellogg goes into much greater depth on his theories about the therapeutic uses of light and electricity in J. H. Kellogg, Light Therapeutics: A Practical Manual of Phototherapy for the Student and Practitioner (Battle Creek, MI: The Modern Medicine Publishing Co., 1927, 2nd edition). For an advertisement of the sunlamps Dr. Kellogg invented and sold, see “Use Sunlight to Build Vigorous Health. The Battle Creek Sunarc Bath Company,” Literary Digest, March 23, 1929, p. 57. Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine. For all therapies and exercise regimens at the San, see J. H. Kellogg, The Battle Creek Sanitarium, pp. 73–116.
66. N. E. Rosenthal et al., “Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Description of the Syndrome and Preliminary Findings with Light Therapy,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 1984; 41: 72–80.
67. J. H. Kellogg, The Health Question Box, or A Thousand and One Questions Answered (Battle Creek, MI: Modern Medicine Publishing Co., Second edition, 1920), pp. 535–67.
68. J. H. Kellogg, The Battle Creek Sanitarium, pp. 117–38; “What I Found at Battle Creek by a Guest,” p. 8; Menu, Battle Creek Sanitarium, Dinner, May 19, 1916, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
69. “Question Box Hour Lecture,” February 15, 1911, Reel 12, Image 604, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
70. Upton Sinclair, The Profits of Religion: An Essay in Economic Interpretation (Self-published by Upton Sinclair in Pasadena, CA, 1918), p. 237; Lauren Coodley, Upton Sinclair: California Socialist, Celebrity Intellectual (Lincoln: Bison Books/University of Nebraska Press, 2013), pp. 52, 86.
71. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 190.
72. Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 411; Wilson, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, p. 136.
73. “Pointers for Patients: A Few Helpful Hints to Aid in the Climb Healthward,” Battle Creek Sanitarium Pamphlet, circa 1916. Collections of University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
74. J. H. Kellogg, The Battle Creek Sanitarium Health Ladder: A Series of Twenty Health Promoting Exercises, album and instruction booklet (New York: Columbia Gramophone Co., 1923). Quote is from the album’s instruction booklet, p. 4.
75. A. S. Bloese, “Anecdotes and Interesting Episodes in the Life of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg,” p. 4, A. S. Bloese Manuscript, Box 1, File 12.
9.
THE SAN’S OPERATIONS
1. Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 266.
2. For archival information on Kellogg’s European trips, see “A Hygienist Abroad,” Scrapbooks, Reel 36, Images 311–52, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; and Notes of Meeting Brown-Sequard of Paris, c. 1884–85 (Images 1018–19); Notes of Europe trip for 1911, Billroth of Vienna (Images 994–96); Notes of meeting with Arbuthnot Lane (Images 1232–33); Operative notes while observing Lawson Tait (Images 1280–84), Reel 38, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; J. H. Kellogg, “Lawson Tait” (obituary), in Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, circa 1927, in Reel 40, Images 892–910, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; for a published version of Dr. Kellogg’s 1883 trip, see J. H. Kellogg, “A Hygienist Abroad,” Good Health, August 1883, Vol. 18, pp. 246–49.
3. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 110–14.
4. Theodor Billroth, translated by William H. Welch, The Medical Sciences in the German Universities: A Study in the History of Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1924); H. Engel, “Billroth, Christian Albert Theodor,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Volume 2 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970), pp. 129–31. For a description of Wolfer’s work, see Howard Markel, An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted and the Miracle Drug Cocaine (New York: Pantheon, 2011), pp. 25, 31, 44, 107–8.
5. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 111; L. M. Jackson, S. J. Dudrick, and B. E. Sumpio, “John Harvey Kellogg: Surgeon, Inventor, Nutritionist, 1852–1943,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2004; 199(5): 817–21. See also “Operative notes while observing Lawson Tait,” Reel 38, Images 1280–84, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; J. H. Kellogg, “Lawson Tait,” in Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, circa 1927, Reel 40, Images 892–910, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
6. Anna Greenwood, “Lawson Tait and Opposition to Germ Theory: Defining Science in Surgical Practice,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 1998; 53(2): 99–131; Lawson Tait, “An Experimental Research on the Value of Listerism in Abdominal Surgery,” British Medical Journal, 1882; 1: 543; Lawson Tait, “One Hundred Consecutive Cases of Ovariotomy Performed Without Any of the Listerian Details,” British Medical Journal, 1882; 2: 830–32; Lawson Tait, “An Account of Two Hundred and Eight Consecutive Cases of Abdominal Section Performed Between Nov. 1st, 1881, and December 31st, 1882,” British Medical Journal, 1883; 1: 300–304; Lawson Tait, “Abstract of an Address on One Thousand Abdominal Sections,” British Medical Journal, 1885; 1: 218–20; Lawson Tait, “One Hundred and Thirty Nine Consecutive Ovariotomies Performed Between January 1st, 1884, and December 31st, 1885, Without a Death,” British Medical Journal, 1886; 1: 921–24; Lawson Tait, “An Address on the Present Aspect of Antiseptic Surgery,” British Medical Journal, 1890; 2: 728–32; Lawson Tait, “Skepticism and Asepticism,” British Medical Journal, 1890; 2: 925; U. Tröhler, “Statistics and the British Controversy About the Effects of Joseph Lister’s System of Antisepsis for Surgery, 1867–1890,” James Lind Library Bulletin: Commentaries on the History of Treatment Evaluation, 2014, accessed August 1, 2015, at http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/statistics-and-the-british-controversy-about-the-effects-of-joseph-listers-system-of-antisepsis-for-surgery-1867–1890/.
7. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 111.
8. I discuss the development of the rubber surgical glove in my book An Anatomy of Addiction, pp. 193–94.
9. Reel 38, Images 674–99, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; J. H. Kellogg, “Should the Colon Be Sacrificed or May It Be Reformed?,” Journal of the AMA, June 30, 1917; 68(26): 1957–59. (Kellogg wanted to avoid such drastic surgery except for the “extremely rare and exceptional cases.”); J. H. Kellogg, “Surgery of the Ileo-Cecal Valve: A Method of Repairing an Incompetent Ileocecal Valve and a Method of Constructing an Artificial Ileocolic Valve” reprint from the November 1913 issue of Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine. See also William Arbuthnot Lane, The Operative Treatment of Chronic Intestinal Stasis (James Nisbet and Co., 1915, 3rd edition). Previous editions of this book were titled Chronic Constipation. For biographical information on Dr. Lane, see T. B. Layton, Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, Bt., C.B., M.S.: An Enquiry into the Mind and Influence of a Surgeon (Edinburgh: E. and S. Livingsto
ne, 1956); Robert P. Hudson, “Theory and Therapy: Ptosis, Stasis, and Autointoxication,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1989; 63: 392–413; E. Ernst, “Colonic Irrigation and the Theory of Autointoxication: A Triumph of Ignorance over Science,” Journal of Gastroenterology, 1997; 24(4): 196–98; John Leonard Smith, “Sir Arbuthnot Lane, Chronic Intestinal Stasis, and Autointoxication,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 1982; 96: 365–69.
10. Schwarz. John Harvey Kellogg, p. 114.
11. Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 275.
12. A. E. Wiggam, “The Most Remarkable Man I Have Ever Known,” American Magazine, December 1925, p. 120; A. S. Bloese Manuscript, pp. 365–66, Box 2, Folder 1; Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 271.
13. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 113; Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 266; Interview with Dr. William Sadler conducted by Richard Schwarz, September 22, 1960, Richard Schwarz Papers, B8, F12, Sadler 2 (card V-B), Center for Adventist Research. See also Howard Markel, “Onward Howard Kelly, Marching as to War,” JAMA, 2011; 306(22): 2513–15; Audrey W. Davis, Dr. Kelly of Hopkins: Surgeon, Scientist, Christian (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959).
14. Carson, p. 95; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 111–12; Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 271.
15. Interview with Dr. William Sadler conducted by Richard Schwarz, September 22, 1960.
16. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 142.
17. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, pp. 154–55, Box 1, File 13; Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 272. For modern approaches to preventing deep venous thrombosis postoperatively, including early ambulation after a procedure, see Michael R. Cassidy, Pamela Rosenkranz, and D. McAneny, “Reducing Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism Complications with a Standardized Risk-Stratified Prophylaxis Protocol and Mobilization Program,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2014: 218(6): 1095–1104.
18. L. M. Jackson, S. J. Dudrick, and B. E. Sumpio, “John Harvey Kellogg: Surgeon, Inventor, Nutritionist, 1852–1943,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2004; 199(5): 817–21.
19. “The Story of the Miami-Battle Creek,” p. 12, Reel 33, Images 559–69, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; Charles MacIvor, “The Lord’s Physician,” Chapter 24, “A Day in the Operating Room,” pp. 1–8, Center for Adventist Research.
20. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 110–14.
21. Interview with William S. Sadler, by Richard Schwarz, December 28, 1961 (card VIII-H), B10, F6, Richard Schwarz Collection, Center for Adventist Research.
22. J. H. Kellogg, Ladies’ Guide in Health and Disease: Girlhood, Maidenhood, Wifehood, Motherhood (Des Moines, Iowa: W. D. Condit, 1883); both the longer and the short quote appear on p. 611. This book went through several editions and was largely unchanged from the original volume, although more figures and illustrations appear in each successive edition. The same passage appears on page 643 of the 1905 edition, which by then was published by John’s publishing company, the Modern Medicine Publishing Company of Battle Creek.
23. Interview of William S. Sadler by Richard Schwarz, December 28, 1961. For a study of Sadler’s work and life, see Vonne G. Meussling, “William S. Sadler: Chautauqua’s Medic Orator,” PhD thesis in Speech, Bowling Green State University, 1970.
24. Norman Williamson Jr. quoting from his grandfather’s diary for May 5, 1884, in Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, pp. 17–18.
25. Steven Watts, The People’s Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), quote is from page 153. See also Frederick W. Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1911).
26. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, p. 15.
27. Ibid., pp. 15–16, quote is from p. 16.
28. Melvin T. Copeland, “Arch W. Shaw,” Journal of Marketing, 1958; 22(3): 313–15; Robert Cuff, “Edwin F. Gay, Arch W. Shaw, and the Uses of History in Early Graduate Business Education,” Journal of Management History, 1996; 2(3): 9–25. See also, for example, Arch W. Shaw, An Approach to Business Problems (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920); Arch W. Shaw, Some Problems in Market Distribution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1915). When McGraw-Hill Publishing Company purchased the Shaw Company in 1928, it changed the name of System magazine to Business Week.
29. Powell, pp. 105–6.
30. Ibid., p. 106.
31. “Efficiency Expert a Suicide,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 21, 1914, p. 1.
32. An Interview Between Dr. J. H. Kellogg and W. K. Kellogg, and Frederick A. Kerry of 1744 First National Bank Building, Stephen T. Williams and Staff, 546 Broadway, New York, NY, at the Residence of Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Thursday, September 26, 1907, 12:30–4 pm, p. 17, Reel 5, Images 3050–3460, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
33. Ibid., p. 4.
34. Ibid., p. 1.
35. Ibid., p. 30.
36. Ibid., p. 22.
37. Ibid., p. 10. Will was quick to adopt time clocks in his cereal factory, beginning around 1906–1907.
38. Ibid., quotes are from pp. 15 and 18.
39. Nicholas Bakalar of the New York Times (October 27, 2015, p. D5) has reported that some historians dispute it was not Alexander Graham Bell who invented the telephone; rather, it was Elisha Gray. See also the following articles in The New York Times: “Telegraphy,” July 10, 1874, p. 2; “Audible Speech by Telegraph,” October 21, 1874; “Prof. Bell’s Telephone,” May 12, 1877.
40. An Interview Between Dr. J. H. Kellogg and W. K. Kellogg, and Frederick A. Kerry of 1744 First National Bank Building, Stephen T. Williams and Staff, 546 Broadway, p. 1.
41. Ibid., p. 19.
42. Ibid., p. 27.
43. Ibid., pp. 12–13.
44. Ibid., p. 11.
45. Ibid., p. 22.
46. Ibid., p. 12.
47. Powell, p. 75.
10.
A “UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH”
1. Quote is from “Question Box Hour,” February 6, 1911, Reel 12, Images 534–67; quote is from Image 536 (page 3 of the typescript), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also, for example of Kellogg chairs, U.S. Patent Office, J. H. Kellogg, Chair, U.S. Patent No. 1,576,613, filed July 21, 1924, and patented March 16, 1926, Chair, U.S. Patent No. 509,316, filed January 17, 1931 and July 11, 1933.
2. The manuscripts to many of Dr. Kellogg’s lectures and “Question Box Hour” sessions are on Reels 10 and 11 in the J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also a compilation of the best of the “Question Box Hour” sessions: J. H. Kellogg, The Health Question Box, or A Thousand and One Questions Answered (Battle Creek, MI: Modern Medicine Publishing Co., 2nd edition, 1920). Although the “Question Box Hour” lectures tended to be held on Mondays, Dr. Kellogg would lecture occasionally on other days and, at various points, deliver “Question Box Hours” on other weeknights when it suited or complied with his busy travel schedule. See also A. S. Bloese Manuscript, chapter on the “Question Box Hour,” pp. 283a–297, Box 1, Folder 14.
3. J. H. Kellogg, The Health Question Box, p. 37.
4. Ibid., pp. 35–36.
5. “Lecture: Question Box Hour,” October 24, 1910, Reel 12, Images 54–83, quote is from Image 61 (page 8 of the typescript), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
6. An excellent example of the recommendation of the “non-excitatory” grain diet prescribed by Dr. Kellogg, see J. H. Kellogg, Man, the Masterpiece: Or, Plain Truths Plainly Told About Boyhood, Youth and Manhood (Battle Creek, MI: Health Publishing Co., 1891), pp. 399–400, quotes are from p. 399. The Corn Flakes–masturbation myth may have originated in the work of the pioneering sexologist and professor of pediatrics at Johns Hopkins Medical School, John Money, especially in his book, The Destroying Angel: Sex, Fitness and Food in the Legacy of Degeneracy Theory, Graham Crackers, Kellogg’s Corn Flakes and American Health History (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1985), pp. 17–27.
7. J. H. Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young (Burlington, Iowa: I. F. Segner, 1886), p. 295.
8. “The prepuce, or foreskin, is drawn forward over the glans, and the needle to which the wire is attached i
s passed through from one side to the other. After drawing the wire through, the ends are twisted together and cut off close. It is now impossible for an erection to occur, and the slight irritation thus produced acts as a most powerful means of overcoming the disposition to the practice.” J. H. Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young (Burlington, Iowa: I. F. Segner, 1886), see also pp. 231–61 and pp. 293–97 for his discussions on the solitary vice and cures for it. This book went through sequential editions well into the 1900s even though each edition was essentially the same text. See also J. H. Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young (Battle Creek, MI: Health Publishing Co., 1910), pp. 267–364; J. H. Kellogg, “Sexual Sins and Their Consequences,” in Man, the Masterpiece, pp. 367–440. Inserted discreetly into the back cover of this thick hardbound volume is an Appendix on venereal diseases.
9. J. H. Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young, p. 296.
10. J. H. Kellogg, Ladies’ Guide in Health and Disease: Girlhood, Maidenhood, Wifehood, Motherhood (Des Moines, Iowa: W. D. Condit, 1883). The quote describing the treatments for women engaging in the solitary vice, including removal of the clitoris, is on page 546, but he also discusses the problems of “vicious habits” such as “the secret vice” of “self-abuse” on pp. 144–70.
11. See, for example, John H. Kellogg, “The Influence of Dress in Producing the Physical Decadence of American Women,” Annual Address Upon Obstetrics and Gynecology delivered before the Michigan State Medical Society at the Annual Meeting Held at Saginaw, June 11–12, 1891 (Provo, Utah: Repressed Publishing, 2012, reprint edition), pp. 5, 11.
12. The Battle Creek Sanitarium Dress System (Battle Creek, MI: The Sanitary and Electrical Supply Company, 1898), p. 17, Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
13. “Talk to Women,” July 31, 1906, Reel 10, Images 413–35, quote is from image 418, page 6 of the typescript, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
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