14. “Ella Eaton Kellogg,” in John W. Leonard, ed., Woman’s Who’s Who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women in the United States and Canada, 1914–1915 (New York: American Commonwealth Co., 1914), p. 449; “Dr. Kellogg on Suffrage,” unidentified newspaper clipping, March 29, 1913, Reel 35, Image 34, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. John states in this editorial: “Women possess these inalienable rights as truly as do men, and no sound reason for the possession of the right to vote by men can be offered which does not apply with equal force to women.”
15. J. H. Kellogg, Autointoxication or Intestinal Toxemia (Battle Creek, MI: The Modern Medicine Publishing Co., 1919), pp. 22–23, 56–83, quote is from page 22. See also stereopticon lecture for November 17, 1910: “The Conventional Beefsteak,” Reel 12, Images 169–91, quote is on image 189, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. He says in this talk, “Non-flesh eaters rarely ever have cancer in any form.”
16. Typescript of “Some Features of Race Degeneracy,” May 15, 1911, Reel 12, Images 981–1003. Bacteria quote is on Image 999 (p. 19 of the typescript), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
17. J. H. Kellogg, lecture, “Why Flesh Eating Is Wrong,” April 14, 1910, Reel 11, Images 990–1019, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
18. “Question Box Hour,” January 23, 1911, Reel 12, Images 458–81, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. (He discusses the pickled beefsteak in this lecture, on Images 458–65; pp. 1–7 of the typescript.) “Why Eat Flesh?,” February 16, 1911, Reel 12, Images 643–56, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
19. J. H. Kellogg, The Health Question Box, pp. 146–47, quote is from 147. With respect to this eulogy on the ills caused by the slaughterhouse, Dr. Kellogg is quoting the work of a London physician named Harry Campbell. Dr. Kellogg told many variants of the wild animal turning tame story, using a number of different animals, many times over the years. See, for example, the Bloese memoir. On page 206, Bloese notes, “To prove the truth of his contention he collected a number of meat-eating creatures and fed them on essentially the same food he ate himself. With the exception of a stubborn eagle, which refused the meatless fare, the animals did not seem to object to this radical change in their dietary [sic] and it produced no ill effects. On the contrary, it improved the appearance as well as the disposition of these creatures.” On p. 207a, Bloese tells an alternate story of Kellogg visiting a zoo in Switzerland where the bears were fed a vegetarian diet since being cubs. The zookeeper played with the bears “without the slightest danger.” The keeper went away for a week on vacation, and during this period the other zookeepers fed the bears meat, with the result that they soon became ferocious and “bear-like.” When the zookeeper returned, he went into the same cage to play with the bears. The meat-eating bears almost killed him because “they had been transformed from lumbering, harmless comedians into savage snarling death-dealing brutes.” After changing the diet back to a vegetarian one, “they regained their good dispositions and were as harmless as kittens.” A. S. Bloese Manuscript, pp. 206–207a, Box 1, Folder 14.
20. See, for example, typescript of “Stereopticon Lecture, October, 6, 1910 at 8 pm.,” Reel 12, Images 19–53, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also “Lecture: Why Eat Flesh?,” February 16, 1911, Reel 12, Images 643–56, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
21. J. H. Kellogg, “Fletcherizing the Oyster” (Battle Creek, MI: Good Health Extension Bureau, undated pamphlet, Box 7, “Lectures, Speeches, and Related Materials, 1923–1933” (p. 3 of the pamphlet), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also J. H. Kellogg, The Health Question Box, pp. 144–45. Dr. Kellogg reported that oyster juice, based on laboratory analyses in the Battle Creek Sanitarium bacteriology laboratory, had the same composition as urine and the oyster carried the germ of typhoid fever.
22. J. H. Kellogg, “A Tempest in an Oyster Pot,” typescript dated April 12, 1931, Box 7, “Lectures, Speeches, and Related Materials, 1923–1933,” J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
23. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, pp. 14–15.
24. Powell, p. 45.
25. Postcard: “Aviator Bonney with Wright Aeroplane No. 2 at Battle Creek, Mich. July 3, 1911,” Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
26. Carson, pp. 241–42.
27. “Transcript of conversation with Count Tolstoy,” March 16, 1924, Reel 26, Images 631–46, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
28. “Lecture: Some Features of the New Hygiene, December 8, 1910,” Reel 12, Images 286–307, quote is on Images 296–97, pp. 11–12 of the typescript, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; “Lecture: The New Hygiene,” November 3, 1910, Reel 12, Images 111–41, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
29. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 75–77.
30. Ibid.
31. Carson, pp. 242–43; Powell, p. 83.
32. Mary Butler, Frances Thornton, and Garth “Duff” Stoltz, The Battle Creek Idea: Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Battle Creek Sanitarium (Battle Creek, MI: Heritage Publications/Historical Society of Battle Creek, 1994), pp. 44–45. When the San’s grand new “Tower” was opened in 1928, Henry Ford was the first patient to sign the guest register.
33. Norman Beasley, “The Commonest Thing We Do, We Know Least About,” Redbook, May 1934, pp. 59, 164; Steven Watts, The People’s Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (New York: Vintage, 2006), pp. 326–31.
34. John Burroughs discusses these summer trips of the group self-named the “Vagabonds” and which included Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Harvey Firestone, Alexis Carrel, and Charles Lindbergh in Under the Maples: The Writings of John Burroughs, Volume 22 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Co., 1921), pp. 109–26. See also James Newton, Uncommon Friends: Life with Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Harvey Firestone, Alexis Carrel, and Charles Lindbergh (San Diego: Harcourt, 1987); Edward J. Renhean Jr., John Burroughs: An American Naturalist (Hensonville, NY: Black Dome Press, 1998).
35. Edison hated smokers and fired anyone working in his company suspected of smoking, Letter from Thomas Edison to Henry Ford, April 26, 1926, Acc. 1, Box 113, Anti-Smoking-Edison Letter, 1914, 113–19, Benson Ford Research Center; Watts, The People’s Tycoon, pp. 306–9.
36. Henry Ford, The Case Against the Little White Slaver, Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4 (Dearborn, MI: Henry Ford, 1914, 1915, 1916).
37. In 1923, the committee issued a fascinating report written by M. V. O’Shea, a professor of education at the University of Wisconsin who wrote several health textbooks with Dr. Kellogg. Some of the committee’s other prominent members included Sir William Osler, the Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, Dr. Howard Kelly of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, naturalist John Burroughs, Yale economist Irving Fisher, and the businessman and philanthropist George Foster Peabody. M. V. O’Shea, Tobacco and Mental Efficiency (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1923).
38. Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “J. H. Kellogg, MD: Health Reformer and Antismoking Crusader,” American Journal of Public Health, 2002; 92(6): 935; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 107; Allan Brandt, The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America (New York: Basic Books, 2007), pp. 49, 61.
39. J. H. Kellogg, Tobaccoism, or How Tobacco Kills (Battle Creek, MI: Modern Medicine Publishing Company, 1922). Kellogg had been writing and lecturing on these harms decades before publishing this book. See, for example, J. H. Kellogg, “The smoke nuisance,” Good Health, 1886; 21: 257–58.
40. Efforts by famous reformers like Dr. Kellogg and Henry Ford did lead to a bill introduced by Senator Reed Smoot (R-UT) in 1929 that called for cigarettes to be regulated under the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. Although many favored this bill, including the American Public Health Association, it never saw its way out of Congress. Association News, American Journal of Public Health, 1929; 19: 1240; Fee and Brown, “J. H. Kellogg, MD: Health Reformer and Antismoking Crusader,” p. 935; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 107.
41. Powell, p. 174.
42. This correspondence can be found at the Benson Ford Research Center, Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Mich
igan, Fairlane Papers, Box 113, Acc 1, Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Clara Ford, November, 14, 1922. See also Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Clara Ford, February 21, 1932, Acc. 1, Box 59, Correspondence-“Kellogg,” 59–4. Other Ford correspondence can be found in the J. H. Kellogg Papers at the University of Michigan, such as J. H. Kellogg to Clara Ford, February 21, 1940, Reel 5, Images 977–98.
43. Letter from E. H. Liebold to J. H. Kellogg, July 16, 1920, Henry Ford Office, 1920, Acc. 284, Correspondence I-K, Box 17, Folder 8, Benson Ford Research Center.
44. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to E. H. Liebold, July 20, 1920, Henry Ford Office, 1920, Acc. 284, Correspondence I-K, Box 17, Folder 8, Benson Ford Research Center.
45. A. S. Bloese, “Anecdotes and Interesting Episodes in the Life of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg,” p. 6, A. S. Bloese Manuscript, Box 1, File 12.
46. Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Vintage, 2004), pp. 571–90.
47. Letter from John D. Rockefeller Jr. to J. H. Kellogg, May 7, 1938, Reel 5, Image 239, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
48. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Clarence W. Barron, April 8, 1927, Reel 3, Images 81–82, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
49. Can of Battle Creek LD-Lax, Battle Creek Food Company. Artifact in the Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
50. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to John D. Rockefeller Jr., May 17, 1939, Reel 5, Images 250–53, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. Dr. Kellogg also asked the tycoon for help in fighting tobacco use and reports that it causes cardiovascular disease. He wrote, “The cigarette habit has been spreading so rapidly the last few years among women as well as men it is becoming a monster evil which should be vigorously combated.”
51. Peter Lyon, Success Story: The Life and Times of S. S. McClure (Deland, FL: Everett/Edwards, 1967), p. 345.
52. Letters from J. H. Kellogg to Ida Tarbell, July 20, 1939, Images 632–36; Ida Tarbell to J. H. Kellogg, July 28, 1939, Images 638–40; J. H. Kellogg to Ida Tarbell, August 3, 1939, Images 644–48, in which he states, “Old age is a disease”; Ida Tarbell to J. H. Kellogg, December 6, 1939, Images 827–28; J. H. Kellogg to Ida Tarbell, January 5, 1940, Images 895–96, all on Reel 5, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. Tarbell had Parkinson’s disease around this time and thanked him for sending various health foods to her as well as, accidentally, thanking him for sending Postum—a C. W. Post product. In her December 6, 1939, letter she notes, “Mine is an annoying case of paralysis agitans [now called Parkinson’s disease]. And they tell me nothing can be done for it. Now that is what I want to get at in this particular study I have in mind. And anything that your institution has done that would help or direct me I should be very glad of.” For Tarbell’s famous exposé of John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company, see Ida M. Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company (New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1904).
53. Kevin J. Hayes, “Clarence W. Barron,” in J. A. Garraty and M. C. Carnes, American National Biography, Volume 2 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 239–40; “Clarence W. Barron, Publisher Is Dead. Head of the Wall Street Journal a Victim of Catarrhal Jaundice at 73 in Battle Creek,” New York Times, October 3, 1928, pp. 1–2, and October 5, 1928, p. 25. See also Arthur Pound and Samuel T. Moore, eds., They Told Barron: Conversations and Revelations of an American Pepys in Wall Street (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1930); Arthur Pound and Samuel T. Moore, eds., More They Told Barron: Conversations and Revelations of an American Pepys in Wall Street (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1931).
54. See, for example, Letters from C. W. Barron to J. H. Kellogg, June 26, 1927, Images 103–4; C. W. Barron to J. H. Kellogg, July 11, 1927, Image 106; C. W. Barron to J. H. Kellogg, September 28, 1927, Images 116–17; J. H. Kellogg to C. W. Barron, September 30, 1927, Images 118–19, all on Reel 3, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; Pound and Moore, eds., They Told Barron, pp. xxxi–xxxii.
55. Letter from C. W. Barron to J. H. Kellogg, March 23, 1927, Reel 3, Image 75, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. In this letter, for example, Barron referred to the famed coloratura soprano opera Amelita Galli-Curci, the Populist U.S. senator from North Carolina, Marion Butler, and Calvin Coolidge’s eldest son, John.
56. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, p. 325, Box 1, Folder 14.
57. Ibid. See also Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 85; A. E. Wiggam, “The Most Remarkable Man I Have Ever Known,” American Magazine, December 1925, pp. 14–15, 117–18.
58. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to C. Barron, February 1, 1923, in Pound and Moore, eds., They Told Barron, p. 175.
59. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to C. Barron, October 31, 1924, in Pound and Moore, eds., They Told Barron, p. 231.
60. “Clarence Barron Ill,” New York Times, March 26, 1925, p. 23.
61. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to C. W. Barron, January 21, 1927, Reel 3, Image 63, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
62. Ibid., Image 66.
63. Ibid., Image 105.
64. A. O. J. Kelly, “Acute Catarrhal Cholangitis (Catarrhal Jaundice),” in William Osler and Thomas McCrae, eds., Volume 5: Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Modern Medicine: Its Theory and Practice (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1908), pp. 807–11.
65. “Clarence W. Barron, Publisher, Is Dead. Head of the Wall Street Journal a Victim of Catarrhal Jaundice at 73 in Battle Creek. Noted Financial Figure. A Writer on World Fiscal Topics—Body Will Be Taken to His Old Home in Boston,” New York Times, October 3, 1928, pp. 1, 2; Pound and Moore, eds., They Told Barron, xxxii.
66. “LBJ Will Be Battle Creek’s Fourth Presidential Visitor. McKinley, Taft Here. FDR Didn’t Stop, Visit Held Secret,” Battle Creek Enquirer and News, September 4, 1966, p. 3, Reel 33, Image 419, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. The number of presidential visits in the newspaper is slightly off, if you count former presidents, presidential candidates or future presidents. William McKinley made a whistle-stop visit in 1900; William Howard Taft visited in 1911 as described above and actually visited the San; former president Teddy Roosevelt came in 1916 campaigning for Republican presidential candidate Charles Evans Hughes but was only there briefly to speak at a rally. Warren Harding’s visits are described in the text. Herbert Hoover came to visit with Will Kellogg in 1930 and again in 1941. Senator Harry Truman spent the night in Battle Creek after inspecting local army bases in December of 1930. Franklin Roosevelt’s train secretly went through Battle Creek en route to Detroit in September of 1942. After Dr. Kellogg’s death in 1943, Adlai Stevenson made brief campaign stops in Battle Creek during the 1952 and 1956 elections as did John Kennedy and Richard Nixon in 1960. Lyndon Johnson visited in 1966 and in his speech, in front of the old Sanitarium, he made several references to Dr. Kellogg. Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States, 1963–1968. “433-Remarks at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Michigan,” September 5, 1966, American Presidency Project, accessed July 26, 2015, at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=27830. In the speech LBJ stated “From what Mrs. Johnson has told me of Dr. Kellogg, he was my kind of man. He started early, he stayed late. He worked to fulfill his ambition, and I quote him, ‘to spend my entire life in human service.’ ”
67. “Ex-President Dies at Capital, Succumbing to Many Weeks Illness, Five Hours After Justice Sanford,” New York Times, March 9, 1930, pp. 1, 26. Supreme Court Justice Edward T. Sanford died in his home that day, of uremic poisoning and kidney failure. His obituary appears on the same page of this issue.
68. Scott Bruce and Bill Crawford, Cerealizing America: The Unsweetened Story of American Breakfast Cereal (Boston and London: Faber and Faber, 1995), p. 17.
69. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, p. 353a, Box 2, Folder 1.
70. Francis Russell, The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding in His Times (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), p. 80.
71. Ibid.; Robert K. Murray, The Harding Era: Warren G. Harding and His Administration (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1969), p. 438; Howard Markel, “The Strange Death of Warren G. Harding,” PBS Newshour.org, August 2
, 2015, accessed August 3, 2015, at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/strange-death-warren-harding/.
72. “Iron Nag’s Inventor Defends Hobby,” unidentified clipping about Coolidge’s mechanical horse by the United Press Reel 36, Image 18, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
73. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to C. W. Barron, June 17, 1927, Reel 3, Image 95, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
74. Letters from Lt. Col. Hodges to J. H. Kellogg, December 28, 1932, Reel 3, Image 506; J. H. Kellogg to Lt. Col. Hodges, January 2, 1932, Reel 3, Image 508, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
75. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Marguerite Le Hand, July 27, 1933, Reel 3, Images 564–65; Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Henry Ford, February 21, 1932, Reel 3, Images 421–22, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
76. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Franklin D. Roosevelt, July 27, 1933, Reel 3, Images 566–67, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
77. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Franklin D. Roosevelt, May 12, 1934, Reel 3, Images 667–69, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. Dr. Kellogg writes the president about the health benefits of outdoor gardening, especially in Florida; Mary Butler, Frances Thornton, Garth Stoltz, The Battle Creek Idea (Battle Creek, MI: Heritage Publications, 1994), p. 45; Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day” (newspaper column for April 16, 1940), accessed March 12, 2017, at https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1040&_f=.
78. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 143.
11.
WILL’S PLACE
1. Powell, p. 105.
2. “Palace, New Year’s,” Variety, November 1, 1912; 28(9): 6.
3. Susan Tifft and Alex S. Jones, The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind the New York Times (Boston: Little, Brown, 1999), pp. 69–73; Donald L. Miller, Supreme City: How Jazz Age Manhattan Gave Birth to Modern America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), pp. 287–88. The first New Year’s “ball drop” was organized by Ochs in 1908.
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